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Cultura Documentos
6. desirability
2. desire
7. gentlemanliness
3. boyish
8. undesirability
4. desirable
9. ungentlemanliness
5. boyishness
10. antidisestablishmentarianism
D
I
S
6. reader
7. redder
8. radish
9. redness
D
10. rotation
D
D
I
S
4. predetermine/ ed
2. succeed/ed
5. retroactive
1
7. instructional
3. light/er
6. confusion/s
5) Word Trees
For each word below, draw a word tree. Then state whether it has inflectional affixes, derivational
affixes, or both.
1. shipper
2. disobey
3. resettled
4. anticlimaxes
5. unemployment
6. bookworm
7. simply
8. jumping
9. digitizes
10. activated
11. confrontational
12. tax collector
6) Compound / Affixes
Study the following passage and then answer the questions below. Take your examples from the passage.
The dogs swam ahead, fatuously important; the foals, nodding solemnly, swayed along behind up to their
necks: sunlight sparkled on the calm water, which further downstream where the river narrowed broke into
furious little waves, swirling and eddying close inshore against black rocks, giving an effect of wildness,
almost of rapids; low over their heads an ecstatic lightning of strange birds manoeuvred, looping-the-loop and
immelmanning at unbelievable speed, aerobatic as new-born dragonflies. The opposite shore was thickly
wooded.
(Malcom Lowry, Under the Volcano)
(immelmanning (n) an aircraft manoeuvre used to gain height while reversing the direction of flight. It consists of a
halfloop followed by a half roll.)
(a) Identify 3 compound words. For each one, name the grammatical category of the compound, and the
grammatical category of the elements that compose it. (Example: watertight is an adjective, made up
of noun + adjective.)
sunlight (N+N); downstream (P+N); newborn (A+A); dragonfly (N+N)
(b) Divide the following words into their component morphemes, labeling each morpheme F (free), I
(inflectional), or D (derivational):
unbelievable
un (D) + believe (F) + able (D)
dragonflies
dragon (F) + fly (F) + es (I)
(c) What is the function of the suffix ly in the words fatuously, solemnly, and thickly?
To make adverb
(d) Identify two other words containing (different) derivational suffixes, name the grammatical category
of the stem to which the suffix is attached, and the grammatical category of the derived word.
(e) Describe the function of the suffix s in foals and waves, and that of the suffix-ed in swayed and
sparkled.
2
-s : plural marker
-ed: past tense marker (f)
Comment on the past tense forms swam and broke.
Internal change
7) Compounds
Compounds are often frequent in modern technical areas where new vocabulary is being created. Find the
compounds in the following passage:
Free Talker Nokia 610 Car Kit
The (cell phone)stays by your side -- instead of your ear -- with Nokia's ((hands-free)(Bluetooth system)).
An unobtrusive dash-mounted screenprovides the same information as your cell-phone display, and you can
effortlessly (download)(contact info)from your phone. A small ((console-mounted) (control unit))with three
intuitive buttons and a dial is but one way to manage calls and messages, which sound off through your car's
speakers: Choose to use Nokia's decent (voice-recognition (software)) and neither hand has to leave the
wheel. $300; www.nokia.com.
CNN Business (http://www.business2.com/b2/web/articles/0,17863,695018,00.html)
A. What are the morphemes that correspond to the following lexical categories and concepts?
i. Nouns
{-o}
iv. Adverbs
{-e}
ii.
Verbs {-i}(infinitive)
v. Feminine
{-ino}
iii.
Adjectives {-a}
vi. The opposite (not){mal}
B. Translate the following English words and phrases into Esperanto.
i. purity
puro
ii. bad
malbona
3
intruistino
9) Word-formation processes
This task is all about reconstructing the word-formation 'stories' of the lexemes in bold print. Identify for each
of the stories in (1 a-g) the corresponding sequence of word-formation processes from the set in (1 A-G).
(1) A. conversion derivation
B. blend conversion
C. compounding clipping conversion derivation
D. derivation clipping conversion
E. blend back-formation
F. compounding back-formation clipping
G. compounding conversion
Column 2
Word Formation
Process
automation
automate
backformation
humid
humidifier
affixation
stagnation, inflation
stagflation
blending
love, seat
loveseat
compounding
nvelope
envlope
typographical error
typo
clipping
aerobics, marathon
aerobathion
blending
act
deactivate
affixation
curve, ball
curve ball
compounding
10
perambulator
pram
clipping
11
(a) comb
12
beef, buffalo
beefalo
blending
13
RAM
acronym
14
megabyte
meg
clipping
15
teleprinter, exchange
telex
blending
curio
(b)
(to) laze
(c)
(to) network
conversionN > V
(d)
(to) cohere
backformation> coherence
(e)
(a) sitcom
(f)
(the) muppets
(g)
what-not
phrasalcompound
(h)
margarine
clipping> (oleo)margarine
(i)
dystopia
(j)
serendipity
literarycoinage
(k)
diesel
(l)
(a) ha-ha
reduplication
(m)
(to) make up
phrasalverb
(n)
(o)
(to) total
(the) hereafter
conversion
compounding, conversion >Prt + Prt> N
(p)
amphetamine
acronym
(q)
(a) construct
conversion V> N
(r)
(the) chunnel
(s).....guesstimate
(t)
canary
(u)
brain-gain
reduplication
(v)
boojum
(w)
gaffe-slack
(x)
psycho
(y)
walkie-talkie
root creation (used by physicist N. David Mermin following creation by Lewis Carroll
reduplication
clipping>psycho(path)
reduplication, diminutive, conversion (z)
bonfire
compound
Boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3.
2. The words in column A have been created from the corresponding words in column B. Indicate the word
formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column A.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
Column A
Column B
stagflation
stagnation + inflation
blending
nostril
nosu + thyrl 'hole' (in Old English) compound
bookie
bookmaker
clipping, diminutive
van
caravan
clipping
Amerindian
American Indian
blending
CD
compact disc
initialism
RAM
random access memory
acronym
televise
television
backformation
xerox
xeroxography
clipping, coinage
telathon
television + marathon
blending, false morphological analysis
sci-fi
science fiction
clipping
elect
election
backformation
deli
delicatessen
clipping, false morphological analysis (delicat+essen)
scuba
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
acronym
scavenge
scavenger
backformation (p)
hazardous material
clipping
hazmat
I remember (pres) that goat; I regret him yet. Poetry is seldom useful, but always memorable. If I were a
sociologist anxious to study in detail the life of any community I would (past) go very early to its (poss)
refuse piles. For a community may be as well judged (pstprt) by what it throws away - what it has to throw
away and what it chooses (pres) to - as by any other evidence. For whole civilizations we sometimes have
nomore (compr) of the poetry and little more of the history than this (from Wolf Willow 1955: 35-36).
13. Writing Morphemic Rules
1. Examine the following past tense forms in English:
hated
pulled
roared
walked
raided
opened
hugged
pushed
faded
groomed
robbed
missed
fitted
mowed
bruised
hoped
mated
cried
loaded
paid
loved
judged
fetched
laughed
(a)
(b)
(c)
Decide on the underlying (or "elsewhere") form of this morpheme from which the other allomorphs are
derived. For what reasons did you choose this particular form as the base?
The underlying elsewhere form is likely to be [d] since it is found after the greatest variety of
sounds. In addition, it is easy to derive the other allomorphs from it by natural phonological
processes: schwa insertion to break up a cluster of two alveolar stops will yield [d] and voice
assimilation will yield [t].
(d)
[d] / elsewhere
(e)
sang
Consider the following past tense forms. How are they conditioned? How are they realized?
bought
fought
cut
put
went
rang
were
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They are grammatically conditioned. Some are realized by a vowel change (sing / sang; ring /
rang), some by a vowel change plus an inflectional ending (bring / brought; fight / fought), some by
a zero morph (cut / cut; put / put) and some by a different form (supletion gor / went; be / was,
were).
(f)
How do you account for the following variants: learned/learnt, dreamed/dreamt, burned/burnt? These
forms are in free variation.
ineligible
irrelevant
intolerant
impossible
insecure
impatient
(a)
inactive
imbalance
indeterminate
immature
illogical
irregular immoral
infamous
imbalance
injury
ingrate
injudicious
incongruous
(b)
(c)
Decide on the underlying (or "elsewhere") form of this morpheme from which the other allomorphs are
derived. Justify the base form.
[n] appears to be the underlying form since it is found in the greatest variety of environments
and is the form from which the other forms can be derived most easily: [m] and [] by
assimilation in place of articulation to the place of the following sound (with no change in
manner of articulation), and [] by loss of the nasal.
(d)
10
(f)
Why are the forms ignoble and ignominious, which presumably contain the same prefix, a problem?
Try to account for this problem. (Hint: Look up the etymologies of these words.)
The word ignoble comes from Latin gnbilis noble (which later lost its initial consonants to
give nbilis, hence noble). When in- was combined with gnobilis, the first n dropped out, giving
English ignoble. The g is thus part of the root, not part of the prefix. The word ignominious
comes from Latin nmenname; it acquired a g by mistaken analogy withgnsco, a process
called contamination.
cohabit
collide
correct
coalesce
corrode
connect
collate
confess
11
commute
commend
cohere
combat
contend
coexist
compute
consent
coincide
compare
(a)
condemn
(b)
Write a morphemic rule, specifying the underlying form, allomorphs, and conditioning environments.
{CON} [k ] / before liquids and nasals
[k n] / before dentals (alveolars and labiodentals)
[k m] / before bilabial stops
[ko ] / before vowels and [h]
It is rather difficult to know which is the elsewhere form in this case.
Historically, the com- [kom] form is original. If it is considered the underlying form, the [k n]
form is derived by assimilation in place of articulation to the following stop with vowel
reduction, the [k ] form by reduction of the vowel and loss of the [m] before liquids and
nasals, and the [ko ] form by loss of the [m] and vowel shift.
(c)
The meaning is either associative with, together as in compare, cohabit, coexist, collect etc. or
intensive completely as in correct, contend, corrode etc.
signature
design
designation
resign
resignation
12
(a)
(b)
Time
b.
Number
c.
Place
d.
Degree
e.
Privative
f.
Negative, and
g.
Size
Each category has two prefixes. After you have classified the prefixes, use a dictionary to identify whether the
prefix is native English, Latin, or Greek in origin.
postdate
bifocal
maladjusted
outdoor
macrocosm
hyperactivity
forewarn
demilitarize
megawatt
defrost
polyglot
nonentity
disclose
foreshadow
macroeconomics malpractice
polygon
bisexual
postelection
nonsmoker
subway
disarm
megalosaur
ultraconservative hyperthyroidism subfloor
a) Time
foreshadow
outhouse
ultraviolet
13
fore- forewarn,
b) Number
bipoly-
bifocal, bisexual
polyglot, polygon
c) Place
outsub-
outdoor, outhouse
subway, subfloor
d) Degree
hyperultra-
hyperactivity, hyperthyroidism
ultraviolet, ultraconservative
e) Privative -
dedis-
demilitarize, defrost
disclose, disarm
f) Negative
nonmal-
nonentity, nonsmoker
maladjusted, malpractice
g) Size
megamacro-
megawatt, megalosour
macrocosm, macroeconomics
English: fore-, outLatin: post-, bi-, sub-, ultra-, de-, dis-, non-, malGreek: poly-, hyper-, mega-, macro-
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2. Sort the suffixes in the words below according to their class-changing function. The categories include the
following:
a) N > N
-dom
kingdom, stardom
-ster
gangster, mobster
-(ic)ian politician, rhetorician
b) V > N
-al
-ant
-ure
refusal, trial
inhabitant, participant
seizure, closure
c) A > N
-th
-ism
-hood
warmth, width
conservatism, idealism
falsehood, likelihood
d) N/A > V
-en
-ate
broaden, straighten
facilitate, vaccinate
e) N > A
-ic
-less
-ish
historic, syntactic
friendless, penniless
selfish, boyish
f) V > A
-ory
-less
advisory, contradictory
tireless, thankless
g) N/A >Adv
-wise
stepwise, clockwise
-fold
twofold, manifold
(There are two examples of each suffix.)
broaden
participant
rhetorician
gangster
twofold
advisory
conservatism
inhabitant
manifold
historic
syntactic
falsehood
clockwise
stardom
trial
likelihood
mobster
contradictory
stepwise
penniless
width
closure
refusal
warmth
accidental
friendless
kingdom
boyish
thankless
idealism
straighten
vaccinate
tireless
selfish
politician
facilitate
seizure
global
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3. (a) Can you think of a reason why -en may attach to some adjectives, but not to others, as shown below?
blacken
broaden
stiffen
ripen
deafen
tighten
soften
loosen
*thinen
*longen
*slimen
*nearen
*slowen
*narrowen
*highen
*holyen
*noblen
The reason here is phonological: -en may attach only to monosyllabic adjectives ending in obstruents
(stops & fricatives) not to those ending in vowels, nasals or liquids.
(b) Can you think of a reason why -ed may attach to some nouns, but not to others, as shown below?
brown-haired
left-handed
kind-hearted
narrow-minded
low-spirited
strong-headed
*brown-coated
*heavy-pursed
*long-skirted
*one-childed
*two-catted
*silly-hatted
The reason here is semantic: -en may attach only to adjectives denoting inalienable possession (things
that are possessed intrinsically) and not to those denoting alienable possession (things that may
(a)
(b)
16
(c)
(a)
is incorrect. Un- does not attach to
nouns; it produces the nonword of English
*unknowledge.
(b)
is correct. Every stage in the derivation
produces a word of English.
(c)
is incorrect. Because while un- does
attach to verbs, this also produces the nonword of English *unknowledge.
15. Compounding
1. Identify the syntactic pattern in each of the following compounds and express it in a lexical
rule.
Example: gravedigger N + V + -er> N
17
(a)
hovercraft
V+N > N
(b)
dairyman
N+N > N
(c)
bath-towel
N+N >N
(d)
goldfish
N+N >N
(e)
inroads
Prt + N + -s > N
(f)
bystander
Prt + V + er > N
(g)
setback
(h)
meltdown
(i)
blackout
(j)
stand-in
(k)
turnout
(l)
money-hungry
N+A>A
(m) dugout
(n)
hardhearted
A + N + ed > A
(o)
homesick
N+A>A
(p)
proofread
N+V>V
(q)
overqualified
Prt + V + en > V / A
(r)
overachieve
Prt + V + > V
(s)
badmouth
A + N > V (conversion)
(t)
redhead
A+N> N
(u)
birth control
N+N/V>N/V
(v)
breakfast
V+N>N
(w) thoroughgoing
A + V + ing > A
(x)
quick-change
A + V > A (conversion)
(y)
lukewarm
A+A>A
(z)
law-abiding
N + V + ing > A
(aa) far-reaching
A + V + ing > A
(bb) homemade
N + V + en > A
(cc) clean-cut
A + V + en > A
(dd) fighter-bomber
V + er + V + er > N
(ee) earthenware
N + en + N > N
18
V + er + s + N > N
V + ing + N > N
(hh) drip-coffee
V+N>N
(ii) wisecrack
A+V>V+N
(jj) snowplow
N+V/N>V/N
2. The following words are compounds which also include derivational affixes. Analyze the words,
identifying the roots and their parts of speech, as well all the affixes and their function as
nominalizer, verbalizer, adjectivalizer, or adverbializer.
Example: housekeeper
- verb) + -er (nominalizer)
(a)
flightworthiness
flight (root-noun) + worth (root-noun) + -y (adjectivalizer) + -ness (nominalizer)
(b)
chatterbox
chat (root-verb) + -er (nominalizer) + box (root-noun)
(c)
(d)
(e)
handicraft
hand (root-noun) + -y (adjectivalizer) + craft (root+noun)
(f)
broken-hearted
break (root-verb) + -en (past participle / adjectivalizer) + heart (root-noun) + -ed
( adjectivalizer)
(g)
19
(h)
worldly-wise
world (root-noun) + -ly (adjectivalizer) + wise (root-adjective)
(i)
(j)
antiaircraft
anti (prefix) + air (root-noun) + craft (root-noun)
machine-readable machine (root-noun) + read (root-verb) able
(suffix- adjectivalizer)
(k)
chartered accountant charter (root-noun) + -ed (suffixadjectivalizer) + account (root-verb + -ant) + suffic+ noinalizer)
3.
(a)
Look at the following set of words naming berries. The second half of each is the
recognizable root berry. Can you analyze these as compounds?
blueberry
strawberry
blackberry
raspberry
cranberry
marianberry
loganberry
Does a more recent formation such as cranapple provide evidence for or against these forms as
compounds?
Blueberry, blackberry: the first parts of these compounds are clearly the morphemes {BLUE}
and {BLACK}.
Strawberry: the first part of this compound is straw, but it is uncertain whether this is the
morpheme {STRAW}; the form apparently does not have its usual meaning here.
Raspberry: the first part of this compound is rasp, which is not a recognizable morpheme of
English (it is not the verb rasp to scrap, which is pronounced [rsp], not [rz]).
Cranberry: the first part of this compound is cran, which is also not a clearly recognizable
morpheme of English.
Loganberry, marianberry: the first parts of these compounds appear to be brand names.
(There are various theories to account for the meaning of straw in strawberry, that it, for
example, refers to the yellow flecks on strawberries, or to the use of straw in strawberry
fields. Also, cran is sometimes related to crane; either the birds are thought to eat
cranberries or the blossoms resemble the heads of cranes.)
If we treat forms such as raspberry and cranberry as true compounds analogous to blueberry
and blackberry, then rasp and cran exist in only one word and are semantically rather
opaque.
20
(b) A problem of morphological analysis arises for forms such as the following:
fish-monger
broadcaster
gossip-monger
sportscaster
scandal-monger
newscaster
ironmonger
war-monger
Are these forms compounds?
Although historically monger is an independent form (deriving from Latin mang to peddle,
deal), it rarely occurs independently today. Therefore, would we be better to consider it a
bound form, a suffix?
The form caster never occurs independently. It appears that sportscaster and newscaster are
blends based on broadcaster.
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