A

PROJECT WORK
on

Submitted By:
MANSI THAKUR
Roll No. 15
X
Submitted to
Mr. Vinod Kumar
Kendriya Vidyalaya Jutogh Cantt
Totu, Shimla

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of my project depends

largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take
this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have
been instrumental in the successful competition of this project.

I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Mr. Vinod

Kumar. I am thankful to him for tremendous support and help.
The guidance and support received from all the family members
who contributed to this project, was vital for the success of the
project. I am grateful for their constant support and help.

Mansi Thakur

Introduction to Coordinate Geometry

A plane is a flat surface that goes on forever in both directions. If we
were to place a point on the plane, coordinate geometry gives us a way to
describe exactly where it is by using two numbers. So coordinate

geometry is a system of geometry where the position of points on

the plane is described using an ordered pair of numbers.

What are coordinates?

To introduce the idea, consider the grid on the right. The columns of the
grid are lettered A,B,C etc. The rows are numbered 1,2,3 etc from the top.
We can see that the X is in box D3; that is, column D, row 3.
D and 3 are called the coordinates of the box. It has two parts: the row
and the column. There are many boxes in each row and many boxes in each
column. But by having both we can find one single box, where the row
and column intersect.

The Coordinate Plane

In coordinate geometry, points are placed on the "coordinate plane" as
shown below. It has two scales - one running across the plane called the
"x axis" and another a right angles to it called the y axis. (These can be
thought of as similar to the column and row in the paragraph above.) The
point where the axes cross is called the origin and is where both x and y
are zero.

On the x-axis, values to the right are positive and those to the left are
negative.
On the y-axis, values above the origin are positive and those below are
negative.
A point's location on the plane is given by two numbers,the first tells
where it is on the x-axis and the second which tells where it is on the yaxis. Together, they define a single, unique position on the plane. So in the
diagram above, the point A has an x value of 20 and a y value of 15.
These are the coordinates of the point A, sometimes referred to as its
"rectangular coordinates". Note that the order is important; the x
coordinate is always the first one of the pair.

History

The method of describing the location of points in

this way was proposed by the French mathematician Ren Descartes
(1596 - 1650). (Pronounced "day CART"). He proposed further that curves
and lines could be described by equations using this technique, thus being
the first to link algebra and geometry. In honor of his work, the
coordinates of a point are often referred to as its Cartesian coordinates,
and the coordinate plane as the Cartesian Coordinate Plane.

The computer code that generates the twodimensional object on the screen is based on coordinate geometry
formulas, such as the distance and midpoint formulas. For the
rotation of a 3D geometric object in a computer graphic program,
geometric point transformation procedures are used that rotate all the
vertexes of the 3D object.

Applications of coordinate geometry in Computer

Coordinate geometry is applied to many professions and used by many

in real life. For example it can be used by computer programmers.
Computer programmers use coordinate geometry because most of the
programs that they write generate PDF files. And in a PDF file, the
printed page is one big coordinate plane. Coordinate geometry is thus
used to position elements on the page. PDF files that are produced
contains text, images and line drawings, all of which are placed into
position by using (x,y) coordinates, distances, slopes, and simple
trigonometry.

Coordinate geometry are also used in manipulating images. The

selected image is like a big coordinate plane with each colour
information as each individual points. Thus when the colours of the
pictures are being manipulated, the points are changed.
Coordinate geometry are also applied in scanners. Scanners make use
of coordinate geometry to reproduce the exact image of the selected
picture in the computer. It manipulates the points of each information
in the original documents and reproduces them in soft copy.
Thus coordinate geometry are widely used without our knowing. They
are mostly commonly used in reproducing the original and also in IT
forms.

How Is Geometry Used in Computer

Graphics?
Geometry is central to the development of computer
graphics software. Scientists and computer programmers study fractal
geometry, descriptive geometry and linear perspective that is 3D geometry,
to develop mathematically draws objects instead of drawing them with a
mouse or pen and pencil.

Two-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry

Two-dimensional coordinate geometry, the use of
algebraic equations to represent two-dimensional geometric shapes
such as lines and polygons, is the basis for the design of computer
graphic software. Popular illustrations programs let graphic
designers quickly create two-dimensional geometric figures through
simple point and click operations. The computer code that generates
the two-dimensional object on the screen is based on coordinate
geometry formulas, such as the distance and midpoint formulas.

Three-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry

Three-dimensional coordinate geometry principles are
also used in computer graphic programs. Many of the geometric
formulas used in three-dimensional graphics computer programming
are extensions of two-dimensional coordinate geometric formulas.
For the rotation of a 3D geometric object in a computer graphic
program, geometric point transformation procedures are used that
rotate all the vertexes of the 3D object.

Fractal Geometry
Fractal geometry is the study of automated drawing
methods that are based on a specific geometric shape or set of
specific geometric shapes. Often fractal methods involve the
repeated inscription of a geometric shape within a geometric shape.
One example, is when an equilateral triangle is inscribed within an

equilateral triangle, repeatedly, such that each successively inscribed

equilateral triangle is smaller than the previous. When computer
code is written to perform this procedure, successively smaller
equilateral triangles can be continually constructed without end and
without human intervention.

Linear Perspective
Linear perspective is a geometrical drawing method
that is used in computer graphics programs to construct a threedimensional object on a two-dimensional computer screen. In effect,
linear perspective is a geometrical system that lets one construct a
true photo like image of an object from the three-dimensional
coordinates of an object. Fundamental to linear perspective is the
perspective grid. The perspective grid is used to derive the geometric
formulas for the 3D to 2D coordinate conversions used in computer
graphics programs.

Descriptive Geometry
Descriptive geometry, like linear perspective, is used
in computer graphics to construct a three-dimensional object on a
two-dimensional computer screen. However, descriptive geometry
does not produce a true perspective rendering like a camera would. A
computer graphic based on descriptive geometry methods results in a
drawing such that all lines that are parallel in three-dimensions are
drawn parallel on the two-dimensional screen. Because a parallel
grid is used instead of a perspective grid, the true dimensions of the
object can be directly measured on the computer screen.