Geothermal Well Design Handbook (US DOE

DOElET/27141-4
(DE82009120)
Distribution Category UC66c
GEOTHERMAL WELL DESIGN HANDBOOK
February, 1982
Prepared f o r
Department o f Energy
D i v i s i o n of Geothermal Energy
Contract DE-AC03-78ET27141
Prepared by
Laboratories for Applied Mechanics
Denver Research I n s t i t u t e
Denver, Colorado
and
Coury and Associates, Inc.
Denver, Colorado
..
I I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter 1
Chapter 1 1
Chapter 1 1 1
C h a p t e r 1V
.............. 1
D I S C U S S I O N OF HANDBOOK PROCESS . . . . . 3
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 13
1NTRODUCTlON
P H Y S I C A L PROPERTIES GRAPHS AND TWO-PHASE

29
FLOW WELLHEAD PRESSURE GRAPHS
.....
I NTRODUCT I ON
I.
This handbook provides a simplified process for the user, at a desk

and using a handheld calculator, to estimate the performance of geothermal
wells which are produced by natural, flashing flows. To accomplish this,
the user must indicate the well diameter and depth, and the reservoir conditions. The process presented here then enables the user to determine
the total pressure drop in a flowing well, and therefore to find the
fluid pressure, temperature and steam quality at the wellhead. By applying the handbook process to several input data sets,the user can compile
sufficient information to determine the interdependence of input and output parameters.
For example, a graph of flowrate as a function of well-
head pressure may be constructed, or the effect of diameter changes on
1
4
pressure at the wellhead might be examined.

To make the process of the handbook possible, several simplifying
assumptions were made:
adiabatic wellbore flow (no heat transfer through

we1 1 casing)
the
no dissolved solids in the geothermal fluid
no dissolved gases in the geothermal fluid
single phase flow in the wellbore at producing zone.
These assumptions allow the elimination of several additional variables
from the problem
formulation. This simplified formulation lends itself
well to the treatment given in the handbook.

There are 5 (five) input parameters to be specified by the user:
0
We1 1 bore d iemeter
Depth of well to the top of the producing zone
2
0
Temperature of the fluid at the top of the producing zone
Total mass flowrate of fluid in the we 1
Pressure in the wellbore at the top of the producing zone.
The input pressure in the wellbore i s a function of the total mass

flowrate, as explained in Chapter 1 1 ,
The process used to find wellhead fluid conditions for a given set
of input parameters is divided into three major segments:
0
Calculation of single-phase pressure drop in the wellbore,

performed on a hand-held ,calculator,
Determination o f two-phase pressure drop from graphs supplied

in Chapter IV,
Evaluation of fluid conditions at the wellhead, using physical

properties found in Chapter I V graphs.
A detailed explanation of the handbook process outlined above is presented
in Chapter I I .
A sample calculation that uses the step by step approach
of the Well Design Data Sheet comprises Chapter 1 1 1 .

Outputs from the process noted above are the conditions of the geothermal fluid at the wellhead and consist of the following:
0
Fluid pressure
Fluid temperature
Steam Quality, or percent by weight of steam in the flowing

fluid.
It is expected that the output described above will be used most
often in making economic analyses to determine the feasibility of geothermal energy projects.
Such analyses may include the number, size and
relative costs of several combinations of wellbore diameter and flowrate,

or determination of necessary input values to supply sufficiently high
wellhead temperatures and pressures to a specific conversion process.
Chapter
I1 explores these possible uses o f the handbook results further.
3
II.
DISCUSSION OF THE HANDBOOK PROCESS

The process used in this handbook to find the pressure drop in a <
geothermal well in two-phase flow is shown in schematic form in Fig. 1

and explained in this chapter. Assumptions have been made to permit the
process to be presented in handbook form; these are also explained.
Comments on use of the results of the process are given,
ASSUMPTIONS
Several assumptions were made to simplify the fluid mechanics of
the well flow pressure drop calculation. These are as follows:
0
Adiabatic wellbore flow (no heat transfer through the

well casing)
No dissolved solids In the geothermal fluid
No dissolved gases
Single phase flow in the wellbore at the producing zone.
in the geothermal fluid
The thermodynamics of the phase change from liquid water to steam In

the flowing fluid are simplified by the first assumption.
The pure water
assumptions eliminate chemical interaction considerations from the pressur.e

drop computation; dissolved constituents can also serve to change the
point where two-phase flows begin. Additional information on the steam
quality of the reser oir fluid i s needed to perform the handbook process
if there is flashing in the reservoir. This information Is difficult to

estimate, and virtua ly impossible to measure, The occurrence of phase
change in the reservoir is not common. Without these assumptions, the
dimension of the pressure drop calculation becomes unmanageable in
hand-
book format,
INPUT PARAMETERS
There are 5 (five) input parameters that must be specified by the
~~
INPUT:
We1 1 Diameter
Depth t o Producing Zone
Production Temperature
Production Pressure
T o t a l Mass Flowrate
Calculate Length of
Two-Phase Zone
Determine i f wellbore i s i n
Single-phase Flow a t Top o f
Produc i.ng Zone
I
Find Wellhead Pressure from

Parameterized Computer
Output Graphs
S t a r t . S i ngle-Phase
Pressure Drop Calculation:
Find E l e v a t i o n Pressure Drop
Per Foot o f Well Length
Use Physical Properties
Graphs t o Determine We1 lhead
Temperature
I
Evaluate Constants f o r SinglePhase F r i c t i o n Pressure Drop
Per Foot of Well Length
t
Calculate Steam Q u a l i t y a t
the Wellhead from Enthalpy
Cons idera t ions
Calculate T o t a l SinglePhase Pressure Drop per

Foot o f Well Length
f
Calculate Length of Zone of
Single-phase Flow.
I f Less
Than We1 1 Depth, Proceed
w i t h Two-Phase Pressure Drop
Cal c u l a t ion
FJGURE 1.
Design Handbook U t i l i z a t i o n Sequence.
5
user.
They are:
Wellbore diameter
given i n inches;
i n s i d e diameter of the w e l l cas
Depth o f w e l l t o the top o f the producing zone, given i n

feet;
T o t a l mass f l o w r a t e of f l u i d i n t h e w e l l i n pounds per
hour;
Temperature of the f l u i d a t the top of the producing zone,
under flow conditions given i n degrees Fahrenheit. Since
a temperature gradient may e x i s t w i t h i n t h e producing zone,
t h e value o f the b u l k f l u i d temperature a t t h e top of the
producing zone may change when s h i f t i n g from s h u t - i n t o
f l o w c o n d i t i o n s . A simple approath t o t h e determination
of a reasonable value i s t o assume a uniform c o n t r i b u t i o n
throughout the producing zone and t h e r e f o r e t o a v e r a g e t h e
expected s h u t - i n temperatures a t the top and bottom of t h e
producing zone.
I f a d e t a i l e d temperature survey o f the
producing zone Is a v a i l a b l e , a more accurate temperature
can be determined. This input temperature w i l l be r e f e r r e d
t o as "production temperature'' i n t h e t e x t ;
0
Pressure i n the wellbore a t the top o f t h e producing zone,

under flow conditions, measured i n pounds per square inch,
.absolute. It i s important t o note that the s p e c i f i e d
pressure w i l l vary as a f u n c t i o n of f l o w r a t e because o f
pressure drop i n the formation. This input pressure w i l l
be r e f e r r e d t o as "production pressure" i n t h e t e x t .
Several o f the user inputs defined above are parameterized i n a d i s c r e t e

range t o l i m i t the number o f two-phase f l o w wellhead pressure curves t h a t
a r e presented.
If i t i s a t a l l p o s s i b l e f o r t h e user t o choose h i s input
wellbore diameter, mass f l o w r a t e and production temperature from the values

l i s t e d i n Table 1, page 6
process o f f i n d i n g t h e
head c o n d i t i o n s i s s i m p l i f i e d considerably.
rrespond ing we 1 1
The need f o r i n t e r p o l a t i o n ,
and t h e r e f o r e . t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f m u l t i p l e Input data sets f o r a s i n g l e solution,
Is then eliminated.
An example o f a problem r e q u i r i n g i n t e r p o l a t i o n
i s presented i n Chapter 1 1 1 .
I t i s p o s s i b l e t o use t h i s handbook t o evaluate wellhead pressure,
6
TABLE 1
Values o f Input Parameters Used in Construction
of Two-Phase Wellhead Pressure Graphs
Product ion Temperature: 3OO0F, 35OoF, 400F , 45OoF
5OO0F, 55O0F, 6OO0F, 65OoF
I
Mass Flowrate:
. s a
\ I
200,000 lbs/hr
3OO,OOO l b d h r .
400,000 1 bs/hr
500,000 lbs/hr
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1b d h r
1b d h r
lbdhr
lbs/hr
Wellbore Diameter:
6 inches Outside Diameter
7 5/8 inches OD
8 5/8 inches OD
9 5/8 inches OD
10 3/4 inches OD
1 1 3/4 inches OD
13 318 inches OD
16
inches OD
= 5.524 inches Inside Diameter
ID
ID
9.063 inches ID
10.192 inches ID
11.15 inches ID
12.715 inches ID
15.375 inches ID
= 7.125 inches
= 8.097 inches
=
=
=
=
=
7
temperature and steam q u a l i t y f o r we 1s w i t h changes i n diameter.
This i s
done by t h i n k i n g o f such a . w e l 1 as a series o f constant (though d i f f e r e n t )

diameter w e l l s stacked upon.each other.
The f l u i d c o n d i t i o n s c a l c u l a t e d
f o r the top o f one constant diameter segment then become t h e input cond i t i o n s f o r the next higher segment i n the stack.
This technique i s ex-
p l a i n e d i n Chapter 1 1 1 ,
PROCESS TO FIND THE TOTAL-PRESSURE DROP
The sequence o f c a l c u l a t i o n s used i n t h i s handbook i s a common one:

given the f l u i d c o n d i t i o n s a t the top o f the producing zone, the pressure
d r o p ' i n t h e f l u i d as i t r i s e s up the wellbore i s computed.
d r o p * c a l c u l a t i o n i s d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s :
s i n g l e phase and two-phase.
The s i n g l e phase pressure drop i s the sum o f two components:

pressure drop and p i p e f r i c t i o n pressure drop.
drop has three components:
The w e l l pressure
elevation
The two-phase pressure
an e l e v a t i o n pressure drop, pipe f r i c t i o n
pressure drop, and an a c c e l e r a t i o n pressure drop due t o t h e d e n s i t y change8

t h a t i s p a r t o f the phase change process.
The pressure o f the wellhead
i s then the d i f f e r e n c e o f the production pressure minus t h e sum o f the

s i n g l e phase and two-phase pressure drops.
The sequence used here per-
m i t s c a l c u l a t i o n s t o be made by the user w i t h o u t any i t e r a t i o n steps on

h i s part.
I n summary, the handbook sequence i s used as f o l l o w s :
0
choose values f o r i n p u t parameters,

ed on user's knowledge
o f the r e s e r v o i r and conversion process o r end use o f resource;
evaluate f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s from Chapter I V graphs;
compute s i n g l e phase pressure drop and l o c a t i o n o f f l a s h

horizon ( p o i n t o f trans! t i o n o f two-phase f l o w ) ;
f i n d wellhead pressure from two-phase pressure graphs o f

Chapter I V ;
find we lhead temperature from saturation conditions graph;

compute wellhead Quality.
Sinqle Phase Pressure Drop
To begin the single phase pressure drop sequence, a check should be

made t o assure that the well is indeed in single phase flow at the top
o f the producing zone.
T h e saturation pressure for the production tempera-
ture i s found o n the graph of saturation temperature-pressure relationships,

,
located in Chapter IV.
This pressure is then compared t o the production
pressure; if the production pressure is larger, the well is in single

phase flow at the top o f the producing zone, and the handbook sequence
can then be followed.
T h e first component o f the single phase pressure drop is the elevation

pressure drop term.
It is a function o f the production temperature and is
read off the Properties Graph in Chapter I V .

Several constants are required t o compute the friction pressure drop,
the second component of the single phase pressure drop.
T h e friction
factor is the only constant found in the pressure drop formula, but it
is a function of the Reynolds number o f the wellbore flow.
Reynolds
number is a dimensionless parameter computed from velocity and physical

properties of the flowing flu d.
To compute the Reynolds number, it is
necessary to find the density and viscosity of the fluid, both o f which
a r e functions o f temperature.
These values are obtained from Chapter I V
Properties Graphs.
The friction factor, f, is a function o f Reynolds number, and t o a
lesser extent, a function o f pipe diameter.
T h e Properties Graph that
shows the Reynolds Number, vs. friction factor curves indicates minimum,
maximum and average values o f f with respect to pipe diameter,
T h e average
9
value can be used with reasonable accuracy since the friction pressure
drop term contributes only 1 % to 5% of the single phase pressure drop.
However, f values may be estimated from the graph for those who desire
to be as precise as possible.
~.
The single phase pressure drop is determined on a per foot o f we1

bore length basis.
The total available single phase pressure drop i s
then found by subtracting the saturation pressure (found in the initia

1
step to determine if single phase flow exists in the wellbore) from.the

production pressure.
This saturation pressure is a function of the pro-
duction temperature, and if the pressure in the wellbore drops below this
value, boiling must start.
Since the available total pressure drop for single phase flow is
known and the pressure drop per foot of wellbore in single phase flow
has been calculated, a simple division of the first by the second will
equal the length of wellbore in single phase flow.
Thus we now know
how far from the top of the producing zone boiling begins.
The depth
to the producing zone is an input parameter, so a subtraction will yield

the length of wellbore in two-phase flow.
This value
i s the input needed
to find the pressure drop in the two-phase flow zone.

Two-Phase Pressure Drop
The calculation for pressure drop in the two-phase flow zone i s
compl icated; it requires correlations to compute the elevation pressure
drop term and friction pressure drop term. These correlations are functions
of the physical properties and relative volumes o f the steam and liquid
water constituents of the fluid.
An iterative procedure is necessary
to complete the calculation; it is most easily done by a digital computer
10
program,
There are many correlation coefficients for two-phase flow that
exist in the technical literature. After consideration of several of
the more prominent, those chosen for this edition of the design handbook
are Hughmark for elevation pressure drop and Dukler, Case I I , for twophase friction pressure drop.
A decision was made to run a representative set of input conditions

through the computer program and then present the output in graphic form.
This method has two advantages: a large volume of data can be presented
on a minimum amount of paper, and similar data sets with only one parameter change can be presented on the same graph for comparison purposes.
The graphs included in the handbook each consist of eight (8) curves
on a single set of axes.
The curves represent the results for inputs of
a specified diameter, two (2) mass flowrates and four (4) temperatures.
The mass flowrate, temperature and diameter have each been parameterized
2s
8 discrete
Val
ues. Thus a total of 64 two-phase we1 1 head pressure
graphs have been generated. The axes chosen as being the most convenient
to use the data were Length of Two-Phase Zone as the abscissa and Wellhead
Pressure as the ordinate. Wellhead pressure was chosen because it i s one
of the output parameters of the handbook sequence; iength of two-phase
zone can be easily calculated once the single phase pressure drop is
computed, and provides a most logical independent variable, since the
pressure drop is a direct function of length o f the flow path.
OUTPUT
There is an index at the start of Chapter I V to allow fast and
easy
ocation of the two-phase Wellhead Pressure graphs, based on the
input parameters used in the single phase calculation. Once the proper
graph i s located, the user finds the length of two-phase zone (computed
11
as t h e r e s u l t of t h e s i n g e phase pressure drop) on the abscissa, f o l l o w s
t h a t value v e r t i c a l l y t o
t s i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h t h e proper curve, and reads
the corresponding Wellhead Pressure o f f the o r d i n a t e ,

Once t h e wellhead 'pressure i s found from the above-descr bed graphs,
t h e wellhead temperature i s f i x e d due t o the saturated c o n d i t on o f t h e
The wellhead temperature i s found from t h e graph o f s a t u r a t i o n
flow.
pressure-temperature r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n Chapter I V .
Q u a l i t y o f the geothermal
f l u i d , expressed as a'percent by weight o f the t o t a l f l o w ,
i s e a s i l y com-
puted using conservation o f energy and e n t h a l p i e s o f the f l u i d a t t h e f l a s h

~
horizon and a t t h e wellhead.

ANALY S I S
The a n a l y s i s o f t h e output o f t h i s handbook i s dependent on t h e use
t o be made o f t h e geothermal f l u i d a f t e r e x t r a c t i o n .
w i l l be presented here.
A general methodology
Since i n most cases, some knowledge o f the r e s e r v o i r
i s a v a i l a b l e , t h e depth t o t h e producing zone and t h e production temperature

can be f i x e d .
By varying w e l l diameter and mass f l o w r a t e inputs, a para-
m e t r i c s e t o f wellhead temperatures, pressures and q u a l i t i e s can be calculated.
An estimate of t h e number and s i z e o f w e l l s needed t o operate the
u s e r s ' intended process can now be made.
With t h i s information, cost
comparisons can be c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e severa

r a t e inputs used.
cases o f diameter and flow-
I f r e s e r v o i r c h a r a c t e r l s t cs a r e n o t w e l l defined,
a d d i t i o n a l cases w i t h changes i n depth and t mperature can be computed.

Economic o p t i m i z a t i o n can be conducted by adding costs f o r t h e process
i t s e l f as a f u n c t i o n o f f l u i d pressure and temperature a t t h e wellhead t o
t h e w e l l costs as computed above.
Long term w e l l operation can a l s o be ca culated, i f t h e pressure o f
t h e r e s e r v o i r can be p r e d i c t e d a s a f u n c t i o n of e i t h e r time o r
12
cumulative production, The method used here depends on production pressure
and temperature, so thst when standard reservoir engineering techniques are
applied, sufficient information can be obtained so that calculation of

wellhead pressures and temperatures for future operation is possible.
A final comment on the use of the output should be noted.
Because
of the simp1 Fying assumptions made and the complex nature of two phase
flow, the we lhead conditions determined
via this handbook are approxima-
tions. This is why they are called estimates throughout the text. The
output data have the most value when used to compare the relative merits
of several proposed well configurations and the influence o f individual
parameters on well performance.
13
1 1 1 . SAMPLES OF USE OF THE HANDBOOK PROCESS
The Well Design Data Sheet i s introduced and i t s use explained i n
t h i s chapter.
By f o l l o w i n g t h e step by step i n s t r u c t i o n s on the Well
Design Data Sheet, the user can determine the wellhead f l u i d conditions
f o r any set o f input parameters t h a t l i e w i t h i n t h e range o f the param e t e r i z a t i o n noted i n Chapter 1 1 .
A blank Well Design Data Sheet (Fig. 2) t o
be reproduced and f i l l e d - i n by the user i s provided.
The f i r s t sample, us
d i s c r e t e values included i n t h e i n p u t parameterization, i s worked on a We1

Design Data Sheet and accompanied by t e x t explanation.
i n t e r p o l a t i o n i s necessary i s a l s o given,
A second sample where
Also included i s a d e t a i l e d expla-
n a t i o n o f a method t o use when a change i n wellbore diameter i s encountered

a f t e r the onset o f two-phase flow.
The f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s necessary t o complete the s i n g l e phase pressure
drop c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e presented i n Chapter I V .
temperature and a r e shown i n grpphic form.
These p r o p e r t i e s vary w i t h
The graphs are marked t o show
t h e i r use i n o b t a i n i n g f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s f o r the sample c a l c u l a t i o n l a t e r

i n t h i s chapter.
Reference t o t h e p r o p e r t i e s graphs a t the noted steps
i n t h e sample should help the user i n understanding t h e i r f u n c t i o n .

Also contained i n Chapter I V are the graphs o f the two-phase flow
pressure drop, presented as curves on Depth o f Two-PhaseZone vs. Wellhead
Pressure axes.
These are the data necessary t o compute the estimates o f
wellhead c o n d i t i o n s using the methodology o f t h i s handbook.

used t o develop these curves were described e a r l i e r .
Calculations
It i s expected t h a t
b e t t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e two-phase pressure drop c a l c u l a t i o n w i l l be

developed through l a b o r a t o r y and f i e i d experiments.
Improved graphs i n
t h e above described format w i l l be issued as replacements for t h e o r i g i n a l s

i n t h i s handbook, and more accurate estimates f o r t h e output parameters
Figure 2.
Symbol
Parameter
Well Design Data Sheet

Units
Source
Wellbore Diameter
(casing i n s i d e dia.)
inches
input
Depth t o Top o f
Producing Zone
feet
input
1b/hr
input
OF
input
psia
input
~~~
Va 1ue
Mass Flow Rate

Tor
Production Pressure
PPr
S a t u r a t i o n Pressure a t
~
-~~~
'sat (T D r
psia
Graph P-4,
pg. 35
~~~
S i n g l e Phase
Pressure Drop
PS
plP
I F APlp < 0
Well i s i n two phase f l o w i n producing zone
STOP
No f u r t h e r c a l c u l a t i o n can be made
L i q u i d Density
E l e v a t i o n Unl t
Pressure Drop
IJ
Absolute V i s c o s l t y
Reynolds Number
Graph P-1 , P. 32
psijft
Graph P-1, p. 3 2 , T
centlpoise
--
(E)
Graph P-2, p. 33
Re = (6.31607)
Graph P-3, P.
--
S i n g l e Phase U n i t
Pressure Drop
Equation :
lb/ft3
Re
Moody F r f c t i o n Factor
psi/ft
, Tpr
wA
jb
Tpr
Re
(equation)
1P
(E)
1P
(E)
e l ev
[I + (4.8377 x
I)-(
Figure 2.
Symbo 1
Parameter
Length o f S i n g l e Phase Zone
Wz11 Design Data Sheet (continued)
Units
ft
Va 1oe
Source
L l p = APlP/(E)
1P
Length o f Two Phase Zone
IF LPp < 0
L2P
L2p =
- LlP
Well i s i n s i n g l e phase f l o w o n l y
Go t o Option
We1 1head Pressure

*OUTPUT*
ft
below
'wh
psia
Two phase wellhead pressure

graphs LA-1 through HD-8
(see index on pgs.30 6 311,
LzP
OF
Wellhead Temperature
*OUTPUT*
Twh
Wellhead L i q u f d Enthalpy
hRwh
BTW 1 b
L i q u i d Enthalpy a t
FI ash Hor I zon
hEfh
BTU/ 1 b
Phase Change Enthalpy

a t Wellhead Conditions
hQgwh
BTU/ 1b
Steam Q u a l i t y
*OUTPUT*
OPTION @
*OUTPUT*
We1 lhead Pressure
*OUTPUT*
Graph P-5,
P.
36, Tpr
by
Weight
Twh
OF
'wh
psia
Twh
Steam Qual I t y = 0% f o r Slngle Phase Flow a t Wellhead
'pr
I
I
16
can then be determined.
SAMPLE WITH INPUT VALUES FROM THE DISCRETE PARAMETERIZATION
Use of the Well Lesign Data Sheet is demonstrated here for an input
data set chosen from the discrete values used in the construction of the
two-phase wellhead pressure curves. The filled-in Data Sheet for this
as Fig. 3.
sample is sh&n
Please refer to it as you follow the text.
Let us assume we know that the top of the producing zone is 6000 ft.
below the surface, and that the production temperature of the fluid as
it starts up the wellbore will be 45OoF.
Further, a reservoir engineer
has stated that at a flowrate of 500,000 lb/hr, the production pressure
(in the wellbore at the top of the producing zone) will be about 2280
There are plans to case the drilled well with 9 5/8" OD pipe
psia.
which hzs an inside diameter o f 9.063 inches.
These values should be
recorded, in the proper units, on the Sample Well Design Data Sheet,
Fig. 3.
Saturation pressure for the input production temperature is found
on Properties Graph P-4, page 35.
For the 450 used here, the saturation
pressure is 423 psia. When the pressure of the fluid rising up the wellbore drops to this value, boiling will start to occur in the fluid. This
is by definition the flashing horizon and the top of the single phase flow
zone in the well.
APlp
Thus the available single phase pressure drop is

Ppr
Psat;
for the sample case, APlP = 2280
423 = 1857 psi,
If the saturation
pressure is then more than the production pressure (i .e., APIP*'O),
then
the producing zone is in two-phase flow and the handbook cannot be used
to produce estimates of wellhead conditions,
. , . _.._...
..~.......
.
....l_l..____
F l g u r e 3.
.~
I.
.I
.. ...
......
_-
..--....-.^I
...
. ."
""..
~"..
...._--._I
Sample Case w i t h D i s c r e t e P a r a m e t e r i z e d Input.

Well Design Data S h e e t
Symbol
Parameter
Uni t s
Source
We1 l b o r e Diameter
(casing inside dia.)
inches
input
Depth to Top of
Producing Zone
feet
input
Mass Flow Rate
9.063
6000
P roduc t 1on Temperature
OF
Single Phase
P r e s s u r e Drop
~~~
input
450"
input
psla
Psat(Tpr)
500,Or'-x7
i npu t
psia
PPr
Saturation Pressure a t
P r o d u c t i o n Temperature
I
I
1b/hr
Tp r
Productlon Pressure
Graph P-4, pg. 35
4-23
(Tp r 1
/&I57
PS i
plP
I F APlp
'tp
'pr-'sat
Well i s i n two phase flow i n producing zone
CON r / M U -
STOP
Liquid D e n s i t y
Val u e
1b / f t 3
Graph P-1, p. 3 2 , T ; ~
psilft
c e n t i po i se
Graph P-1, Pa 3 2 , Tpr

Graph P-2, p. 339 Tpr
Re
--
'
Elevation Unit
5/.
4-
/AD\
Absolute V i s c o s i t y
Reynolds Number
Re
(6.31607)($,)
Graph P-3, P- I
_-
Moody F r i c t i o n F a c t o r
0.357
2.7 Y /06
0.o/#
~~~
Single Phase Unit

( e q u a t ion)
I
Equation:
(g)1P = (g)e l e v
[I + (4.8377 x
(-)]
0.3607
--- - -
....
~~~
........
. .
~.
....
F i g u r e 3 (Continued)
We1 1 Design Data Sheet (continued)
Parameter
Symbo 1
ft
Length o f S i n g l e Phase Zone
Va 1ue
Source
Units
Ev4-a
L l p = Ahp/(%)
1P
Go t o Option
Wellhead Pressure
*OUTPUT*
LfP
ft
L2p = L
- Llp
below
'wh
psia

(see index on pgs.30 & 31 ) ,
L2D
*OUTPUT*
Twh
Wellhead L i q u i d Enthalpy
hRwh
Flash Horizon
a t Wellhead Conditions
Steam Q u a l i t y
*OUTPUT*
OPTION @
*OUTPUT
We1 lhead Pressure

*OUTPUT
hQgwh
Q
Twh
'wh
Graph P-4, p.
35, Pwh
405
BTU/ 1b
Graph P-5,
P.
36, Tpr
4-3
BTU/ 1 b
Graph P-6, P.
37, Twh
0.17
OF
BTU/ 1b
%
! by
Weight
OF
psia
Steam Q u a l i t y = 0%.for S i n g l e Phase Flow a t Wellhead
19
The first fluid properties needed in the single phase pressure drop
calculation are the liquid density and the elevation unit pressure drop.
Theseyvalues, as found on curves on Properties Graph P-1, page 32, are
p =
51.4 lbs/ft3 and (AP/Ak)elev = .357 psi/ft., and should be listed in
the "Value" column of the sample Well Design Data Sheet, Fig. 3.
Absolute viscosity is next determined from Properties Graph P-2,
page 33, to be 0.12 centipoises, This figure is entered and then plugged
into the Reynolds number equation presented on the next line of the Data
Sheet, along with the mass flow rate and wellbore diameter previously
iisted. The constant in the equation adjusts for units as given so that
the product is dimensionless.
The equation to be used is
A
Re = 6.31607 QJ
The Reynolds number found (Re = 2.9 x 106)
rovidas the necessary
input to find the Moody friction factor from Properties Graph P-3, page 3 4 .
The Graph of friction factor vs. Reynolds Number shows a range of friction
factors due to the different diameters considered, with an average value
plotted in the center of the rang
lue for this case was taken
from the "average" curve. The Moody
on factor Is found to be
f = 0.014 and i s noted on the sample Well
eslgn Data Sheet.
All necessary info

phase unit pressu
able to calculate the single

owing equation:
values are l i
in F g. 3. us
t calculator permits fast and accurate computa-
tion of the above parameter, whose value is ,3607 psi/ft for our sample case.
20
The length of the zone of single phase flow can now be computed using
the following equation:
Substituting values listed on Fig. 3 and performing the division, the

length i s found to be
Now the length of the two-phase flow zone
5148 ft.
can be computed, because the total well depth was an input parameter.
This depth is also the location of the f1a.h
L2p =
Llp = 6000
'horizon and is Siven by
- 5148,
which is 852 ft. for the sample case.

When LIP is greater than the total well depth, L , the flow over the
entire well depth remains single phase.
The wellhead temperature and
pressure are then found using formulae presented in Option A on the Well
Design Data Sheet. The temperatureis unchanged due to the adiabatic
wellbore assumption:
Twe1 1 head
Tproduct ion
The pressure drop i s the product of the well depth and the single
phase unit pressure drop; thus the wellhead pressure can be expressed as
The above equations are valid only when LPp is negative.

Once the length of the two-phase zone is known, the wellhead pressure
can be found on one of the 64 graphs presenting output of the two-phase
flow computer program.
tained in Table 2.
The Identification Key for these graphs is con-
The Two-Phase Flow Wellhead Pressure Graph Index,
pages 30-31, lists the locations by input parameter.
For the sample case
21
Table 2
Two Phase Flow Wellhead Pressure
Graph Identification Key
Product ion Temperature (Tpr)
Designation
L
5000,
600, 650F
5500F)
Mass Flowrate (I?)

200,000
b/hr
300,000 b/hr
Designation
400,000
500,000 b/hr
600,000
800,000 b/hr
1,000,000 1 b/hr
1,200,000 lb/hr
-.
We1 lbore Casing Diameter (D)
6"
Designation
Outside Diameter ( 5.524'' ID)
7 518
7.125" ID)
8 518
( 8.097'l ID)
9 5/8
( 9.063" ID)
10 3/4
(10.192" ID)
1 1 3/4
(11.15"
ID)
13 318
(12.715" ID)
16
(1 5 375" ID)
Examples:
For h = 600,000 lb/hr, T = 400F, D = 10 3/4" OD,

curve i s found on Graph fC-5;
For = 300,000 lb/hr, Tpr
550OF, D =
curve i s found on Graph HA-2.
7 5/8" OD,
22
conditions: T = 45OoF yields "L" temperature designation; M = 500,000

Ib/hr, "Bll flowrate designation; and D = 9 5/811 OD, "4" diameter designaThus, the Graph to be used in the sample case i s LB-4.
tion.
has eight curves, four temperatures at each of two flowrates.
This Graph
On the
T = 45OoF, M = 500,000 lb/hr curve, a length of 852 ft. corresponds to

a wellhead pressure of 269 psia.
The value for wellhead pressure identi-
fied on this line of the Well Design Data Sheet i s one of the three output
parameters.
The second output parameter is the wellhead temperature, obtained
from Properties Graph P-4 on page 35.
Two-phase flow at the wellhead
dictates that a saturation condition must exist, so that the temperature

is fixed and known when the pressure is found, For the sample case, the
we1 lhead temperature is 408OF.
Wellhead steam quality (Q) i s a measure of the steam fraction of
the wellhead fluid, by weight, expressed as a percent.
output parameter of the handbook.
This i s the final
It is calculated by assuming constant
enthalpy in the wellbore, from the flash horizon to the wellhead. The
fact that the fluid is 100% liquid at the flash horizon permits determination of enthalpy at that point.
Since there i s no loss of enthalpy,
the fluid at the surface must have an equivalent value on a per pound
bas is.
The two-phase flow pressure/length curves (Graphs LA-1 through
HD-8) are used to find a wellhead pressure as detailed above.
Now a liqu,d
enthalpy (per pound) for wellhead conditions can be found from Properties
Graph P-5, page 36, to be hawh = 3 8 3 . 5 BTU/lb,
From this same source,
enthalpy can be determined (using production temperature

BTU/lb,
Entha py for phase change (heat of vaporization)
23
i s found from P r o p e r t i e s Graph P-6 on page 37; using t h e wellhead temperature,
gllwh
t h i s value i s h
quality i s
Q=
= 714 BTU/lb.
hRfh
hkwh
hQgwh
The energy balance t o determine steam
100
s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t h e values obtained above q u a l i y i s c a l c u l a t e d t o be
Q = 5.8% This completes t h e f i r s t sample c a l c u a t i o n .

SAMPLE WITH INTERPOLATION
If t h e chosen values for e i t h e r t h e production temperature, Tpr,
or
the t o t a l mass f l o w r a t e ,
R,
z a t i o n i n Table 1, page
6, an i n t e r p o l a t i o n technique must be used t o f i n d
a r e not among those 1-isted i n the parameteri-
the process outputs of wellhead f l u i d conditions. . I t i s assumed t h a t enough

standard p i p e
diameters a r e given t o avoid t h e need t o i n t e r p o l a t e .
The
i n t e r p o l a t i o n Sample Well Design Data Sheet, Fig. 4, demonstrates how tb

handle such a case.
A l l i n p u t parameters remain t h e same as t h e previous sample, except

t h a t t h e production temperature, Tpr,
has been r a i s e d t o 47OoF.
The s i n g l e
phase pressure drop c a l c u l a t i o n i s c a r r i e d o u t s i m i l a r t o t h e f i r s t sample.

However, n o t e t h a t since t h e r e has been a change i n production temperature,
t h e values of t h e f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s have a l s o changed,
Details o f the c a l -
c u l a t i o n a r e n o t presented here, but may be followed on Fig. 4.

Once t h e l e n g t h of t h e two-phase zone has been determined (as t h e
n a l step o f t h e s i n g l e phase c a l c u l a t i o n ) ,
i n t e r p o l a t i o n must begin.
near i n t e r p o l a t i o n i s used because i t i s simple, and t h e technique i s

d e l y known,
The i n p u t production temperature l i e s between t h e parameterized
d i s c r e t e values of 45OoF and 50OoF.
So t h e proper Two-Phase Wellhead Pressure
..
Sample Case
F i g u r e 4.
Wi
t h I n t e r p o l a t i o n We1 1 Design Data Sheet.
Well Design Data Sheet

Pa r ame t e r
We1 l b o r e Diameter
(casing i n s i d e dia.)
Depth t o Top o f
Producing Zone
Mass F l o w Rate
Production Pressure
Source
Inches
i nput
feet
i nput
ri
1b/hr
input
psia
i nput
pr
S a t u r a t i o n Pressure a t
, .
psia
sat (T p r
S i n g l e Phase
Pressure Drop
PS 1
plP
Graph P-4,
STOP
Elevation U n i t
Pressure Drop
($)e1
Absolute V i s c o s i t y
ev
Reynolds Number
(E)
1P
(z)
elev
[1 + (4.8377 x
1765
<on/r/.t/
W E
Graph P-1,
_--
5 0 -3
0.35/
P. 32, Tpr
0.
u-3
Graph P-2, p. 33 9 Tpr

Re = (6.31607)
I)-(
5 1 5
pg. 35
psi/ft
S i n g l e Phase U n i t
Pressure Drop
Equation :
500,0C2 c
Graph P-1, P. 32, Tpr
Re
Moody F r i c t i o n Factor
6000
Ib/ft3
centipoise
1.I
9.063
Ppr-Psat(Tpr)
Well i s i n t w o phase f l o w i n producing zone
Va 1ue
plp
I F BP1p < 0
L i q u i d Density
Uni t s
Symbol
3 - 0 8x
(
1
)
T , Re
Graph P-3, P- 5
IOLL:
0 -0/4
Figure
(Continued)
Well Design Data Sheet (continued)

Pa r a mt e r
Symbo 1
Units
Length o f Single Phase Zone
ft
L2P,
. ft
Go t o Option
Llp
Va 1ue
Source
Pp1P/(%)
4-374-
1P
L2p =
ioz 6
Llp
below
~~
We1 1 head Pressure

*OUTPUT;\
'wh
psia

(see index on pgs. 30 E 311,
339
L2P
We1 1 head Temperature

*OUTPUT
Twh
Wellhead L i q u i d Enthalpy
hRWh
OF
BTU/ 1b
Graph p-5, P. 36, Twh

Graph P-5,
, .
Flash Horizon
hRfh
BTU/ 1 b

a t We1 lhead Condl t l o n s
hRgwh
BTU/ 1b
I Q I
% by
Weight
Steam Qual I t y
*OUTPUT*
OPTION @
*OUTPUTfc
Twh
We1 1 head Pressure

*OUTPUTn
'wh
Steam Q u a l i t y
p. 36, Tpr
794
5.54
E' qwh
~
OF
psla
= T'
'wh
'wh
t3:
pr
Ppr
. 0% for Single Phase Flow a t Wellhead
- [(@l
OL]
26
Graphs are checked and the following pressures found for a two-phase zone
of 1026 feet:
45OoF:
Pwh = 252 psia
50OoF:
Pwh = 470 psia.
The interpolation multiplier is computed from the equation:

x =
Tpr
Tcooler
fhotter - Tcooler
- 470-450 =
- 5o0-450
o.4
Pwh for the desired TPr is found from an analogous equation:

x = 'wh
p500
'450
p450
rearranging terms and substituting numbers:

Pwh
p450
4- X(P500
- P450) = 252 + 0.4 218)=
Thus the interpolated wellhead pressure is 339 ps a,
339 psia.
The other wellhead
parameters are calculated by following the remain ng steps on the Well

Design Data Sheet. An analogous calculation can be made for mass f l w rates that are not in the discrete parameterization data set.
If both the total mass flowrate and production temperature values

to be used in the calculation are not in the discrete parameterization
data set, proceed as follows:
0
Compute the single phase pressure drop and find the length
of the two-phase zone via the steps o f the Well Design Data
Sheet.
Consider the discrete mass flowrate from the parameterization

data set that is closest to, but less than, the actual value
used in the problem. Obtain the Wellhead pressures using
the Two-Phase Wellhead Pressure Graphs, from curves for the
two temperatures from the discrete set that are closest to
the input value, one greater than and one less than the
actual input. Perform an interpolation following the above
procedure to get a wellhead pressure that reflects the actual
input production temperature, but is a function of the lower
value discrete mass flowrate.
Perform a similar interpolation to that outlined above at the

mass flow rate closest to, but areater than the actual value
from the problem.
27
Perform a f i n a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n using the actual input mass

f l o w r a t s a n d t h e two c l o s e s t mass flowrates from the d i s c r e t e
set, w i t h t h e i r corresponding wellhead pressure values. These
are t h e values computed i n the two previous steps. This f i n a l
i n t e r p o l a t i o n gives a wellhead pressure t h a t has been corrected
f o r both temperature and mass flowrates o u t s i d e the input d i s c r e t e parametetlzation.
Using t h e wellhead pressure found i n the l a s t step, f o l l o w

the Design Data Sheet sequence t o o b t a i n the o t h e r wellhead
f l u i d conditions.
The user should be aware t h a t l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n s are an approximation

technique, and t h a t the r e s u l t s t h a t use i n t e r p o l a t i o n w i l l not be as accurate
as those obtained d i r e c t l y from the d i s c r e t e parameterization i n p u t .
However,
the s i m p l i f y i n g assumptions made t o permit t h e production o f t h i s handbook

compromise the absolute accuracy o f the r e s u l t s , so t h a t the i n t e r p o l a t i o n
.material can be used as an estimate w i t h confidence.
CHANGE I N WELLBORE DIAMETER
Calculations f o r a "telescoping" w e l l , one w i t h changes i n wellbore

diameter, can be performed using t h e f o l l o w i n g sequence:.
0
Separate t h e t o t a l w e l l depth '(to the top o f t h e producing

zone) i n t o Constant diameter segments: LA, LB, e t c .
Compute the pressure a t the top o f t h e bottom segment using

the producing zone i n p u t parameters, f o l l o w i n g the sequence
of the Well Design Data Sheet.
Moving up from t h e producing zone, use the pressure, temperat u r e , and f l o w r a t e values a t the top o f each segment as the
input f o r t h e bottom of the succeeding segment.
There are two p o s s i b l e s i t u a t i o n s a t the s t a r t o f each new segment.

The f i r s t i s t h a t t h e w e l l i s i n s i n g l e phase flow, i n which case t h e Well
Design Data Sheet sequence i s used, w i t h pressure and temperature inputs
s p e c i f i e d as those outputs o f t h e previous segment,
Secondly, i f t h e flow
i s two-phase a t the entrance t o a new segment, the key t o f i n d i n g the cond i t i o n s a t the top o f the subject segment i s t h a t the pressure a t the
28
bottom of that segment is known.

I n the second case,
t is necessary to find an "equivalent length" of
che two-phase flow zone for the new diameter of the segment. Take the
known pressure from the top of the previous segment as the ordinate on
the proper Two-Phase Wellhead Pressure Graph.
Follow the constant pressure
line to its intersection with the correct curve for the given conditions
and proceed vertically down to the corresponding Depth of Two-Phase Zone.
This value is the equivalent length, defined as the length of wellbore
of the new diameter that would be required to generate a pressure drop to
reach the known pressure, if the flash horizon was located in the segment
under study.
The length of the subject segment is then added to the "equiva-
lent length", and a new Wellhead Pressure i s found on the same graph.
This
new wellhead pressure in turn becomes the input pressure for the next segment.
The treatment presented here assumes no pressure drop across a diameter
change.
29
IV.
P r o p e r t i e s Graphs and Two-Phase Flow We1 head Pressure Graphs
Index
P r o p e r t i e s Graphs
Graph
P-1
Page
L i q u i d Density and E l e v a t i o n U n i t Pressure

Drop a t S a t u r a t i o n Conditions
32
Graph P-2
Absolute V i s c o s i t y a t Saturation Conditions
33
Graph P-3
Moody F r i c t i o n Factor as a Function o f

Reynolds Number
34
Graph P-4
S a t u r a t i o n Temperature-Pressure Re a t ionsh ips
35
Graph P-5
L i q u i d ' Enthalpy a t S a t u r a t i o n Cond t ions
36
Heat o f Vaporization a t Saturation Conditions
37
Graph
P-6
TWO
Flow Wellhead Pressure Graphs
(See Next Two Pages}
30
Index to Two-Phase Flow Wellhead Pressure Graphs
Temperat u re
Flowrate
Diameter
age
200,000 lb/hr
300,000 lb/hr
Low
Temperature
400,000 1 b/hr
500,000 1 b/hr
3OO0F
350F
400zF
450 F
SOOOF
600,000 lb/hr
800 ,000 lb/hr
Low
Temperature
1,000,000 lb/hr
1,200,000 1 b/hr
NOTE:
To permit easier use o f Two-Ptiase Wellhead Pressure Graphs

during interpolation, the curves for SOOOF appear on both
the Lo- and High Temperature graphs.
31
Two-Phase Flow We1 lhead Pressure Graphs (Continued)
Temperature
D ia m e t e r
Page
200,000 b/hr
300,000 b/hr
iI
F 1 ow rate
High
Temperature
400,000 1 b/hr
500,000 lb/hr
High
Temperature
65
60
5s
50
G
z
W
a
c
W
k
B
45
40
35
30
25
100
200
300
400
TEMPERATURE
GRAPH P-l
500
600
OF
LIQUID DENSITY AND ELEVATION UNlT PRESSURE DROP AT

SATURATION CON DIT ION S
TEMPERATURE
OF
w
W
GRAPH P-2 ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY AT SATURATION CONDITIONS
..
34
35
I-
'
'
I
I
I 1
I ,
I
I
'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
TEMPERATURE
OF
GRAPH P-4 SATURATION TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS
36
0
3
P
TEMPERATURE OF
GRAPH P-5 LIQUID ENTHALPY AT SATURATION CONDITIONS
37
GRAPH P-6
HEAT OF V A P O R I Z A T I O N A T SATURATION C O N D I T I O N S
Legend
Diameter
A I T P ~ = ~ O O ~ F , 300,000 l b / h r
200,000 1 b/hr
B: l p r =300F, &l=
CI fpr = 350 F , A = 300,000 1 b l hr
0: Tpr =35OOF, td z 200,000 t b / h r
E: Tbr =40O0F, a z 300,0001 b/ hr
= 5.524
inches
38
F: Tor= 4OO0F, M = 200,000 l b / h r

Tpr = 450F, &
=I 500,000 l b /hr
H: Tpr =450F, Q = 200,000 l b / h r
31 Tpr =500F,P = 300,000 fb/hr
K: T p r = 5 0 0 0 F , P = 200,000 l b / h r
G I
tn
n
L
v)
tn
W
a
e
0
a
W
J
J
W
DEPTH OF TWO PHASE ZONE, FT.

GRAPH LA I : TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
Diameter = 7.125 inches

At Tpr L 30O0Fl &
LI 300,000 1 b/hr
F: Tpr = 4OO0F, M = 200,000 lb/hr
200,000 1 b / hr
G: Tp! * 4 W F , M = 300,000 l b l h r
8: Tpr =300F, A =
C* Tpr =350F,
300,000 1 b/hr
H: Tpr =450F, IJ = 200,000 lb/hr
0: Tpr =35O*F, K l C
200,000 1 b/ hr
4% Tpr =50O0F1&4 = 300,000l b / h t
Legend
E: Tpr +4OO0F, liC =
39
K: Tpr =5000F, &

=I 200,000 lb/hr
300,000 1 b/ hr
800
I
...I
. .
I
.
'
'
'
- - .
. ---
7-
I
I
I
'
'
I
I
0
DEPTH
OF TWO PHASE ZONE, FT.
GRAPH LA-2: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
Legend
40
Ca Tbr =350F, &l=

300,000 1 b/hr
0: Tar
=35OoF,
=
200,000 l b l h r
rE: Tpr = 4 0 0 F ,
300,000 1 b/ hr
H: Tpr = 4 5 0 * F , fi ::
J * Tnr = 5 0 0 F , &4 =
200,000 lb/hr
300,000 lb/hr
200,000 lb/hr
cn
a
a
3
cn
cn
W
a
Q,
a
W
r
J
J

Legend
Diameter
A l T p r f 3 0 0 F , &f=
6: Tpr t300F, M =
C1 fpr s35O0F, &!
f
300,000 l b / h r
2oC),OOO 1 b/hr
300,OOO 1 b/hr
41
9.063 inches
FI Tort 4OO0F, M =
G * Tpr,= 4SOOF, &4 L
HI Tor =45OoF, h;r *
200,000 l b / h r
300,000l b / h r
200,000 l b / h r
800
cn
a
e
w
P
as
w
I.
.J
W
3%
V I
lobo
2doo

GRAPH LA- 4: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
Diameter
Legend
A: Tpr = SOOOF, &4 =
8: Tpr = 300F , til =
C: Tpr = 350 F , 1;1( =
0: Tpr = 3 S o F , til =
E: Tar =4OO0F, =
300,000
200,000
300,000
200,000
300,000
1 b/hr
1 b / hr
1 b / hr
1 b/ hr
1 b/ hr
42
: 10.192
inches
F: Tprt 400F, k
G: Tpi = 45OOF,
H: Tpr = 4 5 0 ' F ,
= 200,000 l b / h r
:
300,000 l b / h r
= 200,000 l b / h r
J: Tpr =500F,64 = 300,000 l b / h r

K: Tprr5000F, M = 200,000 l b / h r
e
tn
Q.
c
tn
a
e
n
Q
W
I
J
DEPTH
GRAPH LA-5. TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
Diameter
& = SO0,OOO l b / h r
R=
M=
200,000 1 b/hr
300,000 1 b/hr
&
=I 200,000 l b / h r
&=I
= 11.60
43
inches
Fs Tp,r= 4OO0F, M = 200,000 l b / h r

6 : Tpr 4500 F, &4 : 200,000 l b /hr
H: Tpr ~ 4 5 0 * F ,Id = 300,000l b / h r
J * Tpr =500F, P = 2OO,OOO l b / h r
300,0001 b/ hr
-ma
e
c
2
m
(0
a
w
I.
J

44
-ma
e
3
tn
tn
W
a
e
0
Q
w
I
J
IO
GRAPH LA-?: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
Legend
Diameter
B* l p r =300F, &4 =
C' Tpr =3500F, fA =
0: Tpr =350F, t4 =
E: Tpr =400*F, &4 t
300,000 1 b / hr
200,Om 1 b/hr
300,000 1 b/ hr
200,000 1 b/ hr
45
= 15.375 inches
w = 300,000 l b / h r
3; Tpr = 5OOoF, rif = 200,000 1b/hr
K: .Tplr50@F, hir = 300,000 lb/hr
H: Tpr =4SOF,
cn
m
w
a
e
P
a
W
A
A
V I
lobo
2doo
GRAPH LA-8 TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
301 '0
46
a
3
cn
cn
w
a
e
n
a
W
J
.
J
W

GRAPH LB'I :TWO
PHASE WEUHEAO PRESSURE CURVES
47
Diameter
Le~cnd
AI T p r f 3 0 0 F , h =
Bt Tpr =300F,&
=I
C* Tpr *35O0F, &! E:
0: Tpr t3S0F, t4 =
E: Tpr =400F,h;( L
800 I
I
I
= 7.125
inches
400,000 1 b/hr
500,000 1 b/hr
400,000 1 b/ hr
Fl Tpt.' 4o0F1 M = 4 ~ 0 , 0 0 0l b / h r
G I Tpr = 4 5 P F , = 560,000l b / h r
H: Tpr =45OoF, lh
400,000l b / h r
Jr Tpr =500F, P = 500,000 l b / h r
500,000l b / hr
K: Tpr t5000F,
500,000 l b / h r
-- .
th = 400,000 l b / h r
a
I
600
a
3
cn
m
400
Q
n
a
w
J
J
..

GRAPH Le-2: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
48
a
cn
Q.
L
a
3
cn
cn
Y
a
e
0
a
W
J.
J

GRAPH LB-3: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE
CURVES
Legend
Diameter
500,000 l b / h r
400,000 1 b/hr
C* Tpr =S50F, R
500,
0: Tpr t3500F, &
e l 400,000 1b/hr
E: Tpr =40O0F, U
500,000 1b/ hr
A*Tpr'30OoF,
Q g
B: Tpr r300F,
9.063 inches
FS T'r,' 40OoF, kl a 400,000 l b / h r

Tpr = 45OOF, lh t 5 m O O O l b / h r
Ht Tpr Kh90F, &4 = 400,000 Ib/hr
aJ1 Tpr L 500F,
500,000 l b / h r
Kc Tpr=5000F, P = 400,000 l b / h r
GI
800

GRAPH L6-4: TWO
PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
49
53
6: Tpi =300F,P =
C: f p r 350' F, R *
D: Tpr = S O oF , O =
E: f ~ =400F,
,
Pt
400,000
500,000
400,000
500,000

-name I e - c . .rum OUACC UIPI I
ueAn DPCCCIIDCPIIDVCC
51

GRAPH LB-6:TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
Legend
Diameter
A: Tpr = 300 F , P =
B* Tpr s30O0F, M =
C' Tpr =350.F, &! 8
0: Tpr *3506F, M =
E: Tpr =40O0F, 64 =
500,000 1 b l hr
400,000 1 b l h r
500,000 1 b i b
400,000 1 b l hr
500,000 1b l hr
52
12.175 inches
FI Tprg 400F, M =
GI Tpr 4500F, M *
H: Tpr g 45OoF, U =
J' Tpr =50O0F, a;C =
K: Tpr = 5000F, P =
400,000 l b l h r
500,000 l b l h r
400,000 l b l h r
500,000 l b l h r
400,000 l b l h r

GRAPH Le-? : TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
53
DEPTH OF TWO PHASE ZONE. FT.
GRAPH LB-8 :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE

r,
CURVES
54

GRAPH LC- I : TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
w
Diometer
Legend
A: Tpr
8: Tpr
C* Tpr
0: Tpr
E: Tpr
300*F, h
z30O0F, & l o
=3508F, 641
tSSOOF, &4
g40O0F, &4 t
800,000 1 b / hr
600,000 1 b/hr
800,000l b l h r
600,000 l b / h r
800,000 1 b / hr
55
7.125 inches
F * Tprz 4008F, M
G: Tpr = 4500 F, td :
H: Tpr +450F, M =
J : *Tpr =500F, P =
K:.'Tpr =5000F, & =
600,000 l b / h r
800,000 l b / h r
600,000 l b / h r
800,000 l b / h r
600,000 l b / h r

GRAPH LC-2: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
4
.
I
I
cn
e
c
0:
2
tn
cn
W
a
e
0
a
W
J
J
W
IO
GRAPH LC-3:TWO PHASEWELLHEADPRESSURE CURVES
Legend
Diameter
= 9.063
inches

57
Legend
At Tpr
8: Tpr
C* Tpr
D: Tpr
E: Tpr
Diornettr
=300F, & =
~ 3 0 F,
0U
~=
=350*F,li4 =
=35OOF, ti! =
=400F, K4
f
800,000 1 b/hr
600,0001 b / hr
800,000 1 b/hr
600,0001 b/ hr
800,000 1 b/ hr
10.192 inches
Fi Tprs 4OO0F, M = 600,000 l b / h r

G : Tpr * 450" F, t 800,000 1b /hr
H: Tpr =450F,
= 600,000l b / h r
Jt lpr =500F, P =
800,000 I W h r
K: Tpr =5000F, P = 600,000 lb/hr
-acn
Q
c
a
3
co
m
w
a
Q
a
W
J
J
W

GRAPH LC-5 : TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
58

Leiend
Oiometer
A: Tpr = 300' F, h =
B: Tpr =300F, G t
800,000 1 b / hr
C: Tpr = 35OoF, R
0: Tpr =35OoF, &
800,000 1 b / hr
600,000 1 b/ hr
=
=
600,0001 b/hr
= 12.715
60
inches
FI Tprg QOOOF, IA
= 600,000
lb/hr
G: T p r = 4 5 0 0 F , M = 800,000 l b / h r
H: Tpr =450F, = 600,000l b l h r
J: Tpr = 500F, 64 = 800,000 1 b/ hr
K: T p r = 5 0 0 0 F , P = 600,000 l b / h r
cn
CL
L
a
3
cn
rn
W
CL

GRAPH LC-7 : TWO
Lcqcnd
Diameter
A * T p r = 3 0 O o F , bx
B: Tpr 300' F , M t
C: f p r e 5 0 F, &! t
0: Tpr z35O0F, Eic *
E: Tpr t400F,r;C I:
f
800
__
---
---L.-----?-
---*
&
:
4
I
I
F: Tpr= 4OO0F, k = 600,000 l b / h r

G * Tpr 4500F, &
t I 800,000 l b l h r
H Z Tpr x 4 5 O 0 F , h;( = 600,000 l b / h r
3: Tpr f 5 0 0 F , P L 800,000 l b / h r
K: Tpr = S O V F , IU = 600,000 l b l h r
800,000 l b / h r
600,000 1 b / hr
800,000 1 b / hr
600,000 1 b/ hr
800,000 l b / hr
61
= 15.375 inchcr
-2
lobo
__t
2000

GRAPH LC-8 TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
3000

GRAPH Dol:
TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
A: Tpr=300F, & =
8: Tpr 300F , & =
Cz Tor =350F, A =
0: Tpr = 3 W F , M =
E: T m =4WF,
f
63
Legend
1,200,000 l b / h r
I ,000,000 1 b/ hr
1,200,000 lb/hr
I ,000,0001 b/ hr
I,200,000 l b / hr
FI Tors 4OO0F, M = 1,000,000 lb/hr

G: lpr * 45OOF, M * 1,200,000 lb/hr
N: Tr =45O0F,
J r Tpr
* 5OO0F, Q
2
2
~,ooO,OOOlb/hr
I,2OO,OOO 1 b/ hr
-cn
Q,
c
E
3
cn
cn
W
a
a.
0
a
w
3
3
W

GRAPH LO-2: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
64
Legend
Diameter
AtTpr=30O0F,
8: Tpr = 300' F, h
C: Tpr =350F, I4 =
D: Tpr = 3 W F , Ejr t
E: Tmr =400F, b =
f
1,200,000 I b l h r
I,O00,0001 b l hr
1,200,000 1 b/hr
I ,OOO,OOO 1 b/ hr
I ,200,000 1 b l hr
= 8.097 inchcr
F: Tpr' 400F, d
G : Tpr = 450" F, M
H: Tpr =450F, fi
= 1,000,000 l b l h r
t
1,200,000 1b l h r
= 1,000,000 I b / h r
J * Tpr g 5OO0F, fh = 1,200,000 lb/hr

K: Tpr =5000F, P = 1,000,000 lb/hr

GRAPH LD-3: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
Legend
Diameter
At Tpr t300F, &I=

1,200,000 l b l h r
8: Tpr = 300' F, Itr I: I,000,000 1 b/ hr
C: Tpr 350' F, M 1,200,
D: Tpr = 3 W F , &4 = 1,000,
E: TDr O4OO0F, &LI 1,200,000l b / h r
9.063 inches
F' Tpr' 400F, M = 1,000,000 l b / h r
GI Tpr = 45Oa F, &4 8 1,200,000 1b/hr

F, M I,OOO,OOO1b / Rr
F, &l=
1,200,000 1b / hr
K: TPr=5000F, &
=I1,000,000 l b / h r
.
L
cn
c
a
3
cn
u3
W
QT
e
0
a
W
r:
d
I
.
W

65
66
Diameter
Legend
A: Tar
8: Tpr
C: Tpr
0: Tpr
r
10.192 inches
300' F
=300'F
= 350' F
~350'F

CRhDU I
n-6.T W n PHALLISF W F U W F A O PRFSSLJRE CURVES
30

Diometer = 12.715 inches
Legend
A: Tpr =300F, h *
B: Tpr 0 300*F, M t
C: Tpr = 3 W F , ti4 =
D: Tpr =3500F, t4 =
1,200,000 1 b/hr
I,aoO,OOO 1 b / hr
1,200,000 1 blhr
1,000,0001 b/hr
68
FZ Tpr= 400F, M = I,OOO,OOO l b / h r

1,200,000 1b /hr
H: Tpr =450F, a i,OOO,OOO l b / h r
3: Tpr = 5OO0F, a 1,200.000 l b / hr
G: Tpr = 4500 F, til
-coa
0,
c
a
3
co
co
3
Q
P
a
W
r
A
A
0
Legend
Oiame ter
15.375 inches
3
tn
cn
a
w
a
0
W'
I.

GRAPH LO-8. TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
69
70
-m
Q:
3
v,
m
W
a
Q
J
J

GRAPH HA-I :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
71
LEGEND
Diameter
A I Tpr= 5OO0F,
B: Tprt 500F,
C* Tpr 55OoF,
02 Tpr m O F ,
&4
300,000l b / h r
200,000 l b / h r
300,000 1b/ hr
200,000 l b / h r
&
lit
&4
7.125 inches
E: Tpr 6OO0F, &!
F: Tpr :600F, fd
0 : Tbr = 650F, M
H ITpr 0 650F, riC
300,000l b / h r
= 200,000 l b / h r
,000 I b / h r
,000 1 b/ hr
-a
v)
a.
c
W
E
3
tn
tn
W
e
Q
a
W
J
I.
W
0
0
1000
2000
DEPTH
3000
4000
5000
GRAPH HA-2: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
6000
72
Q:
cn
cn
W
a
e
P
a
W
J
J

GRAPH HA-~:TWO
73
LEGEND
Diameter
A: Tpr* 500F, Ih
300,000 l b l h r
8: Tpr=500F, &l 200,000 l b l h r
C' Tpr' 55OoF, R
300,000 l b l h r
0: Tpt=5SO0F, &4
200,000 l b l h r
f
9.063 inches
E: Tpr = 6OO0F, Id = 300,000 l b / h r

F: Tpr t60O0F, = 200,000 l b l h r
6 : Tpr s65O0F, t4 =
,000 1b / hr
HITpr +650F, M =
,000 1 b/ hr
800
600
a
...
cn
e
Cn 400
rn
w
a
e
P
a
W
I
d
I.
s"
I

74
-tn
w
r
cn
m
W
e
0
a
W
I
J
d
W

GRAPH HA-5 :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
75
DEPTH OF T W O PHASE ZONE, FT.

76
-v,
Q=
3
v,
v,
W
Q=
Q

77
LEGEND
Oiometcr
A I Tpr=500F, k4 t 2 0 0 ,000 lb/hr

8 : Tprz 5OO0F, &! g 3 0 0 ,000 lb/hr
Ct Tpr=550F, f4 = Z O O ,000 1b/hr
0: Tpr'55pF,
g 3 0 0 ,000 lb/hr
= 15.375 inches
El l p r s60O0F, fi=200,000 lb/hr
F: Tpr =60O0F, I4 =300,000 lb/hr

G I Tpr g650F, M t
,000 I b / hr
H I Tpr =6500F,
,0001b/ hr
8
W
n
a
w
I
2600
3000
4600
5600

GRAPH HA-8: TWO PHASE WELLHEAO PRESSURE CURVES
66(x)
78
cn
e
c
r:
3
(0.
m
W
a
e

GRAPH HB-I :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
79

GRAPH HB-2 :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES

GRAPH HB-3 :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
81
LEGEND
Diome9cr
At TprC5OO0F, h * 500,000 l b / h r
8' lpr=
50O0F,
= 400,000 l b l h r
C I Tpr* 550F, R =
500,UOO l b / h r
9.063 inches
8
l p r t600F, &I=
500,000 l b / h r
F: lp
=600F,
r P = 400,000 lb/hr
01 lpr +650F, P g
,000I b l h r
,000 1b/ hr
a
cn
e
c

GRAPH HB-4:TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
82
Q
0
m
Q
c
cn
v)
a
e
P
a
W
r
.
I
.
I

GRAPH H 6-51TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
a3
a.
v)
e
c
w
Y
rn
v)
K
Q
a
W
r
J
I.

GRAPH H8-6:TWOPHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
DEPTH
GRAPH He-7 :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
2000
3000
4doO
5600

GRAPH HB8TwO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE
CURVES
86

GRAPH HC- I :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
87

GRAPH HC-2:TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
88
LEGEND
A: Tpr= 500F,
8: TprL 5OO0F,
C: Tpr=550F,
0: Tpr = 5500 F,
Diameter
&! * 800,000 l b / h r
kl = 600,000 l b / h r
M = 800,000 l b l h r
&4 t 6 0 0,000 1b/ hr
= 8.097 inches
E: Tpr 600F, M =800,000 l b / h r
F: Tpr z 600F, tA =600,000 l b / h r
0 : Tpr t65O0F, M =
,000l b l h r
H I Tpr =6500F, riC =
,0001b/ hr
600
Q
v,
v)
v)
400
a
e
P
a
W
J
J
s
200
IO00
2000
3000
4000
5000

GRAPH MC-3: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
Sdoo
LEGEND
A I Tpr= 500F,
6: Tpr' 500F,
Ct Tprf 55OoF R
Dt Tpr x 55OOF, );t
800,
R\
\\
Diornater = 9.063 inches

I
: 800.000 l b / h r
8 Tpr =600F, &
=I600,000 l b / h r
= 600,000 l b l h r
F * Tpr =600F, P4 t 600,000 l b / h r
= 800,000 l b / h r
0 : Tpr = 65OoF, liR =
,000I b / h r
600,000 lb/hr
H ITpr =650"F, IJ t
,000 1b/ hr
1
.,
I\ .
a
cn
e
'If
tn
v)
a
e
0
a
w
I
I.

GRAPH HG4:TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
90
LEGEND
Diometcr
A: Tpr= 5OO0F, & = 800,000 l b / h r

8: fpr= 500F,
= 600,000 l b / h r
Cg Tpt 55OoF, t4 = 800,000 1b/ hr
f
= 10.192 inches
E: Tpr :6OO0F, h r 800,000 l b / h r
F: Tpr =600F, ?4 = 600,000 l b / h r

6: Tpr =650F, M 0
,000 1b / hr
,000 1b/ hr

LEGEND
biometer
A I TprS0O0F, th 2 800,000 I b / h r
8 : TprC 500F, k = 600,000 I b l h r
i t Tpr=550F, I;( * 800,000 lb/hr
0: Tar=550F,
= 600,00Olb/hr
11.150 .inches
fpr =600F, fi ~ 8 0 0 , 0 0 0
lb/hr
F : Tpr =600F, &=600,000
I
lb/hr
0 : Tpr =650F,M =
,000 I b / hr
H:Tpr =650F,li( =
,000 1 b/ hr
Ea
W
U
cn
cn
W
o[:
e
n
a
W
I
J
J
$!

GRAPH HC-6: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
LEGEND
Diorncier
A: Tpr' 500.F. & :800,000l b / h r

8 : Tar= 5OO0F, &
8I600,000 l b / h r
8 0 0,0001b/ hr
0: 6 r f 5 5 0 F ,
t 600pOO l b / h r
= 12.715
E: Tpr
F: Tnr
inches
::6OO0F,
lh = 800,000 l b / h r
600F,
= 600,000 l b / h r
=650F, M =
,0001b I hr
,000 1b/ hr
800
600
-cn
Q
cn 400
cn
w
a
e
0
J
J.
s
200
2000
3000
4000
5000

93
rn
tn
W
a
n
0
DEPTH OF T W O PHASE ZONE, FT.

94
'3
<n
u3
W
a
e
n
a
W
J
J

GRAPH HD-l :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
95
96
LEGEND
800
A I Tprf50O0F, P = 1,200,000
B: Tpr 5OO0F, Q = l,OOO,000
Ca Tpr * 550' F , r;( = 1,2oO,OOO
0: Tpr 590' F , = I,MO,OOO
I
1
1
Diameter
.,,
,
lb/hr
1b/ hr
I b/ ht
1b/ hr
\ .
. I ,
.:
1
.
Tpr
F8
Tpt
SOO*F, rSr =I,200,000Ib/hr
= 6OO0F, Q = I,OOO,OOO
1b/ hr
650 F, M 0 1,200,000 l b /hr

H * Tpr = 6500 F, I4 = 1,000,0001 b/ hr
0 8 Tp,
1
n :
8.097 inches
.I
'
-tna
tn
m
W
e
Q
a
W
A
A
Id00
2000
3000
4600
5000

GRAPH HP-3:MO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
97

GRAPH HD-4 :TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
a
cn
Q
c
W
K
cn
tn
W
n
0
a
W
x
A
A

GRAPH HD-5:TWQ PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
99
t
0
II
-,--+-
Id00
3000
4000
2000
5000
GRAPH HD-6: TWO PHASE WELLHEAD PRESSURE CURVES
60-00
100
-m
a
co
W
a
a.
0
w
I
J
J

!O 1
LEGEND
Diameter
15.375 inches
-a
u)
TT
3
v,
cn
W
a
e
0
I.

U . s GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1982-546-085/3057

Geothermal Well Design Handbook (US DOE

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Geothermal Well Design Handbook (US DOE

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DOElET/27141-4

GEOTHERMAL WELL DESIGN HANDBOOK

P H Y S I C A L PROPERTIES GRAPHS AND TWO-PHASE

This handbook provides a simplified process for the user, at a desk

wells which are produced by natural, flashing flows. To accomplish this,

sufficient information to determine the interdependence of input and output parameters.

For example, a graph of flowrate as a function of well-

head pressure may be constructed, or the effect of diameter changes on

pressure at the wellhead might be examined.

adiabatic wellbore flow (no heat transfer through

no dissolved solids in the geothermal fluid

no dissolved gases in the geothermal fluid

single phase flow in the wellbore at producing zone.

These assumptions allow the elimination of several additional variables

from the problem

formulation. This simplified formulation lends itself

well to the treatment given in the handbook.

We1 1 bore d iemeter

Depth of well to the top of the producing zone

Temperature of the fluid at the top of the producing zone

Total mass flowrate of fluid in the we 1

Pressure in the wellbore at the top of the producing zone.

The input pressure in the wellbore i s a function of the total mass

Calculation of single-phase pressure drop in the wellbore,

Determination o f two-phase pressure drop from graphs supplied

Evaluation of fluid conditions at the wellhead, using physical

A detailed explanation of the handbook process outlined above is presented

A sample calculation that uses the step by step approach

of the Well Design Data Sheet comprises Chapter 1 1 1 .

Steam Quality, or percent by weight of steam in the flowing

It is expected that the output described above will be used most

Such analyses may include the number, size and

relative costs of several combinations of wellbore diameter and flowrate,

I1 explores these possible uses o f the handbook results further.

DISCUSSION OF THE HANDBOOK PROCESS

geothermal well in two-phase flow is shown in schematic form in Fig. 1

Adiabatic wellbore flow (no heat transfer through the

No dissolved solids In the geothermal fluid

Single phase flow in the wellbore at the producing zone.

in the geothermal fluid

The thermodynamics of the phase change from liquid water to steam In

The pure water

assumptions eliminate chemical interaction considerations from the pressur.e

if there is flashing in the reservoir. This information Is difficult to

Find Wellhead Pressure from

Calculate T o t a l SinglePhase Pressure Drop per

Design Handbook U t i l i z a t i o n Sequence.

i n s i d e diameter of the w e l l cas

Depth o f w e l l t o the top o f the producing zone, given i n

Pressure i n the wellbore a t the top o f t h e producing zone,

Several o f the user inputs defined above are parameterized i n a d i s c r e t e

If i t i s a t a l l p o s s i b l e f o r t h e user t o choose h i s input

wellbore diameter, mass f l o w r a t e and production temperature from the values

and t h e r e f o r e . t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f m u l t i p l e Input data sets f o r a s i n g l e solution,

= 5.524 inches Inside Diameter

done by t h i n k i n g o f such a . w e l 1 as a series o f constant (though d i f f e r e n t )

This technique i s ex-

The sequence o f c a l c u l a t i o n s used i n t h i s handbook i s a common one:

s i n g l e phase and two-phase.

The s i n g l e phase pressure drop i s the sum o f two components:

The two-phase pressure

an e l e v a t i o n pressure drop, pipe f r i c t i o n

pressure drop, and an a c c e l e r a t i o n pressure drop due t o t h e d e n s i t y change8

The pressure o f the wellhead