8/29/2011

Topologies & Wiring

Cable Types

8/29/2011

Objectives
At the end of this lesson we will be able to
categorize standard network cable types

Network+2009 Objective 2.1

Agenda
Types of Cables
Twisted Pair
Coaxial
Serial
Optical Fiber
Plenum and Non-plenum

8/29/2011

Network+(2005) Network Cabling

Twisted Pair Cabling

Two Wires (Pairs)

Twisted Together

8/29/2011

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

No shield around pairs or cable

Twist decreases interference

UTP Cable Categories

Category

Frequency

Primary Application

Up to 0 MHz

Voice networks

Up to 1 MHz

Voice and low-speed data networks less

than 4 Mbps

Up to 16 MHz

Voice and data from 4 to 100

Mbps

Up to 20 MHz

16-Mbps Token Ring

Up to 100 MHz 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet

5e

Up to 100 MHz 1000-Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

Up to 250 MHz 1000-Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

8/29/2011

Crosstalk occurs when signals from

one pair affects the signals from
another pair

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

Shield

pair

Shield
around pair

Shields reduce crosstalk

Shields reduce other electrical noise

8/29/2011

STP Cables for Token Ring

Type 1A - Two pairs of 22 AWG wires, each pair wrapped in
foil, with a shield layer around both pairs
Type 2A - Two pairs of 22 AWG wires, each pair wrapped in
foil, with a shield layer around both pairs, plus four additional
pairs of 22 AWG wires for voice communications
Type 6A - Two pairs of 22 AWG wires, with a shield layer
around both pairs
Type 9A - Two pairs of 26 AWG wires, with a shield layer
around both pairs

STP CABLES FOR ETHERNET

8/29/2011

Shielded Twisted Pair - Foil screen

around each pair

Foiled Twisted Pair one general

outer screen
Foiled Twisted Pair (FTP) or Screened Unshielded Twisted Pair
(S/UTP)

8/29/2011

Shielded Foiled Twisted Pair (S/FTP)

has both foil and braid shields

Screened Shielded Twisted Pair (S/STP)

8/29/2011

Shielded and Unshielded Cables Types

Type

Cable screening

Pair shielding

UTP
FTP
STP
S-FTP
S-STP

None
Foil
None
Foil, braiding
Braiding

None
None
Foil
None
Foil

Fiber-optic Cable
Fiber-optic
Core and
Cladding

Plastic
protective
cover

Kevlar
protection

Outer
sheath

8/29/2011

Multimode vs. Single Mode optical Fibre

Cladding

Core
125

8 - 10

50 / 62.5

Multimode

Single Mode

Cladding is 125 microns for both

Multimode cores are 62.5 or 50 microns
Single mode cores - 8,9, or 10 microns

Fiber Optic Signals

Core

Single Mode

Multi Mode
Cladding

Single light ray

less distortion

Core

Multiple light rays

more distortion in
same distance

10

8/29/2011

Choice of Optical Fiber light source

Single
Mode
Fiber

Must use Laser as light

source

Multimode Can use cheaper LED

(light emitting diode) as
Mode
light source or Laser
Fiber

There are many types of Fiber-Optic

Connectors

11

8/29/2011

Coaxial Cables

RG-6
Cable Television
(CATV) distribution
coax, to and within
homes
18 AWG center
conductor and 75
ohm, characteristic
impedance

12

8/29/2011

RG-59
Often used for low-power
video and RF signal
connections
20 AWG center conductor
and 75 ohm,
characteristic impedance

Thick-Net vs. Thin-Net

RG-8

RG-58

13

8/29/2011

Serial Data Connectors DB9 and

DB25

1010101110000

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Serial bus for peripheral devices
Up to 127 daisy-chained devices
Maximum speed:
! USB 1.1 - 12 Mbps
!! USB 2.0 - 480 Mbps
!!! USB 3.0 - up to 5 Gbps

14

8/29/2011

Types of USB connectors left to right:

Micro-B plug
Mini-B plug (8-pin)
Mini-B plug (5-pin)
Standard-A receptacle
Standard-A plug
Standard-B plug
(ruler in centimeters)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus

IEEE 1394
Often referred to as FireWire
IEEE Serial bus
Comparable in speed to USB 2.0

15

8/29/2011

Plenum vs. Non-plenum

Air-Return

Plenum
Air-Supply

Drop
Ceiling

Non -Plenum
Commercial building
Living / Working Space

Summary
Types of Cables
Twisted Pair
Coaxial
Serial
Fiber Optic
Plenum and Non-plenum

16

8/29/2011

References
Sybex page 63 - 82
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair

Cable Transmission Properties

17

8/29/2011

Objectives
At the end of this lesson we will be able to
Categorize standard cable types and their
properties

Network+2009 Objective 2.1

Agenda
Transmission
speeds
Distance
Duplex
Noise immunity
Frequency

18

8/29/2011

Transmission speeds depends on the

Medium and the Technology used
Transmission Speed
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

Kilo Bits/Sec

Dial-up

Ethernet FastEthernet

Cable type determines the maximum

Distance it can be run
10Base2 (185 meters)
10BaseT (100 meters)
100BaseT (100 meters)
100BaseFX (2000 meters)
1000BASE-SX (550 meters)
1000BASE-LX (2000 meters)

Not To Scale

19

8/29/2011

Network communications are either

half-duplex or full-duplex
Coaxial half duplex only
Twisted Pair supports full duplex
Fibre supports full duplex

Telephone
Full Duplex

Walkie-Talkie
Half Duplex

Duplex Example
Half-Duplex:

Full-Duplex:

Two way one direction at a time

Two way - simultaneously

20

8/29/2011

Electromagnet fields cause security

issues, and Electro-Magnetic
Interference( EMI)
Fiber Optic
Slight Security issues
No EMI issues
High Cost

Copper Cables
Security issues
EMI issues
Low Cost

Cables maximum frequency determines

the transmission bandwidth it can handle
Category Frequency (MHz)

Bandwidth at 100m

100

100Mbps

5e

100

1,000Mbps

250

1,000Mbps

6a

500

10,000Mbps

600

10,000Mbps

21

8/29/2011

Network cabling summary

UTP

Fiber

Coaxial

STP

Transmission
Speeds

1000Mbps

>10,000Mbps

10Mbps

1000Mbps

Distance

100m

2000m MM
80km SM

500m

100m

Duplex

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Noise immunity

Poor

Excellent

Good

Good

Frequency

High

Very high

Low

High

What is this Ohm thing?

50

22

8/29/2011

The Characteristic Impedance of cables

Is the ratio of the values of voltage and
current waves in the line

It is determined by the structure of the

cable
Deforming the cable changes the
impedance, which causes, reflection,
which distorts the signals

What are the Transmission Properties of

those Cables
Transmission speeds
Distance
Duplex
Noise immunity (security, EMI)
Frequency
Characteristic Impedance

23

8/29/2011

Common Connector Types

At the end of this lesson we will be able to

Identify common connector types

Network+2009 Objective 2.2

24

8/29/2011

What we will cover

We will look at the following Connector Types
RJ-11
RJ-45
BNC
SC
ST
LC
RS-232

RJ-11 is used to connect telephones

and modems

25

8/29/2011

Registered Jack (RJ-45) is used with

Twisted Pair cabling

Also Known as the

8 Position 8 Contact
(8P8C) Modular Plug

BNC Connector was used with Co-Axial

Thin-Net cables
BNC T
Connector

BNC Connector

26

8/29/2011

BNC T on NIC
Coaxial
Cable

BNC T

F-Type Connectors are usually used to

connect your Cable Modem

27

8/29/2011

There are many different types of

Fiber-Optic Connectors

Straight Tip Connector (ST)

28

8/29/2011

Straight Tip Connector (ST)

Local Connector (LC)

29

8/29/2011

Mechanical Transfer - Registered Jack

(MT-RJ)

DB-9 are used with low-speed, serial,

RS-232 communications

RS-232, DB-9 Male

On the back of the PC

RS-232, DB-9 Female

Cable

30

8/29/2011

DB-25 are used with serial, RS-232

communications less common

Review

RJ-11 - Telephone
RJ-45 - UTP
BNC Thinwire Coaxial
SC - Fibre
ST - Fibre
LC - Fibre
RS-232 Low speed serial

31

8/29/2011

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair
Fiber Optic - Connector Identifier
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/connID.htm
http://www.ertyu.org/steven_nikkel/fiberconnect.html

Fibre Optic Termination:

http://www.vdvworks.com/VHO/fiberterm/f-term1.htm

63

Using Wiring Standards

32

8/29/2011

Objectives
Given a scenario, differentiate and implement
appropriate wiring standards

Network+2009 Objective 2.4

Agenda
568A and 568B Wiring Standard
Straight and Cross-Over Cables

Rollover Cables
Loopback Cables

33

8/29/2011

568A and 568B Wiring Standard are

1

T568A

T568B
Backward compatible
with AT&T standard
286A

Preferred for new

installations

T568A and T568B Pairs

1

T568A

P3

P1

P4

P2

P2

P3 P1

P4

T568B

The only difference between T568A and T568B is

that pairs 2 and 3 (orange and green) are swapped

34

8/29/2011

To Identify Patch Cables Visually

A straight-thru cable has
identical ends.

A crossover cable has different

ends.

OR

A straight-thru cable has identical ends

35

8/29/2011

A crossover cable
has different ends

WHY DO WE NEED DIFFERENT

TYPES OF PATCH CABLES?

36

8/29/2011

Interface Pin signals are different on

different types of devices
PCs, Servers, Routers
Interface

Hubs, Switches, Bridges

Interface

Signal

Pin

Signal

Pin

TX+

RX+

TX-

RX-

RX+

TX+

5
RX-

TX-

Straight-Thru Cables connect different

Interface types
INTERFACE

INTERFACE
1

RX+
RX-

TX+
TX-

1
2

TX+

RX+

TX-

RX-

OR

568A

RX+

TX+

RX-

TX-

TX+

RX+

TX-

RX-

OR

568A
Cable

37

8/29/2011

Cross-Over Cables connect same

Interface type
INTERFACE

INTERFACE

RX+
RX-

TX+
TX-

TX+

RX+

TX-

RX-

OR

568B

TX+

RX+

TX-

RX-

RX+

TX+

RX-

TX-

OR

568A
Cable

When making up connectors

Odd numbered
pins striped

Even numbered
pins are solid

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

38

8/29/2011

When making up connectors

With the RJ-45 clip facing away from you
Brown (Pin 8) is always on the right
Pin 1 is on the left.

When making up connectors

No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet
cable should be untwisted otherwise it
will be susceptible to crosstalk.

39

8/29/2011

When Wiring, Do Not

Deform, Bend, or Stretch

Staple

Run parallel with power cables

Run near noise inducing components

Rollover Cables are used to connect to

the Console Port of routers and
switches
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
To Console
Port

To PC
Serial Port

40

8/29/2011

Cisco RJ45 to DB9 Serial Console Cable

RJ45

DB9

Abbreviation

Description

CTS

Clear To Send

DSR

Data Set Ready

RD

Received Data

GND

Ground

GND

Ground

TD

Transmit Data

DTR

Data Terminal Ready

RTS

Request To Send

Loopback Cables are special cables

used for testing
Loops the Transmit
back to the Receive
Allows testing
without connecting
to other devices

41

8/29/2011

Review
568A and 568B
Wiring
Standard

Straight and
Cross-Over
Cables

Rollover
Cables

Loopback
Cables

Wiring Distribution

42

8/29/2011

Objectives
Install components of wiring distribution

Network+2009 Objective 2.8

Agenda
Vertical and horizontal cross connects
Patch panels
Main Distribution Frames (MDF) and
Intermediate Distribution Frames (IDF)
25 pair and 100 pair
66 block and 110 block
Demarc and Demarc extension
Smart jack
Verify wiring installation and termination

43

8/29/2011

EIA/TIA 568-B
Telecommunications cabling
system standard for commercial
buildings

Support a multi-product, multivendor environment

ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Commercial
Building Telecommunications Cabling
Standard

44

8/29/2011

Backbone Distribution in a Hierarchical

Star Topology

Backbone Distribution Media and

Distances
Media Type

Horizontal
Cross-Connect
to Main
Cross-Connect

Horizontal
Cross-Connect
to Intermediate
Cross-Connect

Main
Cross-Connect
to Intermediate
Cross-Connect

UTP

800 m
(2,624 ft)

300 m
(984 ft)

500 m
(1,640 ft)

62.5/125 m
or 50/125 m
optical fiber

2,000 m
(6,560 ft)

300 m
(984 ft)

1,700 m
(5,575 ft)

Single-mode
optical fiber

3,000 m
(9,840 ft)

300 m
(984 ft)

2,700 m
(8,855 ft)

45

8/29/2011

Horizontal Distribution Interconnect

Equipment cable
Common Equipment

Telecommunications Closet

Patch Panel

Horizontal Cable

Horizontal cabling is
interconnected to the
Common Equipment

Work Area

Wall Jack

Horizontal Distribution Cross

Connect
Patch Panel
Equipment cable

Patch cable

Common Equipment
Telecommunications Closet

Patch Panel

Horizontal Cable

Horizontal cabling is crossconnected to the

Common Equipment

Work Area

Wall Jack

46

8/29/2011

Cross Connects

Vertical cross connects

HCC

Equipment
IDF

HCC

SP
Demarc

MDF

Vertical Cross Connect

47

8/29/2011

Patch panels

Main Distribution Frames (MDF)

48

8/29/2011

Intermediate Distribution Frames (IDF)

Jumper

To Main Cross
Connects (MDF)

To Horizontal Cross
Connects

25/50/100 pair cables are used for

telephone cabling

49

8/29/2011

66 block is used for telephone wiring

Also call M-block
Legacy
Replaced by 110-Block

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:66_block.JPG

110 block is used with Cat 5 cabling

50

8/29/2011

Demarc - Demarcation Point

SOHO Demarc

Business Demarc

Demarc extension

3rd Floor

My
Business

Demarc
Extension
2nd Floor

1st Floor

Building
Demarc

From Service
Provider

51

8/29/2011

Smart jack terminates a PRI/T1 Circuit

Smart Jack

T1
Service
Provider
Local Loop

Smart Jacks

52

8/29/2011

Verify wiring installation and

termination
Test wiring and termination
Label
Document

Verify wiring installation

Common wiring Problems
Copper cable run too close to EMI source
Cable damaged when pulled through a tight space
or around a corner
Cable segment too long
Cable stretched, because, too much force used to
pull cable

53

8/29/2011

Verify wiring termination

Cable
Certifier
Wire
mapper
Link led
Quick
check
Bad Termination

WIRING VERIFICATION TOOLS

54

8/29/2011

Simple Wire Mapper

High-end Wire Mapper

Verify proper
termination
Detects Shorts
and Opens
Measure cable
length

55

8/29/2011

Cable Certifier conducts in-depth test

Time Domain Reflectometer locates

cable faults

56

8/29/2011

Review
Vertical and horizontal cross connects
Patch panels
Main Distribution Frames (MDF) and
Intermediate Distribution Frames (IDF)
25 pair and 100 pair cables
66 block and 110 block
Demarc and Demarc extension
Smart jack
Verify wiring installation and termination

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timedomain_reflectometer
http://www.epanorama.net/circuits/tdr.html

57

8/29/2011

Physical Network Topologies

At the end of this lesson, we will be able to

Identify common physical network topologies

Network+2009 Objective 2.3

58

8/29/2011

Agenda
Physical Topologies
Bus

Ring
Star
Mesh
Point to point
Point to multipoint
Hybrid

Point-to-Point connects two, and

only two devices or sites
Devices

Sites
Point-to-Point
Links

59

8/29/2011

Bus connects many devices to a single

cable

Computers are daisy-chained together

In a Star Network devices are

connected to a central Hub
Server

60

8/29/2011

Extended Star, consist of Star Network

in a hierarchy

Ring topology connects the end of the

cable back to the start

61

8/29/2011

Dual Ring - Two Rings for Redundancy

Full Mesh - all host connect to each

other

62

8/29/2011

Connections required for Mesh

n(n 1)/2

Where n is the
number of nodes

Partial Mesh - hosts connect to some

other hosts

63

8/29/2011

Point-to-Multipoint connects one to

many devices or sites

Hybrid Topology combination of two

or more different topologies
Ring

Mesh

Star

64

8/29/2011

Factors to consider when choosing

your Topology
Cost
Ease of installation
Ease of maintenance
Fault-tolerance requirement

Backbones & Segment

Backbone

Segment
C

Segment
A

Segment
B

65

8/29/2011

Ciscos Three Layer Hierarchy

Core

Distribution

Access

Features of Ciscos Three Layer

Hierarchy
Scalability

Maintainability

Redundancy

Manageability

66

8/29/2011

Review
Physical Network Topologies
Star and Extended Star
Bus
Ring Single and Dual
Mesh - Full Mesh and Partial Mesh
Point-to-Point
Point-to-Multipoint
Hybrid
Choosing Your Topology
Cisco Three Layer Hierarchy

Reference
Sybex study guide pages 13 -20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topolo
gy#Physical_topologies

67

8/29/2011

Logical Network Topologies

Objectives

Explain common logical network topologies and

their characteristics

Network+2009 Objective 2.7

68

8/29/2011

Agenda
Physical vs. Logical Topologies
Peer to peer Networks
Client/server Networks
Virtual Private Networks
Virtual LANs

How do we connect the

Network?

69

8/29/2011

Physical and Logical Topologies

Physical vs. Logical Topology

Hub

Physical Star

Logical Bus

Ethernet
Physical Star,
Logical Bus - If using a Hub to interconnect

70

8/29/2011

Physical vs. Logical Topology

MAU

Physical Star
Logical Ring

Token Ring Physical Star, Logical Ring

Ring formed within the Media Attachment Unit

There are Two basic types of Networks

Peer to Peer

Client/Server or Server-Based

71

8/29/2011

Peer-to-Peer Network

Server-Based Network
Server

72

8/29/2011

Virtual LANs (VLANS) are examples of

Logical Topology

Sales

Eng

Accounts

Virtual Private Networks create

Private tunnels thru Public Networks
Encrypted Tunnel

User Traffic

Public Internet

73

8/29/2011

Review

Cable Installation

74

8/29/2011

Objectives

External installation
Internal installation
Installation tools
Punch down process

EXTERNAL INSTALLATION

75

8/29/2011

An external installation is a temporary

installation within a single room.

Hub
or
Switch

A Simple External Installation

External Installation Process

To successfully perform an external installation:

Identify the locations for computers and hubs

Plan the cabling route
Measure the route and leave some slack
Buy prefabricated cables
Lay cables out loosely without connecting or securing
them
Secure cables and avoid kinks
Plug in the cables and turn on the hub or switch

76

8/29/2011

Securing External Cables

Secure and protect cabling by:

Installing rubber cable protectors
Stapling cables to walls and doorways
Tying cables in place with plastic or
fabric ties
Installing a raceway

Securing External Cables

Secure and protect cabling by:

Installing rubber cable protectors
Stapling cables to walls and doorways
Tying cables in place with plastic or
fabric ties
Installing a raceway

77

8/29/2011

Rubber Cable Protector

Cable Stapling

78

8/29/2011

Cable Ties

Raceway

79

8/29/2011

INTERNAL INSTALLATION

Internal Installation Components

80

8/29/2011

Internal Installation Process

To successfully perform an internal installation:
Identify the locations for network devices, hub, and patch
panels
Plan the cabling route
Label bulk cable runs, starting at the patch panel
Pull cabling to the destination wall plate
Secure cabling along the route
Label cables at terminating wall plates
Attach cabling connectors
Connect cabling to network devices, hubs, and patch panels

Cable Pulling Tools

Professional tools used to pull cable include:
Cable puller
Telepole
Fish tape

81

8/29/2011

Telepole

Push or pull wires over long spans, suspended

ceilings, crawl spaces & attics

Push-Pull Rods

82

8/29/2011

Fish Tape

Cable Caster
It shoots a glow-in-the-dark dart
connected to a fishing line up to 50
feet.
1. Fire the dart
2. Connect your wire
3. Reel it in
4. Its that simple, the run is done!

83

8/29/2011

Internal Cabling

Patch Panels

Patch panels terminates the

wiring in the equipment room
Allows connection to the
equipment using patch cables

84

8/29/2011

Patch Panel

Back

Front

The Punch down Process

To punch down wiring:
1. Strip some of the insulating sheath off the cable end
to expose the wires
2. Separate the twisted-pair wires
3. Insert the wires into the contact points within the jack
4. Using the punch-down tool - press the wire down
between the metal contacts
5. Cut off excess wire

85

8/29/2011

Punch Down Wiring

Place the wires in the correct contact

slots

86

8/29/2011

Use the punch-down tool to press the

wires in

Attach the dust cover

87

8/29/2011

Final Assembly

Punch Down Components

Back of
Patch Panel
Punch down
Tool

Modular
Socket

88

8/29/2011

Review

External installation
Internal installation
Installation tools
Punch down process

89