MEL301 : Heat and Mass Transfer

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Instructions for this chapter:
a) Students must try to read this chapter from the textbook &
b) try out the various solved examples
before coming to class

by
Dr. Himanshu Tyagi
IIT Ropar

13-Oct-2014 (Mon)

Circular vs. Non-circular

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

Average Velocity & Temperature

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

Average Velocity & Temperature

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

Average Velocity & Temperature

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

Q. How do we know if the flow is Laminar or

Turbulent?
Usually,
Re < 2300
Re > 10,000

Laminar
Turbulent

Q. Can Laminar flow occur at

even Re = 100,000 ??

Q. How is Re for non-circular pipes/ducts

defined?

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

Hydraulic Diameter

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

Entrance Region (Hydrodynamic)

Hydrodynamically fully developed:

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

Entrance Region (Thermal)

Q. Is the fluid being cooled or heated by the

surface?

Thermally fully developed:

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

fx and hx

Hydrodynamically fully developed:

Thermally fully developed:

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

10

Entry Length (Lh and Lt)

For laminar flow:

For turbulent flow:

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

11

Nu (turbulent flows)

Note (for laminar):

NuT ~ 3.66
NuH ~ 4.36
Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

12

Constant Surface Heat Flux

Vs.

Constant Surface Temperature

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

13

Constant Surface Heat Flux

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

14

Constant Surface Temperature

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

15

NTU (Number of Transfer Units)

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

16

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

17

Laminar Flow in Tubes

Q. What is the fully developed profile in laminar flows in
tubes?
Q. Why is it parabolic in shape?
Q. What is the pressure drop in laminar flow in tubes?
Q. How does the stress vary (with r and x)?
Q. How does T vary (with r and x)?

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

18

Derivation of Parabolic Velocity Profile

By substituting
We get

B.C.s ?
Finally, we obtain
the parabolic
velocity profile

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

19

Average Velocity

Lets substitute the

following expression to
Vavg term
We get:

Which also shows that

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

20

Pressure Drop
From previous page, we
already have

By rearranging we can
easily write:

If length is doubled, P also doubles

If mass flow rate is doubled, P also

doubles
If R is halved, P increases by 4 times!!

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

21

Pumping Power
Pumping
power is
given by:

W pump

is the volumetric flow rate

V Vavg
Since,

We get,

Ac

Vavg

D2
4

W pump

8
8

2
LVavg

16V 2
L 2 4
D

144 L 2
V
D4

If D is halved, pumping power increases by

16 times!!

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

22

Temperature Profile
Q. How does T vary (with r and x)?

By substituting
We get

Next by
substituting
&

We get

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

23

Temperature Profile
Case A: Constant Surface Heat Flux
Q. How to solve this to get T(r)?

We already have:

Hence, we get

B.C.s ??

Finally T(r)
is solved!!
Also, we can
calculate the mean
temperature Tm
Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

24

Temperature Profile
Case A: Constant Surface Heat Flux

Q. Does this expression look

familiar?

Repeating a similar exercise

for constant surface
temperature gives us:
Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

25

Laminar Flow in
Non-circular
Tubes

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

26

Laminar Flow in Entrance Region

Q. Can we apply Nu = 4.36 and Nu = 3.66 in the entrance
region?
Q. If not, what relations can be applied?
Q. Will Nu be same/higher/lower in the entrance region
(compared to the fully developed region)?

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

27

Comparing Laminar & Turbulent Flows (in Entrance Region)

Laminar flow

Source: Cengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., 2011, McGraw-Hill.

Turbulent flow

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