57

PART V
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION MEW/SS/5
POWER TRANSFORMERS
5. Power Transformer.
5.1
Type :
The transformer shall be of the double wound core type, three phase, oil
immersed, natural oil circulation type suitable for outdoor installation and
operation under the climatic conditions referred to in the specification Clause
No.1.4.
All transformers shall be provided with the required accessories as specified in the
The transformers shall strictly comply with the British Standard Spec. No.171,
unless otherwise stated in this specification.
5.2

Continuous Maximum rating :

The transformers shall be capable of carrying their specified load continuously
under the worst temperature conditions encountered in Kuwait, and at any
tapping, without the temperature rise of oil in the hottest region exceeding 40 oC as
measured by thermometer and that of the winding 50 oC as measured by winding
resistance. For cast resin insulated station transformers, temperature rise shall not
exceed 80oC as measured by resistance.
If any transformer exceeds the above temperature rise limits on the test it may be
rejected. All Tenderers shall state in the schedule of Guarantees the equivalent
BSS continuous maximum rating for the transformers offered.

5.3

Method of Cooling:
The cooling of the transformers shall be by natural oil circulation in external
banks of cooling radiators. The external cooling medium shall be natural air or
specified.

5.4

Voltage Ratio:
The voltage ratio of the transformers on nominal tappings and an non-load shall

The high voltage windings shall have tapings, arranged to give variations of

5.5

Impedance Voltage & Regulation :

The impedance at normal ratio and M.C.R. ( Maximum Continuous Rating) shall
The voltage regulations from on-load to continuous maximum rated output at 1.0
power factor and 0.8 lagging power factor shall be as stated in schedules.

58

5.6
a)

Electrical Connections :
The transformers shall be in accordance with BSS.171 as follows:300/132 KV transformers :
H.V. winding - Star
L.V. winding - Star
Vector Group - YNyno (with tertiary compensation winding )

b)

132/33 KV & 33/11.5 KV Transformers:

H.V. winding - Delta
L.V. winding - Star
Vector Group - Dy11

c)

132/11.5 KV Transformers:
H.V. winding - Delta
L.V. winding - Zig-Zag
Vector Group - DZ10

d)

11/0.433 KV Station Transformers:

H.V. winding - Delta
L.V. winding - Star
Vector Group - Dy11

5.7

Duty Under Fault Conditions :

All the transformers shall be capable of withstanding without damage or distress
any external fault between phases for THREE seconds, with the voltage on other
side of the transformer maintained at its full normal value.

5.8

Parallel Operation :
The transformers of each type shall be designed for operating in parallel. In
addition, the transformers shall be designed to operate in parallel with additional
similar transformers that may be installed in the future.

5.9

Insulation Level:
All transformers insulation level shall be standard 1 to BSS 171 for the system
highest voltages corresponding to the operating voltage ratings 275 KV, 132 KV,
33 KV and 11 KV.

5.10

Harmonic Voltage:
The design of the transformers shall be such as to suppress voltage harmonics
(particularly third and fifth ) to a minimum, to eliminate wave distortion and high
frequency disturbances.

5.11

Vibration & Noise:

Every care shall be taken to reduce noise and vibration to the level obtained in
good modern practice. Since these substations will be installed in residential
areas, therefore the noise level outside the transformer housing shall not exceed
the specified limits in VDE standard for such areas. However, a noise level of 50
db at a distance of 30 meters is acceptable.

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The Tenderer shall submit the details of the tests and method adopted to measure
the noise level in the factory. This test is to be carried out in presence of the
Inspector/Engineer appointed by MEW. Cladding of transformer room walls with
special material to obtain the required limit of noise level may be adopted.
However, The cost of such be included in the tender price. It shall be noted that
above mentioned limit of noise level shall be when the transformer is fully loaded
and all the blowers are running.
5.12

Windings :
The designed maximum current density in the windings of the transformers shall
not exceed 2.6 amperes per sq.mm. at continuous maximum rating of the
transformer with normal voltage and frequency. In the case of air blast cooled
transformers, this current density may be increased to a maximum of 3.4
Amps/sq.mm.
The conductors shall be make from high conductivity electrolytic copper of best
quality. All windings shall be fully insulated as defined in BSS. All neutral
points shall be insulated for full line voltage, expect for the 300/132 kV
transformer stated elsewhere in the specification. Tenderers shall submit drawings
with their offers showing types of windings, methods of bracing and clamping,
details of oil cooling ducts with dimensions and state what precautions are taken
to prevent shrinkage of insulating material in service, particular attention must be
given to the bracing of the winding and terminals to withstand shocks which may
occur during handling and transport having regard to the rough handling to be
expected during unloading in Kuwait. Foil spiral type winding is not acceptable.

5.13

Core :
The core shall be constructed of the best quality low loss, cold rolled, grain
oriented electrical steel laminations.
The flux density in any part of the core shall not exceed 17500 lines per net
square centimeter at normal voltage and frequency.
The core shall be provided with an ample number of cooling channels in order to
ensure its proper circulation of oil and efficient cooling.
All core plates shall be insulated from one another to reduce the core loss to a
minimum and the core shall be held together by bolts and clamping plates to keep
the magnetic noise at a minimum level. All bolts and clamps shall be adequately
insulated. The completed core shall be provided with lifting eyes to facilitate its
removal from transformers. All steel sections used for supporting the core are to
be thoroughly sand blasted after cutting, drilling and welding. Design of
supporting frame shall take into consideration complete emptying of tank through
a drain-valve, the avoidance of movement of the core relative to the tank during
transport, installation and operation.
Details of earthing of the inactive part and screening of the core if applied to be
submitted with the offer.

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5.14

Insulation :
2757, ( except where another class is specified ). The winding shall be insulated
with best quality paper and treated to prevent the formation of acid in the
insulating oil. The transformers will be connected to a system which is earthed as
follows :300 KV System Solidly earthed
132 KV System Solidly earthed
33 KV System
Earthed through resistors of 39 ohms and 24 ohms
for 45 and 75 MVA transformers respectively.
11 KV System
Earthed through resistors of 8 ohms and 10.5 ohms
for 132/11 KV and 33/11 KV transformers respectively.
Over voltage can occur due to exposure of the system to lightning and switching
surges. The neutral shall be insulated for system line toline voltage, except for
300/132 KV transformers where the neutral shall be insulated for phase-to-earth
voltage.

5.15

On - Load Voltage Control :

Where on-load tap change is specified, the transformers shall be provided with
ON-LOAD TAP CHANGE equipment to vary the effective transformation ratio
without producing phase displacement. The tap change shall be effected on the
high voltage winding. The transformer tap change equipment control shall be of
the Dummy Master and Follower Type i.e. each group of transformers change
simultaneously. Provision shall be made for a Dummy Master to control three or
four transformers in each group.
The oil in the chamber housing the tap changer selector switch may be in
communication with the oil in the main transformer tank, but the tap change
circuit making and breaking switch shall be accommodated in separate oil filled
chamber separated from the main transformer tank. The duty rating of the
switches shall have a continuous maximum rating of the transformer and shall
give trouble free operation under Kuwait Conditions. Limited devices shall be
provided to limit the operation of switches to the range of tapping specified.
The tap-changer shall be of the fast resistor type and shall be continuously rated
for operation under Kuwait Conditions and at the extreme positions of the tapchange winding. The equipment shall be designed to ensure that when a tap
change has commenced it shall be completed independently of the operation of
the control relays or switches. In the event of failure of auxiliary electrical
supply during a tap change or any other contingency, which would result in the
tap change not being completed, approved means shall be provided to safe-guard
the transformers and auxiliary apparatus.
The equipment shall be arranged for operation as desired giving the following
selections:-

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a) On-load automatic group operation from the master control.

b) On-load manual remote group operation
c) Individual automatic operation of each transformer
d) Individual manual remote operation of each transformer
e) Individual manual hand gear operation of each transformer
f) Individual local electrical operation of each transformer
g) Any one transformer as individual and the other two/three in parallel
The equipment to be supplied by the Tenderer shall be arranged to comply with
the following:1. The hand gear operation of mechanism shall be interlocked to prevent the
electrical motor drive operation while the hand gear is in use.
2. It shall not be possible for any two electrical points to be in operation
simultaneously.
3. Operation from any control switch shall cause one tap movement only unless
the control switch is returned to the Off position between successive
operations.
4. All electrical control switching and hand operating gear shall be clearly
labelled to indicate the direction of tap change.
5. The local control switches and other apparatus shall be mounted inside the
marshalling kiosks.
6. A mechanical tap position indicator shall be fitted on the transformer and
shall be visible from ground level. A device for registering the total number
of tap change operations and a hand reset register device for counting tap
change operation between periods of maintenance shall be fitted.
7. A remote indicating device shall be provided for installation in the control
room. The device shall indicate the tap positions and shall be scaled 1-21.
8. The tap-change drive mechanism shall be provided with a separate contact
row with 21 positions for remote supervisory indications. The contacts shall
be potential free and wired to the telemetry cabinet without the insertion of
tap-position transducer or resistance box, since the tap positions are required
to be signaled to the National Control Centre as indications and not as
measurements.
9. The automatic voltage regulation shall be initiated by means of voltage
regulator relay. This relay shall close
the voltage falls or rises by an amount equal to a preset voltage deviation
valve. A time delay element shall be provided to give a variable setting
range of 20 to 120 seconds.
The response time should be inversely proportional to the voltage deviation.
In case of severe voltage drop under fault conditions of the high voltage
system the regulator should lockout through no-volt contacts by means of
voltage-setting adjustable in the range between 70% and 90% of the desired
voltage.
The sensitivity of the relay shall be adjustable between 0.5% and 3%
either variable or in steps.

62

10. In the event of the transformers forming a group and operating in parallel
getting out of step due to faulty tap change operation, a device shall be
connected in the control system to make inoperative the automatic "Tap
Change". This device shall set off an alarm to indicate the condition
electrically at a remote point. The device shall be of the hand reset type.
The device should also be provided with additional clean set of auxiliary
contacts (potential free) and wired to suitable terminal blocks in the control
panel or tap change control desk for use as an alarm to the "Remote
system.
11. Out of-step relays of tap changes should have an adjustable time-lag of 0.20
seconds.
12. Step-by-step description of operating sequence should be given for all
automatic tap
change control with the aid of a comprehensive
schematic drawing.
13. A warning lamp should be connected to the control system to indicate that
tap-changing is in progress.
14. TapThis applies
when transformer is set on manual
and either set on individual or master
in case of parallel with other transformers. Details
shall be subject to the
brought to a suitable terminal block in the control panel.
15. The tap-changing driving mechanism shall be fully rated for the worst
temperature conditions in Kuwait. The summer sun temperature causes
heating of surfaces exposed to the direct sunshine as follows:Assume a cube with surfaces on the Top, North, South, East and West sides
:Top side maximum average temperature
West side maximum average temperature
South side maximum average temperature
East side maximum average temperature
North side maximum average temperature

:
:
:
:
:

70 oC
63 oC
60 oC
55 oC
52 oC

All motors, contactors, contactors, clutches and brakes shall be designed to

give trouble free operation and shall be robust construction to prevent
distortion due to variations in temperatures that can occur in Kuwait during
the year. The contactors shall have silver plated contacts and where
necessary, shall be of the self-wiping type. The current carrying capacity
shall be derated to 80% selection switch chamber and the conservator tank
with the latest relevant B.S.S. Tenderers shall state the BSS and Kuwait
Ratings in their offers.
Similarly, cables shall be derated to 70% of the BSS rating.
5.16

Off-Load Tap Change :

Where off-load (off-circuit) tap change is specified, the transformers shall be
transformation ratio without producing phase displacement.

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The tap change shall be effected on the high voltage windings of the transformers.
The range of the tap change and the number of steps and the size of each step

5.17

Main Tank:
The main tank shall be designed to house the transformer core and windings and
arranged to prevent any movement of the core structure inside the tank. Provision
shall be made to enable the core to be lifted out with case for maintenance
inspection.
The tank shall be of mild steel plate construction of adequate dimensions braced
and reinforced where necessary to prevent any distortion due to transportation,
lifting, internal pressure, and temperature variations.
The top of tank shall have provision to give access to terminations of windings,
Each transformer tank shall be fitted with suitable skids for mounting on preprepared concrete foundations provided. Where transformers with wheels are
provided, necessary rails and fixing clamps shall be provided at no extra cost.
The whole of the tank and fittings shall be sand blasted inside and outside to
remove all scale and rust before painting. The inside of the tank shall be painted
with an approved oil resisting varnish. The tank shall be provided with hauling
lugs of adequate strength for withdrawal of the transformer in an out of the
transformer bay.
One set of the necessary steel ropes, slings, tackles, jacks required for erection
shall be provided.

5.18

Jacking Lugs:
Each transformer shall be provided with at least four jacking lugs located near the
four corners of the transformer tank. The lugs shall be approximately 50cms
above the ground level.

5.19

Conservator:
A conservator tank shall be located conveniently on the top of the tank. Suitable
oil gauges shall be provided at each end which can be easily read from the ground
open is 6 o C to 84 o C.
The conservator tank shall be of two sections (one for main tank and the second
for the tap-changer). Each is provided with filling cap, drain and oil sampling
valve device.
The pipe connections from the conservator to the main tank and tap change
selector switch chamber shall be designed to have smooth run without sharp
bends.
All pipes connected to the conservator tank shall protrude at least five cms above
the bottom of the tank.
The oil level gauges shall be of the magnetic type with contacts for local and
remote supervisory low oil level alarm indications.

64

5.20

Cooling Radiators:
The banks of cooling radiators of the transformers shall be designed and arranged
so that they are detachable from the main tank for purposes of transport. Valves
shall be provided to shut off the oil leaving the main tank in to the cooling tanks.
Air vent holes and drain plugs shall be provided on the banks to facilitate filling
and draining of the banks on site. The tube bank shall be connected to the main
tank by bolted flange joints.

5.21

a)
b)
c)
d)

e)
5.22

Valves:
Drain valves shall be provided to completely drain the main tank, the conservator
tank, the tap change apparatus chambers, cooling tube banks and disconnecting
link chambers.
Set valves with clearly marked position indicators and padlocking facilities shall
be provided between:
The main tank and conservator.
The conservator and tap selection switch chamber.
The conservator and each cable disconnecting link chambers.
Between main tank and cooling tube banks.
Oil sampling valve device shall be provided at suitable points on the main tank,
the tube banks and tap change selection switch chamber, and the conservator tank.
Aluminum values are not acceptable.
Explosion Vent:
An explosion vent shall be provided on the main tank and arrangements shall be
provided to prevent ingress of rain water and sand when the relief diaphragm is
ruptured. When metallic diaphragms are used, then every protective measure
must be taken to have them not in contact with polluted atmospheric conditions.
Alternatively, pressure relief device can be used with auxiliary contacts wired for
local and remote alarm indication.

5.23

Breather:
Each portion of the conservator vessel shall be fitted with Silica Gel Breather with
replaceable elements. The breather shall be arranged at such a height that it may
be readily accessible from ground level and suitable observation window to be
provided in the breather.

5.24

Earthing Terminals:
Suitable earthing terminals for earthing the tank structure shall be fitted close to
each of the four corners of the tank so that connections to the earth terminals can
be made to suit local conditions.

5.25

Gaskets & Joints:

All gaskets used for making oil tight joint shall conform to B.S. AU 120/1966 and
conditions. A sample of gaskets material together with technical data shall be
submitted for approval. All power transformers rated 15 MVA and above should
be provided with ladder for easy climbing for maintenance purpose. This ladder

65

should be detachable type but should be attached to each transformer.

5.26

Rating and Diagram Plates:

Each transformer shall be provided with substantial brass or stainless steel
diagram and rating plates and shall give all information relating to the transformer
and cooling medium.
The following information shall be included:Rating in MVA or KVA
o
Temperature rise by oil
C
o
Temperature rise by resistance
C
Volts at no load and normal tapping :
H.V. Side
---------L.V. Side
---------Current at rated capacity and normal tapping :
H.V. Side
---------L.V. Side
---------Impedance voltage at normal ratio
%
Short circuit current :
H.V. Side
---------Amps.
L.V. Side
---------Amps.
Duration of short circuit current :
Seconds
Number of phases
Diagram of connections
Frequency
Vector group reference and diagram
Weight of oil
Total weight of transformer
Quantity of oil in liters
Year of manufacture
The plates shall not be less than 2.5 mm thick and the marking shall be engraved
thereon and the background being filled in black.

5.27

Disconnecting Link Chamber:

The winding terminals of the transformers other than station transformers shall be
arranged to be brought out to the cable termination boxes through a separate oil
filled disconnecting link chamber. Each camber shall be connected to the oil
conservator by means of pipes not less than 12.5mm I.D. and fitted with a control
valve.
Each chamber shall be provided with a draining plug, a filling plug and an air vent
plug. A suitable earth terminal shall be provided to enable either the transformer
winding or cable terminations to be earthed during high voltage tests.
The disconnecting chambers for high and low voltage sides shall be completely
separated from each other. The link chambers of the 275 kVA and 132kV
windings shall be separate for each phase and pipe connections to the conservator
shall have suitable valves and gas relays. Detailed drawings shall be submitted
for approval.

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5.28

Cable Boxes:

of the oil filled type shall be provided on the transformer for high voltage side.
For low voltage side the cable end boxes shall be either liquid compound type or
unfilled type (air type) depending upon the type of cables used. The design and
arrangement of the boxes shall meet the requirements of the cable manufacturer.
The boxes shall have suitable filling caps, air vents, expansion domes, brass
wiping glands and cable bedding clamps. Compound draining plugs of ample
dimensions shall be provided. Fully detailed drawings shall be submitted for
approval of the Purchaser.
The design shall be such as to facilitate any jointing with particular attention to
the minimum bending of cores and fitting of cable clamps or lugs. The
transformer external terminals shall be fitted with flexible links and solid cast
brass lugs or clamps to receive the specified sizes or copper conductors. Cable
supports and clamps shall be fitted below the boxes. The cable shall be arranged
for vertical entry of cables from bottom. The brass wiping glands shall be fully
insulated when single core cables are used Plastic oil compound level gauges are
not acceptable since it suffers from discoloring and cracking due to high
temperature.
Note: The LV cable box must be provided with good quality gasket with proper
thickness. Rubber gaskets with minimum 5mm thickness are more suitable.
5.29 132 kV Outdoor Bushing:

5.30

Where specified, outdoor conductor type bushings shall be provided on the

transformer. The bushings shall be oil filled and arrangements shall be made to
prevent the oil in the bushing communicating with the transformer oil. Each
bushing shall be provided with an approved type of oil level indicator and fitted
with arcing rings or horns of an approved type.
Outdoor insulators and fittings shall not be affected by atmospheric conditions,
proximity to the cast, dust and sand acid and alkaline fumes.
The bushings shall be oil tight and shall comply with the arrangements of B.S.
223. The bushings shall be complete with all the necessary line or busbar
connectors. The leakage distance shall not be less than 4.8 metres and the
impulse withstand level shall not be less than 650kV.
SF6 Tubing:(Where Specified)
Where specified, SF6 tubing shall be supplied for connection between the 300kV
and 132kV switchgears and the disconnecting link chambers of the 275/132kV
and 132/33kV transformers.
The tubing shall be SF6 gas insulated complete with tubular bus-bar conductors,
connections between sections of bus-bars separating cast resin cones between
adjacent compartments respectively, the oil in the disconnecting link chamber
with safety measure for proper sealing between oil and gas. Suitable gaskets
lete
with various types of enclosures to suit any passage between the equipments and
to be complete with flanges, bellows, piping, connections and valves and pressure
switches for gas filling, gas pressure monitoring.
The necessary supporting structures and any other fittings to render the work
complete in every respect.
Full details of such arrangement must be submitted for approval by the Purchaser.

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5.31

Buchholz Protection:

Double float buchholz protection device shall be provided for the main tank and a
gas relay for the tap change switch compartment. The buchholz and gas relays
shall be electrically connected to trip and alarm relays located on the switchgear
remote control panel. In case of segregated tap change switching chambers for
the three phases, three gas relays will be provided.
The buchholz device shall be inserted in the pile work and provided with suitable
valves on both sides of the devices to facilitate easy service.
Unless otherwise approved, by-pass with control valves shall be provided to
enable oil to by-pass the buchholz device during oil filtration.
The buchholz device incorporate a test cock for testing purpose.
Each substation shall be provided with a suitable foot operated air pump together
with terminal adaptors for testing of the Buchholz as well as other gas relays used
on the transformers. The cost of such shall be included in the tender price.
5.32 Forced Air Cooling Fans:
These shall be operated by electric motors. The motors shall be continuously
rated for Kuwait worst temperature conditions and shall be vermin, water and dust
proof.
The transformers shall be capable of operating continuously at full load under
worst temperature conditions encountered in Kuwait and without the temperature
rise exceeding those stated in clause 5.2 with only of the number of blowers in
operation, to allow for the maintenance of the blowers without reduction of load.
415/240 volts, 50Hz supply shall be used for the above.
The above blowers shall be automatically switched on when the transformers
temperature exceeds a pre-determined value and switch off automatically when
the temperature falls below a pre-determined value. Clean contacts (potential
on at the
Supervisory and Control Centre. Further, blowers supply voltage failure and fan
trouble alarm should be provided for local and remote supervisory indication.
All motors shall be of the totally enclosed, squirrel cage, fan cooled, direct
starting type. The motors, control gear and auxiliary apparatus shall be or robust
construction insulated with
F
having degree of protection of IP65
and in accordance with BSS.2613 including dimensional standard where stated,
unless otherwise specified herein. Arrangement of the control gear for auto and
manual starting, selection of fans for operation will be entirely to the satisfaction
of the purchaser.
5.33

Marshalling Kiosk:
Each transformer shall be provided with a marshalling kiosk located adjacent to
the transformers. The kiosk shall be of the outdoor type of sheet steel
construction fitted with two access doors and one after the other. Alternatively,
the kiosk may be mounted on the transformer. The kiosk must be dust, damp, rain
and vermin proof and shall be designed for the temperature conditions in Kuwait.
The front access doors shall be fitted with wire reinforced glass inspection panels.
Locks and handles linked with bolts shall be fitted to doors. If the tenderer
prefers to provide the marshalling kiosk with one door, the sealing of such door
should provide a degree of protection of IP65 in accordance with IEC:144.
The kiosk shall accommodate all the following:

68

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.
8.

9.

Transformer oil temperature indicator.

Transformer winding temperature indicator
Terminal blocks and test links for (1) and (2) above
Local tap change selector and control switches
Marshalling terminal blocks for connections between transformer auxiliaries,
remote
control panel, C.T.s and V.T.s and marshalling kiosk.
Control switches, fuses, protective device associated with tap change motor
drive compartment.
Equipment associated with blower controls.
The kiosk shall be provided with heater elements suitably controlled by a
switch, temperature and humidity relay to prevent condensation during high
humidity periods.
The control cabinets for O.L.T.C. drive, fan control, oil level, winding
temperature etc must be brought down to man-height level or a platform

5.34 Instruments:
a)

Winding temperature indicator calibrated to show the temperature of the

hottest region of the windings shall be provided. The device may be of the
type comprising a current transformer, heating coil, hot oil pocket,
temperature measuring and arranged to produce the desired relationship
between winding temperature and hot oil temperature through mercury/liquid
filled Bourdon and capillary tube, calibary tube of oil & winding temperature
power transformers should be provided with suitable cover to protect against
mechanical damage and direct sun.
The indicator shall be fitted with two sets of fixed and moving contacts, one
o
C
o
to 120 C. These contacts shall be of the heavy duty type mercury switch reopen when the temperature has fallen not more than 10 o C. Two separate
connection between devices and control board. Facility for manual operation
of its mechanism movement for testing purposes should be provided in any
convenient form eg. an outside projecting knob hand access with a pointer at
the remote end.
The maximum temperature pointer shall be incorporated with the indicator to
show the highest temperature reached and arranged for hand re-setting.
It is to be noted that the indicator only is allowed to be installed in the
marshalling kiosk, all other components shall be installed on the top of the
transformer tank.

b)

Oil Temperature Indicator:

A dial type instrument together with mercury/liquid filled capillary and
Bourdon tubes to indicate the temperature of oil in the hottest region of the
main tank shall be provided.
The indicator shall be fitted with two separate sets of fixed and moving
range of 60 o C to 120 o C. The contacts shall re-open when the temperature

69

has fallen down not more than 10 o C.

These contacts must be of the heavy duty type mercury switches and should
be equipped (as in the case of the winding temperature indicator) with facility
for manual operation of its mechanism movement for testing purposes.
Two separate circuits shall be provided between the devices and the control
board. A maximum temperature pointer shall be provided to show the
highest temperature reached and shall be arranged for hand re-setting.
5.35 Tender Analysis:
The cost of the transformers and their annual losses will be taken into account for
the determination of the successful offer.
The capitalization will be based on the following assumptions:
Interest on capital
10%
Capitalization period
20 years
Price of energy loss
KD0/029 per Kwh
Demand Factor
0.65
Loss load factor
0.3
8760 x Iron loss per year

c) Total energy losses

8760 x Loss load factor (demand factor) 2 x copper

loss (F.L) copper loss per year
(a) + (b)

d) Present value of losses

8.51 (a+b) x price of energy per KWH

If the acceptance tests of the transformers show that the actual losses exceed the
values stated in the schedule of particulars and Guarantees, the excess total losses
(c)" will be capitalized according to the above assumptions and the sum thus
obtained deducted from the money due to the contractor as a penalty. For this
purpose no tolerance will be allowed on the figures stated in the schedule of
particulars and Guarantees. At any rate, the actual losses should not exceed the
figures stated in the schedule of particulars and Guarantees by more than the
tolerances given in BSS.171.
NOTE: The losses to be stated in the schedule of particulars and Guarantees shall
be given without tolerance.
5.36 Transformer Fire Protection:
The power transformer shall be provided with a water firefighting system. This
water system shall be of the high pressure type, consisting mainly of water
reservoir of steel with suitable lining and adequate capacity sufficient for putting
out fire on at least one of the biggest size of transformers. However, in case the
blast walls are not specified between transformers and will not be provided, the
capacity of the reservoir shall be sufficient for putting out the fire of at least two
transformers. The reservoir shall be fitted with the necessary water level and
pressure gauges and wired to alarm relays located in the control room, for local
and remote alarm indication at the Supervisory Centre.
For water supply to this reservoir two water pumps, one stand-by to the other shall
be provided, both pumps shall be suitable for automatic starting in case the one in
service is out of order. For maintaining air pressure over the water in the reservoir,
two air compressors (one standby to the other) shall be provided and shall be
suitable for automatic starting. The firefighting system shall also cover the supply,

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erection, test and commissioning of the necessary piping (which will be of the ring
system), valves of all kinds as needs, nozzles, fire detectors and any other fittings
necessary for putting out fire on or within the transformer enclosure. Means of
periodical checking and maintenance have to be provided. Piping connection with
valves to be made suitable for either water city network or by water tanker for
supply of water to the water
reservoir, these connections have to be
located on the boundary wall at the main gate. Full details of the proposed
arrangement shall be subject to the approval of the Purchaser.
The material selection for the firefighting equipment, i.e. pumps, pipes, tanks,
valves, ..etc should be compatible with the water quality available which is highly
corrosive in nature. A typical water analysis is as shown in the following table:
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POTABLE WATER
Parameters
Conductivity
ohms cm
PH
T.D.S
CO3
HCO3
T.Alkalinity (CaCo3)
SO4
Cl
Ca
Mg
Na
K

Concentration mg/L
1

466
7.6
246
0
12
10
79
63
24
9
39
1.2

The internal surfaces of steel tanks must be prepared by blasting prior to coating in
Standard S.S.P.C. Grade SP10 (Swedish Standards Sa 2) Internal surfaces of
tanks shall then receive three coats of coal tar epoxy (Hempel 1513 or equivalent
or better), amounting to a total dry thickness of 375 microns. The minimum total
dry thickness should not be less than 300 microns.
All pipes used for firefighting system including connections from water tanker and
KFB (Kuwait Fire Brigade) shall be of the ductile iron type with restrain joints of
the Kubolock T type of M/s. Kubota of Japan or similar.
However, the following shall be noted:
1) The capacity of main water reservoir (tank) shall be based on a discharge rate
of not less than 15 litr/min/sq.m. of projected area of a rectangular prism
envelope for the transformer including radiators and conservator and water
spray shall be sufficient for putting out the fire and cooling the transformers
so that no re-ignition will occur. In addition to the main tank a reserve
outdoor water tank for firefighting shall also be provided. This tank shall be
of the same water capacity of the main tank and shall be suitable for
connection to city water main water tanker and Kuwait Fire Brigade inlet
pipe. The details shall be subject to MEW approval. One common water
supply connection for fire brigade inlet for direct spraying over transformer
on fire to be provided.

71

2)
3)

4)

5)

6)

7)
8)
9)

The minimum pressure at the nozzle shall be 5kg/sq.mm.

If the proposed system requires priming for the fire pumps then priming
pump and auxiliary tank shall be provided for this purpose and the price of
such shall be included in the tender.
During operation of the firefighting system (for putting out the fire and
cooling the transformer) the air compressor shall operate automatically to
keep the required air pressure in the water reservoir during this period.
Manual operation of each pump and compressor shall be provided for
transformer firefighting system testing purposes. Shrouded push button will
be provided for each transformer bay. Discharge of water will stop after 0.25
minute through and adjustable timer.
A group of any one set of detectors in each transformers housing shall be
arranged when actuated, to instantaneously operate the water system which
in turn will trip both H.V. and L.V. circuit breakers of the transformer on
fire.
Strainers shall be provided to prevent foreign particles and dust from
reaching the nozzles.
Automatic drain valve to drain the left over water in the pipe after fire
fighting has been completed shall be provided.
The capacity of air compressor shall be sufficient for charging the water tank
within three hours.

N.B: 1.

2.

3.

4.

Testing firefighting system of any transformer will trip both H.V.

and L.V. side circuit breaker automatically through pressure switch
on discharge water pressure line.
Trip of transformer circuit breakers whether on fire or under
testing will be affected from pressure switch mentioned above.
Other transformers will remain in service.
Necessary provision shall be made to transmit low water level
alarm and firefighting system operated alarm to National Control
Centre. Necessary annunciator shall be provided for these alarms
in the firefighting room and also in the control room. The location
of these annunciators shall be subject to the approval of the
Purchaser.
Emergency push-button to be provided for transformer firefighting
outside each transformer bay shall be provided with weather-proof
metal housing to protect the glass cover from accidental breaking.
The housing shall be completed with swinging type water-proof
metal cover. The details shall be submitted for MEW approval.

5.37 Station Transformers :

Each substation shall be provided with two indoor type station transformers
11/0.433 KV of the cast resin type and constructed with copper or aluminium
windings. If transformers with aluminium windings are offered, these should be
provided with copper or brass terminal on both the high voltage and low voltage
sides for connecting the 11 KV and 1000V copper cables. The copper terminals
shall be connected to the aluminium windings in an approved manner. The casting
process shall be carried out under vacuum to prevent partial discharge on the H.V.
resistant against extreme temperature fluctuations.

72

The transformers shall be safe against impulse voltage due to lightning or

switching surges and shall have adequate short circuit strength in accordance with
B.S.171.
The transformers shall be protected against thermal overload by the use of two
sensors embedded in the windings; one for alarm and the other for tripping. The
connections for these sensors must be brought out to terminal strip.

sheet steel enclosure with all tap change terminals properly insulated. The
thickness of the housing shall not be less than 3mm.
The enclosure shall be provided with skids and its has to be dust protected and
vermin proof with degree of protection IP3 in accordance with IEC
recommendation 144-1. However, measures for ventilation have to be provided.
Regarding the L.T. cable box, this shall be tar epoxy resin filled otherwise as
approved by the Purchaser. However, bare connections are not accepted.
5.38 Transformer Tests:
a)

Routine Test1s:
The following routine tests shall be applied to all transformers in accordance with BSS 171:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
um
b)

Measurements of winding resistance

Ratio, polarity and phase relationships
Impedance voltage
Load losses
No load losses and No load current
Insulation resistance
Induced over-voltage withstand
Impulse voltage withstand test for transformers with a high voltage having

Mechanical Tests:
The following tests shall be applied as routine tests on all transforms:
1) Bushings:
Each transformer bushing insulator shall be hydraulically tested using
transformer oil to BSS 148 as the testing medium. The temperature of the oil
shall not be less than 90oC initially and the pressure maintained at
0.7Kg/sq.cm for continuous period of 24 hours
with no trace of oil leakage.
2)

Cable Boxes:
All cable boxes and disconnecting chambers shall also be tested as (1) above.

3)

.
All tanks and oil filled compartments shall be tested for oil tightness by being
completely filled with oil viscosity for greater than that of BSS 148
insulating oil at a temperature of 15oC and subjected for at least 12 hours to a
pressure of 0.35Kg/Sq.cm. above normal pressure. No leakage of oil shall
occur during the application of excess pressure.

73

c)

Type Tests:
The contractor shall carry out the following type tests on one transformer of each
size:
i)

Impulse Voltage Withstand Test:

This shall be applied, in turn on one leg of the H.V winding and one leg of
L.V. winding and shall be applied in accordance with BSS 171 & 923. The
test voltage shall be in
accordance with Table 8 of BSS 171: 1970.

ii)

Power Frequency Withstand Voltage Tests:

This shall be carried out in accordance with BSS 1761 on one transformer of
each size.

iii)

Temperature Rise Test:

This shall be applied in accordance with BSS 171 on one transformer of each
type. The transformer shall be tested with its voltage control and cooling
system where applicable. The test shall be carried out with 100% blowers
running, with 75% blowers running and with no blowers running. The
temperature rise shall not exceed the specified limits after taking into
consideration
carried out for both standard and Kuwait conditions.

d)

Hydraulic Pressure Tests:

(For 132/33kV, 132/11.5kV and 33/11.5kV Transformers only)
The following test shall be carried out on one transformer of each size complete
with its conservator tank radiators and other fittings.
The transformer shall be subject to a pressure of 0.35Kg/sq.cm above normal. The
permanent deflection of flat plates after the release of pressure shall not exceed the
values specified in the following table:-

Length of Flat plate in cms

Up to
100
105
to
130
135
to
175
180
to
200
205
to
230
235
to
250
255
to
305
310
to
Above

Permanent deflection in cms

0.50
0.64
0.80
0.95
1.11
1.25
1.58
1.90