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ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the world is having an energy crisis. There has been a lot alternative energy
being introduced to reduce the cost of life such as solar energy. Solar energy is one of the
renewable energy that has less or no harmful emissions and it is increasingly important to
exploit it in future. Although there are several places that constructed green building use a
solar technology, still Malaysia has yet to accept it wholesale.
This paper takes into account the feasibility studies on photovoltaic solar on water pumping
system on the 5 acre of agricultural area at Sg. Pelek , Banting. As the area are having a
direct water resource from the state water supply, throughout this feasibility conducted for
supply the underground water for watering the plant by designing the photovoltaic solar
system.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..........................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURE ..................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLE.................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
1.1Overview ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2Problem Statement ............................................................................................................. 2
1.3Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Scope of project .................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 3
2.1 Critical Review .................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Feasibility Study.................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................11
3.1 Statistical Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) ........................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH PLANNING ...............................................................................22
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................24
5.1 Expected Outcomes .......................................................................................................... 24
REFERENCE .......................................................................................................................25
iii
LIST OF FIGURE
iv
LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1: ANOVA Table ......................................................................................................14
Table 3.2: Sample of table for LCCA ....................................................................................20
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Solar energy is one of the renewable energy which will not affected the environment
but will give much more advantages in the environment. Solar-powered agricultural
irrigation is an attractive application of renewable energy. However, to be practical it
must be both technically and economically feasible due an air pollution.
In solar energy applications, the value of average daily global radiation is the most
important parameter. But, values of these parameter measurements are not
available at every location. This is due to the factors of cost, maintenance, and
calibration requirements of the measuring equipment. In places where no measured
values are available, a common application has been to determine this parameter by
appropriate correlations, which are empirically, established using the measured
data.
Solar
water
pumping
is
a pump
running
on
electricity
generated
by
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 Research Objective
This research has been divided into two student with a different objectives, which is
one is more focusing on designing the Solar water pumping system, and another
one is focusing on the relationship of solar radiation and water consumption, and
cost of living for the solar water pumping system. As for this paperwork the
objectives of this research are as follows:
1. To determine the relationship between solar radiation and water
consumption using correlation
2. To study financial (Techno-economics) through Life Cycle Cost Analysis
(LCCA)
Journal 2:
Title: On the feasibility of solar-powered irrigation
Author: Leah C. Kelly
Resource: www.elsevier.com
This journal shows that the photovoltaic-powered (PVP) pumping for crop irrigation
is an energy intensive activity that is well suited for implementation with renewable
energy sources. PVP irrigation, like all alternative energy applications, must be both
technically and economically feasible. Through this journal the feasibility for
irrigation is dependent on many factors, such as crop type, location, water depth,
conventional energy costs, government incentives and carbon taxes.
In economics feasibility, it shows that the assumptions made for:
1. Assumption on design value
2. Capital cost
3. Operating and maintenance cost
4. Total lifetime cost
Scattering
It occurs when dust, gas, ice and water vapor present in atmosphere. With
shorter wavelength energy, it scattered more than longer wavelength.
Scattering and how it react with a different size of wavelength are shown
through atmosphere with a present of skys blue color and white clouds.
ii.
Absorption
When solar radiation is absorbed by water, its energy shifts to the water and
raises its temperature. This is common of all absorbing surfaces from a trees
leaf to asphalt. Solar radiation is retained by a substance and converted
into heat energy.
iii.
Reflection
Reflection is albedo. Albedo is a reflective quality of a surface, it express the
percentage of total reflection. The visible and darker colors shows it have a
low albedo, while ligter colour shows that it have a higher albedo. Angle of
sun reflect the value of albedo as lower angle of sun gives great reflection
Plantation Needs
Malaysia has the most suitable land for a plantation of vegetable which is most of
the area is in form of fine-textured clay and clay loam soils. In ne-textured soils
(clays), soil particles and channels are small, and much of the water is effectively
held by matric forces. Such soils do not drain freely and clay soils are able to store
large amounts of water, which can be used by plants provided root length density is
sufciently high.
It means that the water needed for a plant will be much lesser, and it can reduce the
water consumption.
MINITAB
Linear Regression
Analysis of Variance
Figure 2.2: Relationship of Solar Radiation and Water Consumption
Determined the
relationship between
data
2.2.2
Study the economics analysis for solar water pumping system design
Determined the
operational cost involved
in this system design
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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Statistical Data Analysis
Statistics are set of methods that are used to collect, analyse, present and interpret
the data. Statistical methods used in variety to identify study and solve many
complex problems. In world of economics, statistical method makes a better
decision about uncertain situations being enabled. Statistical data analysis focuses
on the interpretation of the output to make inferences and predictions.
There is wide statistical information available in today global and economic
environment because of continual improvements in computer technology. Statistical
data analysis is used for statistical thinking and techniques to apply in order to make
a prcised and educated decision.
Studying a problem through the use of statistical data analysis usually involves four
basic steps.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The most commonly used techniques for investigating the relationship between two
quantitative variables are correlation and linear regression.
As it apply for this research is students are collecting the data of solar radiation and
rainfall, students need to analyse the data by seeing through the mean value which
represent the average of data collected by month, the mode value which showing
the most collected data within a month or year and the maximum value and
minimum value in a year.
From the solar radiation data, the PV power consumption can be estimated. Once
the PV power being estimated the pump power can be determined.
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s XY
sx s y
1 r 1
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Linear Regression
Linear regression uses one independent variable to explain and/or predict the
outcome. The general form of regression is:
Where:
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Source of
Sum of Square
Degree of
Mean of
Variation
(SS)
Freedom (df)
Square (MS)
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
F ratio (F*)
k-1
n-k
n-1
Where
And
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Hypotheses
The null hypothesis will be that all population means are equal, the alternative
hypothesis is that at least one mean is different.
In general, a hypothesis can be tested concerning the equality of treatment means
by these steps:
Null Hypothesis:
H0 ...
Alternative Hypothesis:
Test Statistic:
F* SB / MSW
Test Criteria:
df1: k -1
df2: n-1
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Rejection of hypothesis:
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MINITAB 16
Minitab is statistical analysis software. It can be used for learning about statistics as
well as statistical research. Statistical analysis computer applications have the
advantage of being accurate, reliable, and generally faster than computing statistics
and drawing graphs by hand. Minitab is relatively easy to use once know a few
fundamentals. MINITAB 16 is the most suitable software to be use since it is user
friendly and have a simple interface that can be easily understand.
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Initial Cost:
2.
Labour cost
Energy cost
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Step 3: Calculate Net Present Value of each element, for every year
The present value of future income or future cost can be calculated by using
discounting factor and inflation factor.
Discount factor
The discount rate is an interest rate, a central bank charges depository
institutions that borrow reserves from it.
Inflation factor
The inflation rate is the percentage by which prices of goods and services rise
beyond their average levels. It is the rate by which the purchasing power of the
people in a particular geography has declined in a specified period.
Formula for Net Present Value (NPV)
Where, C is any cost element at nth year, I is an inflation rate and d is a discount
rate / interest rate.
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Sl. No.
Cost Element
Value
Time phase
Remarks
Payback Calculation
One way to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of LCCA alternatives is to look at their
payback against the base case. The payback term is the time it takes an option to
have the same life cycle cost as the base case. For example, the cumulative cost of
three LCCA alternatives compared to a base case. The point at which each
alternative line crosses the base-case line is the payback point, where the options
have the same cumulative cost.
rather
than
for
individual
building
systems
or
components.
21
22
23
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
5.1 Expected Outcomes
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REFERENCE
1. Leah C. Kelly, E. G. (2010). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. On the
feasibility of solar-powered irrigation, 2670-2680.
2. S. Mekhilefa, . A. (2011). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Solar
energy in Malaysia: Current state and prospects, 386-395.
3. Viv Bewick, L. C. (2003). Statistics review 7: Correlation and regression.
Retrieved
November
28,
2013,
from
BioMed
Central
Ltd:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC374386/#!po=67.8571
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