Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
_________________________________
)
Champagne Louis Roederer, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil No. 06-CV-213 JNE/SRN
)
J. Garcia Carrión, S.A. and )
Friend Wine Marketing, Inc. )
d/b/a CIV USA, )
)
Defendants. )
_________________________________)
I. INTRODUCTION
and trademark dilution against J. Garcia Carrión, S.A. (“Carrión”) and Friend Wine
Marketing, d/b/a CIV USA (“CIV”). Roederer markets and sells champagne, including
the premier champagne, CRISTAL. CRISTAL is the flagship brand for all Roederer
champagne products. Carrion and CIV market and sell cava, another sparkling wine,
under the name CRISTALINO. Roederer seeks, among other relief, a permanent
The claims of trademark infringement and dilution are based on entirely different
consumer states of mind. Both are present here. An appreciable number of consumers
falsely believe because of the name CRISTALINO that an inexpensive sparkling wine is
the low-priced offering of the makers of the premier champagne, CRISTAL. A different
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appreciable number of consumers, knowing the source of the products are different,
associate the names CRISTALINO and CRISTAL, diluting the distinctiveness of the
famous brand. In both instances, Defendants trade on the fame and renown of CRISTAL.
illegitimate brand extension that trades on the reputation and image of the famous mark,
with, sponsored by, or is in some way connected with the maker of the prestige
goodwill in CRISTAL, built over generations, as a consequence of their use of the name
Publ’ns, 28 F.3d 769, 774 (8th Cir. 1994); General Mills, Inc. v. Kellogg Co., 824 F.2d
Roederer is entitled to exclusive control over the reputation and image of its
famous mark, CRISTAL, and the consuming public is entitled to be free of confusion,
mistake and deception. See James Burrough Ltd. v. Sign of the Beefeater, 540 F.2d 266,
274 (7th Cir. 1976); Real News Project, Inc. v. Indep. World TV, Inc., No. 06 Civ 4322,
2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41457, *71-72 (S.D.N.Y. May 27, 2008); Weight Watchers Int’l
v. The Stouffer Corp., 744 F. Supp. 1259, 1269 (S.D.N.Y. 1990). The fact that the
parties’ products are not directly competitive, and that the purchaser of an inexpensive
bottle of CRISTALINO sparkling wine knows he or she has not purchased an expensive
bottle of French champagne, is of no moment. Product confusion is not the issue. The
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issue is confusion of association or sponsorship. Only Roederer has the right to sell a
The Lanham Act also entitles the owner of a famous mark to be free from the
addition to the consumers who erroneously believe that CRISTALINO is related in some
way to the maker of CRISTAL, other consumers now associate the famous brand
Coffee, Inc., No. 08-3331-cv, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 26300, *11 (2nd Cir. Dec, 3, 2009).
In both instances the reputation and image of the prestige champagne CRISTAL is
Roederer’s claims of trademark infringement and dilution arise under the Lanham
Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114, 1125(a), and 1125(c)(1). It also asserts claims under the
Minnesota Deceptive Trade Practice Act, M.S.A. § 325D.44 et seq., as well as common
law claims of unfair competition. The Court has jurisdiction over the federal claims
pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1121 and 28 U.S.C. § 1338. It has jurisdiction over the state law
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likelihood of confusion exists: (1) the strength of the infringed mark; (2) the similarity
between the parties’ marks; (3) the competitive proximity of the parties’ products; (4) the
infringer’s intent; (5) evidence of actual confusion; and (6) whether the kind of product,
its costs and conditions of purchase, allow the purchaser to eliminate the likelihood of
confusion that would otherwise exist. SquirtCo v. Seven-Up Co., 628 F.2d 1086, 1090-91
(8th Cir. 1980); Edina Realty v. The MLSonline.com, No. 04-4371, 2006 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 137758, *11 (D. Minn. March 20, 2008). The evidence of trademark
infringement is overwhelming.
Roederer has sold CRISTAL champagne in the United States since 1937. This
prestige champagne, one of the best champagnes in the world, dates its history to 1876
when it was created at the request of Alexander II, the Tsar of Russia. Roederer owns,
respectively. Roederer’s trademark rights are incontestable. It has the exclusive rights to
use the mark. 15 U.S.C. § 1115(b). Roederer is also the owner of all common law rights
to the mark CRISTAL. It has used the mark in the United States to distinguish CRISTAL
champagne from all others for more than seventy years. First Bank v. First Bank Sys.,
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CRISTAL champagne and the CRISTAL brand are a part of the popular culture of
the United States. CRISTAL is a symbol of excellence, luxury, and prestige. CRISTAL
champagne has been associated with events of significance and importance for decades,
dating back at least to the 1970’s, whether they are meetings of heads of state,
Presidential dinners, or the gift to winners of world-class sporting events. CRISTAL has
been the champagne of choice, unofficially endorsed by celebrities of all kinds for
decades. Because it is a cultural icon, it has been included in countless news articles and
the stories of popular novels, it has “appeared” in dozens of popular movies and
television shows, and is one of the most frequently mentioned trademarks in popular
music.
The extensive and unsolicited use of the CRISTAL brand in the national media
and the unpaid endorsements of celebrities and public figures of all kinds is proof of the
strength, renown, and fame of the mark. Hainline v. Vanity Fair, Inc., 301 Fed. Appx.
949, 952 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Palm Bay Imports, Inc. v. Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin Maison
Fondee En 1772, 396 F.3d 1369, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2005). CRISTAL, like ROLLS-
ROYCE, is an undoubtedly famous mark even though it advertises little and sells in
confusion analysis. Hainline, 301 Fed. Appx. at 952; Palm Bay Imports, 396 F.3d at
1374; Recot, Inc. v. Becton, 214 F.3d 1322, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Here, “all doubt as to
whether confusion, mistake, or deception is likely” must be resolved against the second
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comer, CRISTALINO. Nina Ricca, S.A.R.L. v. E.T.F. Enters, Inc., 889 F.2d 1070, 1074
(Fed. Cir. 1989). The fame and renown of CRISTAL creates the opportunity to trade on
its goodwill and poach on the commercial magnetism of the brand. See James Burrough,
The word CRISTAL is not an English word; it has no meaning in that language. It
sparkling wine. CRISTAL is an arbitrary and inherently distinctive mark in the field of
champagne and sparkling wine. Arbitrary marks are entitled to the broadest scope of
protection. Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 768 (1992).
The name CRISTALINO is the word “cristal” with the suffix “ino.”
meaning of CRISTAL. CRISTALINO means to pertain to, to have the properties of, to
be the lesser of, or to be the feminine counterpart of CRISTAL. The very name
dominant element, CRISTAL, underscores the similarity of the marks. Palm Bay
Imports, 396 F.3d at 1372-73. The fact the common distinctive element is also the
common root word of both marks enhances the similarity and the likely confusion.
Analytic Recruiting, Inc. v. Analytic Resources, LLC, 156 F. Supp. 2d 499, 545 (E.D. Pa.
2001).
CRISTALINO bottle. The bottle’s label is the most important means of communication
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with the consumer. In the words of CIV, “Better packaging means more impulse
purchases.” Here, in addition to the prominent use of the name CRISTALINO, the label
is of a nearly identical color, has similar font, and is nearly the same shape and size as the
CRISTAL label. The label is completely consistent with the false meaning of the name
itself, that the CRISTALINO product pertains to, has the properties of, is the lesser of, or
is the feminine counterpart of CRISTAL. The label conveys the false commercial
impression that the CRISTALINO product is associated with, sponsored by, or is in some
way connected with CRISTAL sparking wine, being the famous champagne. See, Duluth
News-Tribune v. Mesabi Publ’g Co., 84 F.3d 1093, 1097 (8th Cir. 1996) (overall
commercial impression includes all that the consumer is likely to perceive, including
designs, fonts, and colors); Luigino’s Inc. v. Stouffer Corp., 170 F.3d 827, 830 (8th Cir.
1999) (may be assessed by considering the trade dress of the products); Woodroast Syst.,
Inc. v. Rest. Unlimited, Inc., 793 F. Supp. 906, 915 (D. Minn. 1992) (similarity is
determined by examining the marks as a whole, including sight, sound, and overall
impression).
infringement. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co. v. Novak, 836 F.2d 397, 399 (8th Cir. 1987).
One common merchandising practice with which consumers are familiar, applied in
industries as varied as cars, designer fashion, and wines, is the use of a high-end brand of
renown to enhance the value of the popularly priced offering from the same company. In
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short, consumers are experienced with the fact there are families of products from the
same company selling across a range of price. See, Palm Bay Imports, 396 F.3d at 1376
Roederer uses this merchandising technique. All of its champagne products are
labeled to convey the message that they all come from the maker of the prestige
champagne CRISTAL. It does so by taking elements from the CRISTAL label – which
has been essentially unchanged since it was first created in 1876 – and applying them to
the label of its other products. These elements include the use of color, font style, the
California sparkling wine products, conveying the message that the different product
comes from the family of Roederer, the maker of CRISTAL. Importantly, when
Roederer did not want its reputation and the reputation and image of CRISTAL
associated with a sparkling wine product it produced, it was careful to brand the product
Here, the parties’ marketing channels are identical, and they advertise in the same
LLC v. Woop Woop Wines, No. C 06-00527 JF, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28407, *15-*16
(N.D. CA 2006) (citations omitted). While CRISTALINO will be found in more off-
premises stores, because it is produced in much greater quantities than CRISTAL, it will
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be found in all or nearly all of the off-premises stores that sell CRISTAL. As other courts
have noted, “high-end champagne and less-expensive sparkling wines are marketed in the
same channels of trade to the same consumers.” Palm Bay Imports, 396 F.3d at 1376.
sparkling wines. Restaurant wine lists typically offer a wide range of prices, and off-
premises retail stores sell champagne and sparkling wine (and their still wine products)
across the full price spectrum. The producers follow the same practice. The price range
of champagne and sparkling wine products sold under the Roederer name ranges from
hundreds of dollars per bottle to twenty dollars per bottle. The price range of products
sold by other wine producers is even greater. Moreover, the sale of both champagne and
across the price spectrum, depending on the need and the occasion. The consumer is
likely to believe that Defendants’ inexpensive sparkling wine product with the name
color, shape and size with lettering in a similar font style as the label of CRISTAL is
from the same family as the maker of CRISTAL. Defendants convey the false message
that they are part of the CRISTAL family: that their product is associated with, sponsored
by, or in some way connected with the maker of the famous CRISTAL champagne. Real
News, 2008 U.S. Dist LEXIS 41457 at *71-*72 (associational confusion); Freischmann
Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co,, 314 F.2d 149, 159 (9th Cir. 1963) (the fact the
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products sold under similar names do not directly compete enhances the likely confusion
The parties’ products are sold in the same retail locations. They are on the same
wine lists of restaurants, clubs, and hotels, and they are in the same section, the
“Champagne and Sparkling Wine” section, of off-premises retail stores. The fact they
are typically not sold side-by-side enhances the likely confusion. It is more likely
consumers will believe the two sparkling wine products come from the same source
because they are not directly competitive products. Lever Bros. Co. v. Winzer Co. of
Dallas, 326 F.2d 817, 818-19 (C.C.P.A. 1964); McCarthy § 24:45. The fact that
CRISTALINO promotes itself as being of “good quality for the price” further enhances
the likely confusion because the message is consistent with the high quality associated
with the CRISTAL brand. See Morningside Group Ltd. v. Morningside Capital Group,
L.L.C., 182 F.3d 133, 142 (2nd Cir. 1999); McCarthy § 24:15.
Furthermore, because the products are not sold side-by-side any comparison of the
best. In other instances, when only CRISTALINO is for sale, it will be impossible.
degree of care taken in purchasing “is of diminished importance.” Frosty Treats, Inc. v.
Sony Computer Ent., 426 F.33d 1001, 1010 (8th Cir. 2005). Even a careful purchasing
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decision “rarely reduces the risk of sponsorship confusion.” King of the Mountain Sport
Defendants were under the duty to avoid, not enhance, likely confusion of
Wesley-Jessen Div. of Schering Corp. v. Bausch & Lomb, Inc., 698 F.2d 862, 867 (7th
Cir. 1983). Yet, here all of the changes to the CRISTALINO label as it evolved from its
first introduction in the United States were to make it more like, not distinct from,
CRISTAL champagne. In a short span of time, an ornate, completely distinct label for
the product named CRISTALINO JAUME SERRA evolved to mimic the label of
CRISTAL for a product now named CRISTALINO. Vigneron Partners, 2006 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 28407 at *26 (the defendant’s conduct after initial use is relevant to show intent).
Indeed, the nearly identical names CRISTAL and CRISTALINO combined with
the high degree of similarity between the labels makes it possible for persons to sell
discovered in Detroit. The “ino” is covered and a “Roederer” sticker is added to the
Eliminating any notion of coincidence, when Carrión years later introduced its
CRISTALINO ROSE product, all of the close similarities to the CRISTAL label were
continued, including mimicking the copper-like color of the CRISTAL ROSE label.
Courts are properly suspicious when goods are dressed to be like the successful product
of others. Johnson & Johnson v. Quality Pure Mfg., 484 F. Supp. 975, 980 (D.N.J.
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1979). The conduct reveals the infringers true opinion, namely that confusion is likely.
Kemp v. Bumble Bee Seafoods, Inc., 398 F.3d 1049, 1057 (8th Cir. 2005).
Survey evidence is evidence of actual confusion. Mutual of Omaha Ins., 836 F.2d
likelihood of confusion, and may, in fact, be the best such evidence [the] survey should
be given substantial weight unless seriously flawed.” Stuart Hall Co. v. Ampad Corp., 51
Here, the survey evidence shows that 23% of consumers of imported sparkling
wine of the price range at which CRISTALINO is sold (both off premises and on
a significant level of confusion. McNeilab, Inc. v. Am. Home Prods. Corp, 501 F. Supp.
517, 525-27 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) (23% confusion); Exxon Corp. v. Texas Motor Exchange,
Inc., 628 F.2d 400, 507 (5th Cir. 1980) (15% is strong evidence of likelihood of
confusion); RJR Foods Inc. v. White Rock Corp., 603 F.2d 1058, 1061 (2nd Cir. 1979)
The survey properly tested for infringement. The reputation and renown of the
CRISTAL brand only resides in persons with an awareness of the brand. Testing whether
there is a likelihood that consumers generally familiar with the senior mark would be
likely, upon seeing the junior mark, to believe the junior mark is in some way related to,
or connected or affiliated with, or sponsored by, the senior mark is the proper test. James
Burrough Ltd., 540 F.2d at 274; The Elizabeth Taylor Cosmetics Co. v. Goutal, 673 F.
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Supp. 1238, 1248 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (“The proper test for likelihood of confusion is not
whether confusion is likely when a consumer, familiar to some extent with the one
party’s mark, is presented with the other party’s goods alone.”). The consumer survey
evidence is significant.
In summary, the use of the name CRISTALINO on the inexpensive sparkling wine
CRISTAL is a famous mark, making it exceedingly strong. The infringing mark is not
only similar, it makes a direct association in meaning with its root, CRISTAL. The fact
the products are not directly competitive and the normal conditions of purchase enhance
the likely confusion. The Defendants’ marketing tactics are at best suspicious. A well-
infringement under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114 and 1125(a) and M.S.A. § 325D.44 et seq.
The owner of a famous and distinctive mark is entitled to protection from the use
of another mark that is likely to cause dilution by blurring, regardless of the presence or
U.S.C. § 1125(c)(1). Fame is present when the mark “is widely recognized by the
general consuming public of the United States as a designation of source of the goods of
the mark’s owner.” 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c)(2)(A). CRISTAL has been widely recognized
throughout the United States as the name of a prestige champagne. It has been a part of
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our popular culture, mentioned in books and the public media and endorsed as the
champagne of choice by celebrities for decades dating back at least to the 1980’s.
the name itself, with the root “cristal” and the suffix “ino,” causes association with and
misappropriates to itself characteristics of the famous brand. See Nike, Inc. v. Nikepal
Intern., Inc., No. 2:05-CV-1468, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 66686, *19-*20 (E.D. Cal. Sept.
10, 2007) (NIKEPAL is a composite of the word “Nike” and the term of affinity, “pal”
famous brand CRISTAL while (apparently) recognizing that the two products come from
different sources. Examples include, “If you can’t afford to sip Cristal on a nightly basis
(as the laws of hip hop dictate) go for Cristalino instead” and “So my Christmas gift from
These, and many, many more instances show the loss of distinctiveness to the famous
CRISTAL brand from this association to another similarly named product. This is likely
dilution by blurring. Starbucks Corp., 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 26300 at *21-*22.
The Court may award reasonable attorneys’ fees to the prevailing party in an
exceptional case. 15 U.S.C. § 117(a); Scott Fetzer Co. v. Williamson, 101 F.3d 549, 555
(8th Cir. 1996); Amana Society v. Gemeinde Brau, Inc., 417 F. Supp. 310 (N.D. Iowa
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1976), aff’d, 557 F.2d 638 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 967 (1977). A “trademark
case is exceptional where the district court finds that the defendant acted maliciously,
fraudulently, deliberately, or willfully.” Watec Co. v. Liu, 403 F.3d 645, 656 (9th Cir.
2005); Minn. Pet Breeders v. Schell & Kampeter, 846 F. Supp. 506, 519-20 (D. Minn.
As the second comer (entering the United States market some fifty years after
Roederer. Wesley-Jessen Div. of Schering Corp, 698 F.2d at 867. Instead, the
Defendants acted deliberately and willfully to move closer and closer to CRISTAL,
reaping the rewards of trading on the reputation and image of the famous brand.
Roederer issued its cease and desist demands on Defendants in June 2002 and
commenced opposition proceedings before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
change in Defendants’ infringing conduct, affirming the deliberate and willful nature of
BASF Corp. v. Old World Trading Co., 41 F.3d 1081, 1099 (7th Cir. 1994) (awarding
fees based on defendant’s deliberate false advertising); Aetna Health Care Systems, Inc.
v. Health Care Choice, Inc., 231 U.S.P.Q. 614 (N.D. Okla. 1986) (holding that the willful
adoption of plaintiff’s mark for substantially identical services after notice of plaintiff’s
rights and objections created an exceptional case and awarding plaintiff attorneys fees).
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A permanent injunction may issue after weighing (1) the threat of irreparable harm
to the moving party; (2) whether the harm can be remedied at law; (3) the balance of
harm; and (4) the public interest. eBay, Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391
(2006).
Club of Chicago, Inc. v. Mighty Star, Inc. 846 F.2d 1079, 1091 (7th Cir. 1988); General
Mills, 824 F.2d at 625. Absent an injunction, the public’s experience with a product
associated with CRISTAL will no longer be in the exclusive control of Roederer. The
reputation and image that Roederer has spent generations creating will now be subject to
the actions of another. In addition, without an injunction the public will continue to be
confused, deceived, and mistaken by the false message that CRISTALINO is associated
Indeed, the irreparable harm to Roederer is broader than the loss of exclusive
control over the reputation and image of the CRISTAL brand. The injury will be
incurred across the full line of Roederer champagne products, all of which otherwise
injunction against the use of the name CRISTALINO permits the Defendants to continue
to produce, market, and sell their sparkling wine product. Only the name must change.
And, they cannot be heard to complain of the expense. It was their duty to avoid, not
Queen Corp. v. New Line Prods., Inc. 35 F. Supp. 2d 727, 733 (D. Minn. 1998). The
interests of the consuming public are paramount. James Burrough Ltd., 540 F.2d at 274.
Permanent injunctive relief is also the proper remedy for likely dilution by
an escalating erosion of its famous mark, CRISTAL. The remedy for likely dilution of a
famous mark is a permanent injunction. Starbucks Corp., 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 26300
at *9.
V. CONCLUSION
The CRISTALINO name trades on and dilutes the famous brand CRISTAL. An
appreciable number of consumers falsely believe because of the name CRISTALINO that
an inexpensive sparkling wine is the low-priced offering of the makers of the premier
source of the products are different, associate the names CRISTALINO and CRISTAL,
diluting the distinctiveness of the famous brand. In both instances, the infringing product
unjustly benefits from the fame and renown of CRISTAL. The Defendants’ marketing
demonstrates the intent to take advantage of these associations, to enhance rather than
mitigate the public’s confusion. This is an exceptional case. Roederer is entitled to the
relief it requests, including a permanent injunction against the use of the name
CRISTALINO.
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Respectfully submitted,
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