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2 Natural Logarithms
n 1
x
n
x
dx n 1 C,
n 1
new function.
x
1
f ( x) dt ,
t
1
x0
1/t
1
ln x dt ,
t
1
x0
1
t
Properties of Logarithms
THEOREM
For any numbers a > 0 and x > 0, the natural logarithm satisfies
the following rules:
1. Product Rule:
ln ax = ln a + ln x
2. Quotient Rule:
ln
a
ln a ln x
x
3. Reciprocal Rule:
ln
1
ln x
x
4. Power Rule:
In xr = r ln x
r rational
5
Example 1
Using ln 2 and ln 3, express the following logarithms:
3
3
a )ln 0.75 ln ln 2
4
2
ln 3 ln 22 ln 3 2ln 2
b)ln 9 ln 9
3
1
3
1
1
2
2
ln 9 ln 3 ln 3
3
3
3
1
2
1
c)ln 3 2 ln 3 ln 2 ln 3 ln 2 ln 3 ln 2
2
Characteristics of graph of y = ln x
dy 1
dx x
d2y
dx
1
x2
ln x is an antiderivative of 1/x .
Since x is positive, 1/x is also positive so the slope of ln x is
always positive and ln x is increasing.
d2y
dx 2
1
x2
concave down.
So, ln x is increasing, concave down and goes through (1, 0).
Characteristics of graph of y = ln x
The graph of y = ln (x) and its
relation to the function y =
1/x, x > 0. The graph of the
logarithm rises above the x-
y=ln x
ln 1 = 0
ln e = 1
8
d
1 du u
[ln u ]
, u0
dx
u dx u
Example 2
x 2 15
dy
Find
for y ln
1 x
dx
Solution:
x 2 15
1
5
2
ln x 1 ln 1 x 2
y ln
1 x
1
5ln x 2 1 ln 1 x
2
dy
1
1 1
10x
1
5. 2
.2x .
. 1 2
dx
x 1
2 1 x
x 1 2 1 x
10
Example 3
dy
Find if y
dx
ln t dt
x
Solution:
3x
ln t dt
x
dy
ln 3 x .
dx
x ln x x
1
ln x x
3
2
3
1
3
'
'
by F .T .C
1 1
2
ln x
3 ln x
2 x
1. 1
3 2
x3
1 ln x . 1
1
2
2x 2
1 1
1 1
. 2 .ln x . 1 .ln x
9 3
4 2
x
x
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU
11
f ( x)
dx ln | f ( x) | C
f ( x)
12
Example 4
Evaluate
tan x dx
Solution:
sin x
tan x dx
dx
cos x
du
Let u cos x du sin x dx dx
sin x
sin x du
1
tan x dx
du ln u c
u sin x
u
ln cos x c
13
Example 5
Evaluate
dx
2 x 2x
Solution:
dx
2 x 2x
2 x 1 x
dx
1
u 1 x du
dx dx 2 x
2 x
2 x du
2 x u
du
ln u c
u
ln 1 x c
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU
14
Example 6
Evaluate
sec x dx
ln sec x tan x
Solution:
sec x dx
u sec x tan x
ln sec x tan x
sec x
du
sec
x
tan
x
sec
x
ln u
v ln u dv
1 dv
u
v u
du
dx
2
sec x tan x sec x
1
du
.
ln u u
1
du udv du
u
1
2
1
2
1
2
dv 2v c 2 ln u c
1
2
2 ln sec x tan x c
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU
15
Logarithmic Differentiation
Example 7
If y (3x 1)(5x 2)(7 x 2 4), find
dy
.
dx
Solution:
y = (3x + 1)(5x - 2)(7x2 +4)
16
Example 7 cont.
Differentiate both sides
y
3
5
14 x
2
y 3x 1 5 x 2 7 x 4
Solve for y
5
14 x
3
2
y
3x 1 5 x 2 7 x 4
Replace y with function of x.
3
5
14 x
2
y
2
(3
x
1)(5
x
2)(7
x
4)
3x 1 5 x 2 7 x 4
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU
17
Example 8
If y 3
x x 1 x 2
1 2 x 3
, find
dy
dx
Solution:
x
x
x 2 x x 2
ln y ln 2
2
x 1 2x 3
1 2x 3
x x 2
1
3
1 2
ln y ln x x x 2 ln x 2 1 2x 3
3
1
ln x 2 x ln x 2 ln x 2 1 ln 2x 3
3
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU
18
Example 8 cont.
1 dy 1 2 x 1
1
2x
2
2
y dx 3 x x x 2 x 1 2 x 3
dy 1 2 x 1
1
2x
2
y 2
dx 3 x x x 2 x 1 2 x 3
1 x x 1 x 2 2 x 1
1
2x
2
3 2
3 x 1 2 x 3 x x x 2 x 1 2 x 3
19