CA 4042: Campos

Electromagnticos

Cap. 9:
Ecuaciones de Maxwell
Instructor: Ing. Hctor C. Vergara V.
Profesor de Facultad de Ingeniera Mecnica
Centro Regional de Azuero
Universidad Tecnolgica de Panam
Mvil: (507) 6677-5920, email: hector.vergara@utp.ac.pa
Libro de Texto:
M.N.O. Sadiku, Elementos de Electromagnetismo 5th ed. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Lectura Auxiliar:
W.Hayt, J.Buck, Teora Electromagntica, 8va ed. McGrawHill, 2012.

Todas las figuras son tomadas del libro de texto principal a menos que se diga lo contrario

Chapter 9: Maxwells Equations

Topics Covered

Faradays Law
Transformer and Motional
Electromotive Forces
Displacement Current
Magnetization in Materials
Maxwells Equations in Final
Form
Time Varying Potentials
(Optional)
Time Harmonic Fields (Optional)

Homework: 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16,

18, 21, 22, 30, 33

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2
All figures taken from primary textbook unless otherwise cited.

Faradays Law (1)

We have introduced several methods of examining magnetic fields in terms of forces,

energy, and inductances.
Magnetic fields appear to be a direct result of charge moving through a system and
demonstrate extremely similar field solutions for multipoles, and boundary condition
problems.
So is it not logical to attempt to model a magnetic field in terms of an electric one? This is
the question asked by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831. The result is Faradays
Law for induced emf
Induced electromotive force (emf) (in volts) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of magnetic flux by the circuit

Vemf

d
d
N
dt
dt

where, as before, is the flux linkage, is the magnetic flux, N is the number of turns in the
inductor, and t represents a time interval. The negative sign shows that the induced voltage
acts to oppose the flux producing it.
The statement in blue above is known as Lenzs Law: the induced voltage acts to oppose the
flux producing it.
Examples of emf generated electric fields: electric generators, batteries, thermocouples, fuel
cells, photovoltaic cells, transformers.

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Faradays Law (2)

To elaborate on emf, lets consider a battery circuit.

The electrochemical action within the battery results and in emf produced electric field, Ef
Acuminated charges at the terminals provide an electrostatic field Ee that also exist that
counteracts the emf generated potential

E E f Ee

E dl E f dl 0 E f dl
L

The total emf generated in the between the two open terminals in the battery is therefore
P

E f dl Ee dl IR
P

Vemf

Note the following important facts

An electrostatic field cannot maintain a steady current in a close circuit since

E
e dl 0 IR
L

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An emf-produced field is nonconservative

Except in electrostatics, voltage and potential differences are usually not equivalent
4

Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces (1)

For a single circuit of 1 turn

Vemf

d
d

dt
dt

d
E dl B dS
dt S
L

Vemf

The variation of flux with time may be caused by three ways

Having a stationary loop in a time-varying B field
1.
Having a time-varying loop in a static B field Having
2.
a time-varying loop in a time-varying B field
3.
A stationary loop in a time-varying B field

d
Vemf E dl E dS B dS
dt S
L
S

dB
One of Maxwells for time varying fields
E
dt

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Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces (2)

A time-varying loop in a static B field

Fm Q u B

in a motional E field

F

E m uB
Q


Vemf E dl u B dl

Fm Il B

Fm IlB

Some care must be used when applying this equation

1.

The integral of presented is zero in the portion of the

loop where u=0. Thus dl is taken along the portion of
the lop that is cutting the field where u is not equal
to zero

2.

The direction of the induced field is the same as that

of Em . The limits of the integral are selected in the
direction opposite of the induced current, thereby
satisfying Lenzs Law

Vemf uBl
by _ Stokes's _ Theorem

Em dS u B dl

Em u B

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Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces (3)

A time-varying loop in a time-varying B field

dB
Vemf E dl
dS u B dl
dt
L
S
L

dB
Em
u B
dt

One of Maxwells for time varying fields

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Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces: Example1

Conducting element is stationary and the

magnetic field varies with time

dB
Vemf
dS
dt
S

dB
Em
dt

Assume the bar is held stationary at y =0.08 m

and B = 4cos(106t)az mWb/m2
Assume the length between the two conducting
rails the bar slides along is 0.06 m

Vemf

dB
d
6

dS (0.004cos(10 t))a z dS
dt
S dt
S

(4)(10 3 )(10 6 ) sin(10 6 t)dxdy

S

xy(4)(10 3 )(10 6 )sin(10 6 t)

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0.080.06(4)(10 3 )(10 6 ) sin(10 6 t)

19.2sin(10 6 t)V

Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces: Example
2

Conductor moves at a velocity u = 20ay m/s in

constant magnetic field B=4az mWb/m2
Assume the length between the two
conducting rails the bar slides along is 0.06 m

Vemf

u B

E dl u B dl

Em

Vemf 20a y 0.004a z dxa x

L

0.08dx 0.08x

0.080.06 4.8mV
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Transformer and Motional

Electromotive Forces: Example 3

Conductor moves at a velocity u = 20ay m/s in time

varying magnetic field B=4cos(106t-y)az mWb/m2
Assume the length between the two conducting
rails the bar slides along is 0.06 m

Vemf
Vemf

dB

E dl
dS u B dl
dt
L
S
L
d
(10 3 )(4)cos(10 6 t y)a z dxdya z
dt
S

20a y (10 3 )(4)cos(10 6 t y)a z dxa x

L

Vemf (10 3 )(4)10 6 sin(10 6 t y)a z dxdya z

S

20(10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y) dx

Vemf (10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y)x 10 3 (4) cos(10 6 t)x

20(10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y) dx

Vemf (10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y)x 10 3 (4) cos(10 6 t)x

20(10 3 )(4) cos(10 6 t y) x

Vemf (10 3 )(4) 8(10 2 ) cos(10 6 t y)x 10 3 (4) cos(10 6 t)x

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Vemf 4000x cos(10 6 t y) 4000x cos(10 6 t)

Vemf 240 cos(10 t y) 240 cos(10 t)
6

10

Displacement Current (1)

Lets now examine time dependent fields from the perspective on Amperes Law.

H J

H 0 J
This vector identity for the cross product is mathematically

valid. However, it requires that the continuity eqn. equals

J v 0
zero, which is not valid from an electrostatics standpoint!
t

Thus, lets add an additional current density term
H J Jd

to balance the electrostatic field requirement

H 0 J Jd

D
J d J v
D
t
t
t

D
We can now define the displacement current density as
Jd
the time derivative of the displacement vector
t

D
H J
Another of Maxwells for time varying fields
t

This one relates Magnetic Field Intensity to conduction

and displacement current densities

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11

Displacement Current (2)

Using our understanding of conduction and displacement current density. Lets test this
theory on the simple case of a capacitive element in a simple electronic circuit.

D
H J
t

D
I d J dS
dS
t


H dl J dS I enc I
L

S1

H dl J dS I enc 0
L

S2

L H dl S J d dS t
2
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Based on the equation for displacement current density, we can

define the displacement current in a circuit as shown
Amperes circuit law to a closed path provides the following eqn.
for current on the first side of the capacitive element
However surface 2 is the opposite side of the capacitor and has no
conduction current allowing for no enclosed current at surface 2

dQ
S D dS dt I
2

If J =0 on the second surface then Jd must be

generated on the second surface to create a time
displaced current equal to current on surface 1
12

Displacement Current (3)

Show that Ienc on surface 1 and dQ/dt on surface 2of the capacitor are both equal to C(dV/dt)

D E

V
d

D dV

t d dt
S dV
C
Id Jd S
dV d dt
dt
from surface 1
dQ
d
dD
dE S dV
dV
S s S
S

C
Ic
dt
dt
dt
dt
d dt
dt
Jd

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Maxwells Time Dependent Equations

It was James Clark Maxwell that put all of this together and reduced electromagnetic field
theory to 4 simple equations. It was only through this clarification that the discovery of
electromagnetic waves were discovered and the theory of light was developed.
The equations Maxwell is credited with to completely describe any electromagnetic field
(either statically or dynamically) are written as:

Differential Form

D v

Integral Form

Remarks

D dS v dv

Gausss Law

B 0

B
E
t

D
H J
t
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B dS 0

Nonexistence of the
Magnetic Monopole

L E dl t S B dS

D
H dl J t dS

L
S

Faradays Law

Amperes Circuit Law

14

Maxwells Time Dependent Equations (2)

A few other key equations that are routinely used are listed over the next couple of slides
Lorentz Force Law

F Q EuB

Continuity Equation

J v
t

Boundary Conditions

E1 E2 a n 0

H1 H 2 a n K

D1 D2 a n s

B2 B1 a n 0

Boundary
Conductor
Conditions
for Perfect

E 0

H 0
J 0

Bn 0 E t 0

Compatibility Equations

m = free magnetic density

B m

B
E
Jm
t

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Equilibrium Equations

D v

D
H J
t
15

Maxwells Time Dependent Equations:

Identity Map

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Time Varying Potentials

Field _ potentials :
V

vdv

4R
v

Jdv
4R

D efinition of B from A :

B A
Applying _ Faraday ' s _ Law :

A
t
t

E A 0

A
E
V
t

A
E V
t

E
2V
A
t

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Applying _ Ampere' s Circuit Law :

1
1
dD
H B A J
dt

E

A
A J
J V
t
t
t

2
A J
t
t
Applying the vector identity :

A A 2 A

yields :

2
A 2 A J
t
t
Limit the vector field conditions by choo sin g :

V
A
t

Apply Lorentz Condition for potentials : A 0

V 2 v
t

A
2 A
J
t 2
2

17

Wave Equation
V
2

2A
In

2E

B
2

2V
v

t 2

2A

J
t 2
fr e e s p a c e y ie ld s

2E

t 2

2
B

t 2
1

c
n

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Speed of the wave in a medium

Speed of light in a vacuum

0 0
c

0 0

Refractive index

u
18