Welding Connection 2

WELDED CONNECTIONS II
Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

SERC Madras, ANNA Univ,
TRUSS CONNECTIONS
Type of connections to be fixed at conceptual stage
planar trusses
Web members may be directly welded to chord
members
Eccentricities
Element centroidal axes not intersecting at a point
Connection centroid not coinciding with the
element centroid

DIRECT CONNECTION OF WEB MEMBERS
CONNECTION AT THE APEX OF A ROOF TRUSS
EAVES CONNECTION
ECCENTRICITIES IN TRUSS CONNECTIONS

(a) PRATT TRUSS,
(b) CROSS BRACING BETWEEN PLATE GIRDERS
e P
e
(a)
(b)

PORTAL FRAME CONNECTIONS
Common frame spacing - 4.5m to 7.5m

Eaves and apex locations
Critical moment occurs at eaves
Plastic analysis leads to redistribution and lighter
sections
Haunched sections for increased rotation
capacity

MOMENT TRANSMISSION AT
CORNER USING A SHEAR PANEL
MOMENT TRANSMISSION AT CORNER

USING A DIAGONAL STIFFENER

VARIOUS EAVES CONNECTIONS OF PORTAL FRAMES
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

WELDED APEX CONNECTIONS

(a) GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
(b) (d) DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE TENSION FLANGE
CONNECTION
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)

COLUMN AND BEAM SPLICES
Structural sections are available only in specific

lengths
Splices are provided at non-critical locations
Column splice
Partial penetration butt welds are economical.
Welded beam splice plates
Beam splice where bending moment is low splicing
of webs due to
Required length of plate is not available
Girder may be cambered at the splice
Thickness of the girder may be varied
Two methods of design of beam splices

To resist the calculated moment and shear at the
point of splice
To develop full resistance in both shear and flexure
(a)
(b)
(a) Butt welded column splices

(b)Welded Splice Plate Connection

10
STAGGERED FORM OF ARRANGEMENT FOR

TEMPORARY SUPPORT

11
BUTT WELDED SPLICE PLATE CONNECTION

X
X-X
X Only weld here if its
absence could lead to
corrosion
HYBRID CONNECTION
X
12
BEAM-BEAM AND BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

Types of beam connections
Rotational characteristics of connections
Simple
0-20% moment resistance
Semi rigid
20 -90%
Rigid
>90%

13
WELDED BEAM CONNECTIONS
Web angles
Beam seats
Shear connections
Stiffened beam seats
Moment resistant connections
Two common ways of stress transfer at connection

Bending forces occur in beam flanges and for
transfer, welds to be provided at the beam
flanges
For transfer of shear forces welds to be provided
at webs
14
FRAMED SIMPLE CONNECTION
End return
Erection bolt
WELDED SEMIRIGID CONNECTION

15
w kg /m
w kg / m
wl2 / 8
+
(a)
wl2 / 24
wl2 / 12
+
(b)
w kg /m
wl2 / 24
wl2 / 12
w kg /m
wl2 / 12
wl2 / 24
wl2 / 16
(c)
wl2 / 16
+
wl2 / 16
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Simple Connections (0%)

Rigid Connections (100%)
Semi Rigid Connections (50%)
Semi Rigid Connections (75%)
16
WELDED MOMENT - RESISTING CONNECTION
WELDED WEB ANGLES
End returns
End returns
Erectio
n bolts

17
ECCENTRICITY OF REACTION FORCES
R/2 R/2
e
0.1
L
0.6L
End return
0.9L
0.3L
fh
Beam web

18
WELDED SEATED- BEAM CONNECTIONS
Top angle
Optional
location of top L
Erection Bolts
Erection bolt
Seat or shelf angle

19
STIFFENED BEAM SEAT CONNECTION

20
MOMENT RESISTANT CONNECTIONS
Continuous structures
Connections are designed to resist full moments
Efficient connections
Moment resistance may reduce
Bending of the column at the connection point
Top connection plate tries to bend column flange

21
MOMENT RESISTING CONNECTIONS -1
Groove weld
Fillet weld
End connection plate
(b)
C
Stiffened seat
(a)

22
Top connection plate

pulling away from
connection
Weld is over
stressed here
(a)
Reinforcing plate cut

back
(b)
(a) OVERSTRESSING OF THE WELD,

(b) COLUMN FLANGE STIFFENED WITH PLATES

23
FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
Number of cycles or the time taken to attain a
pre- defined failure criteria eg. Bridges,Crane
girders
High cycle low stress fatigue - 108 cycles
Low-cycle high stress fatigue <105 cycles
Corrosion fatigue
Uncertain features due to
Environmental effects
Prediction of internal stresses
Time to failure
Methods of analysis
S-N approach and fracture mechanics approach
24
CHARACTERISTICS OF FATIGUE FAILURE
Poor design and fabrication are prime reasons

Crack initiation and propagation
Fatigue crack is transgranular
Fracture surface may be either crystalline or
fibrous
Mechanism of fatigue
Plastic flow due to stress concentration effects

25
FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
Stress range
Stress concentration
Rate of cyclic loading
Residual stresses
Size
Geometry
Environment
Temperature
Previous stress history

26
FRACTURED SURFACE OF A SPECIMEN

27
FATIGUE MECHANISM
10
-3
min
5*10 6 mm
(a) Fine slip
(b) Coarse bond produced by

alternating slip

28
THREE LEVELS OF STRESS CONCENTRATION

Structural action
Relative deformation between adjacent elements
Secondary members
Macroscopic stress concentration
Geometric stress interruption to stress flow

29
Local geometric stress concentration

Crack tip effects occur in weld or HAZ
For low stress range,frequency effect is
insignificant
For high stress range ,increase in frequency
produces increase in apparent fatigue strength
Effect of residual stresses varies considerably.
Fatigue limit is 50% of ultimate stress
FI = 140 + 0.25FU

30
TYPICAL CONNECTION DETAILS
(a) Industrial roof structure
(b) Bridge structure

31
BENDING STRESSES IN A DISCONTINUOUS BEAM
(a) Beam arrangement
(b) Stress flow at change in

direction

32
STRESS CONCENTRATION AT THE TOE OF A

FILLET WELD
(a) Fillet weld arrangement
(b) Tensile stress flow

33
Fatigue failure at a welded joint may occur due to
Porosity,slag inclusion and defects

Lack of fusion or microscopic cracks
Crystalline change in base metal in HAZ
Due to undercut at toe edge of the weld
Butt welded joints have better fatigue resistance

34
FATIGUE ANALYSIS
Nominal stress
Hot spot stress
Number of stress reversals before failure

35
S-N curve approach

Cyclic stress range(S) to number of cycles to failures(N)
Log-log relationship is linear
NSm =
Goodmans diagram
Variable amplitude loading
Stress spectrum
Damage due to each band in stress spectrum
Palmgren - Miner rule
n1 n 2
n
+
+ KKK + n 1.0
N1 N 2
Nn
36
VARIOUS PARAMETERS IN FATIGUE
R = Smin / Smax
S
tr
e
s
s
Se
Se = Alternating stress altitude
Smax
Sm
Sr
One load cycle
Time
Smin
Sr = Stress range
Sm =Mean stress
Smax =Maximum stress
Smin =Minimum stress

37
S N CURVE (WOHLER CURVE)
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Number of cycles to failure (N) in thousands

38
S N CURVE PRESENTED ON A LOG-LOG SCALE
F1,00,000
Zero - to - tension cycle

NSrm = b
S
F2,000,000
N
Cycles to failure N (Log scale)
F1,00,000 = fatigue strength for 100,000 Cycles
F2000,000 = fatigue strength for 2000,000
Cycles

39
Tensile or compressive stress, in percent of

static ultimate strength
GOODMAN DIAGRAM
100
Ultimate tensile strength
80
60
40
Maximum stress in cycle

33%
Minimum stress in cycle
20
0
Line of zero stress
-20
-40
33% of Ultimate

40
STRESS RANGE SPECTRUM
True spectrum
st1
st2
st3
st4
st5
n1 n2 n3 n4
n5

41
Fracture mechanics
Presence of cracks is accounted
K = Y** P a
Stress intensity factor,K
da
log10
vs log10 D k
dN
da
m
= c (D k )
dN
relationship is a sigmoidal curve
Paris equation

42
SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF CRACK GROWTH
-3
-6
Non
continuum
mechanism
Threshold DKth
Continuum
mechanism
(striation
growth)
B
m
1
Kic final failure

da / dN = CDKm
Static failure mechanism
-9
Log10 DK

43
INDIAN STANDARD PRACTICE
IS 1024 -1979 -Code of practice for use of

welding in
bridges
and
structures
subjected to dynamic loading
Working stress is reduced to allow effects of
fatigue

44
Seven clauses of weld details

Permissible stress in welds
Combined bending and shear
f e = (f bt ) + 3 (f S )
2
(f bc )2 + 3 (f S )2
or
Combined shear,bearing and bending
f e = (f bc ) + (f b ) + (f bt f b ) + 3 (f S ) or (f bc ) + (f b ) - (f bc f b ) + 3 (f S )
2

45
CLASS E FULL PENETRATION

CRUCIFORM BUTT WELD
Class E stress refers to this member

46
TYPICAL CLASS F WELD DETAILS
These connections include

stiffener to flange welds
X
Ends of Flange
Plates Whether
Weld transversely
or not
X
X
In this case load is
resisted by bending of
the plate
Check principal stress in web at ends of
stiffener to web welds (or equally at any other
attachment to a shear-loaded
m ember)

47
TYPICAL CLASS G WELD DETAILS
X
X
Longitudinal load carrying fillet welds

(a)

48
TYPICAL CLASS G WELD DETAILS -1
X Member under
consideration
Cruciform
Egg box
X
X
(b)
X
(c)

49
IMPROVEMENT OF FATIGUE STRENGTH

Improvement techniques
Fatigue strength improvement by
Weld geometry improvement
Residual stress reduction
Crack initiation life can be extended by
Removal of crack like defects
Reducing SC in weld
Reduction of tensile residual stresses

50
WELD IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES

Weld toe grinding
Removal of small cracks (0.5 mm) by grinding
Concave surface
Weld dressing
Weld profile is smoothened by dressing
Weld toe remelting
TIG or Plasma arc dressing
Hammer peening
Application of repeated hammering

51
REPAIRS TO CRACKED WELDS
Repaired weld may contain defects and may have

a lower fatigue life.
Repaired weld should be to a revised detail.
Additional stiffening to reduce stress range

52
FATIGUE RESISTANT DESIGN

General suggestions
Butt weld
Double-sided fillet weld
Avoid stress concentration
Avoid abrupt transition in sections
Eliminate or reduce eccentricities
Avoid attachments to parts subjected to fatigue
loading
Use continuous welds

53
FATIGUE RESISTANT DESIGN-1
Proper inspection during fabrication

Deep penetration fillet welds
Proper inspection during service
Provide structural redundancy
Provide crack arrestors

54
SUMMARY
Types of beam-to-beam and beam-to-column
welded connections are described.
Fatigue effects and factors affecting fatigue
behaviour of welded connections are explained.
Methods of evaluating fatigue lives of welded
connections are presented.
Techniques for improving fatigue performance
and fracture resistant design are explained.
Indian Standard codal provisions are included.

55

Welding Connection 2

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WELDED CONNECTIONS II

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

DIRECT CONNECTION OF WEB MEMBERS

CONNECTION AT THE APEX OF A ROOF TRUSS

ECCENTRICITIES IN TRUSS CONNECTIONS

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

PORTAL FRAME CONNECTIONS

Common frame spacing - 4.5m to 7.5m

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

MOMENT TRANSMISSION AT CORNER

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

VARIOUS EAVES CONNECTIONS OF PORTAL FRAMES

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

WELDED APEX CONNECTIONS

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

COLUMN AND BEAM SPLICES

Structural sections are available only in specific

Two methods of design of beam splices

(a) Butt welded column splices

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

STAGGERED FORM OF ARRANGEMENT FOR

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

BUTT WELDED SPLICE PLATE CONNECTION

BEAM-BEAM AND BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

WELDED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Two common ways of stress transfer at connection

FRAMED SIMPLE CONNECTION

WELDED SEMIRIGID CONNECTION

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

Simple Connections (0%)

WELDED MOMENT - RESISTING CONNECTION

WELDED WEB ANGLES

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

ECCENTRICITY OF REACTION FORCES

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

WELDED SEATED- BEAM CONNECTIONS

Seat or shelf angle

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

STIFFENED BEAM SEAT CONNECTION

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

MOMENT RESISTANT CONNECTIONS

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

MOMENT RESISTING CONNECTIONS -1

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

Top connection plate

Reinforcing plate cut

(a) OVERSTRESSING OF THE WELD,

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

CHARACTERISTICS OF FATIGUE FAILURE

Poor design and fabrication are prime reasons

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

FRACTURED SURFACE OF A SPECIMEN

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

(b) Coarse bond produced by

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

THREE LEVELS OF STRESS CONCENTRATION

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

Local geometric stress concentration

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,