Pixar - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

10/26/2014
Pixar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Create account Log in
Pixar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Article Talk
Read Edit
View history
Coordinates:
Search
37.832639N 122.283789W
This article is about the animation company owned by Disney. For information on the .pxr
file format or the graphics designing computer, see Pixar Image Computer.
Main page
Pixar Animation Studios, or
Contents
simply Pixar (/pksr/), is an
Featured content
American computer animationfilm
Current events
studio based inEmeryville, California. The
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
studio is best known for itsCGI-animated

feature films created with PhotoRealistic
RenderMan, its own implementation of the
Pixar Animation Studios
1986present logo
Type
Subsidiary of The Walt Disney

Company
Industry
CGI animation
industry-standard RenderManimagerendering application programming interface
Motion pictures
Community portal
used to generate high-quality images. Pixar
Recent changes
began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part
Predecessors The Graphics Group

ofLucasfilm Computer Division
(19791986)
Contact page
of the computer division ofLucasfilm before
Founded
February 3, 1986; 28 years ago
its spin-out as a corporation in 1986 with
Founders
Steve Jobs
About Wikipedia
Tools
What links here
funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve
Related changes
Jobs, who became its majority
Upload file
shareholder.[1] The Walt Disney
Special pages
Company bought Pixar in 2006 at a
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
valuation of $7.4 billion, a transaction which
Edwin Catmull
Alvy Ray Smith[1]
Headquarters Emeryville, California, United
States
Key people
John Lasseter (CCO)
made Jobs Disney's largest shareholder.
Jim Morris (General Manager and
Luxo Jr., a character from anearly Pixar film,

is the mascotof the studio.
Edwin Catmull (President)
Executive VP of Production)
Products
Pixar Image
Computer,RenderMan, Marionette
Parent
Lucasfilm (19791986)
Independent (19862006)
The Walt Disney Studios(2006
present)
success, with the notable exception
Subsidiaries
Pixar Canada (Closed)
being Cars 2 (2011), which, while
Website
www.pixar.com
Pixar has produced fourteen feature films,

beginning with Toy Story (1995) and its most
recent Monsters University (2013). All of the
films have received both critical and financial
Catal
commercially successful, received
etina
substantially less praise than Pixar's other productions.[2] All fourteen films have debuted
Cymraeg
with CinemaScore ratings of at least "A-", indicating a positive reception with audiences.[3] The
Dansk
studio has also produced severalshort films. As of December 2013, its feature films have
Deutsch
Eesti
made over $8.5 billion worldwide,[4] with an average worldwide gross of $607 million per
film.[5] Both Finding Nemo (2003) and Toy Story 3 (2010) are among the 50 highest-grossing
Espaol
films of all time, and all of Pixar's films are among the 50 highest-grossing animated films, with
Esperanto
the latter being the 2nd all-time highest, just behind Disney's Frozen, grossing over $1 billion
Euskara
worldwide.
Froyskt
Franais
The studio has earned 27 Academy Awards, seven Golden Globe Awards, and
eleven Grammy Awards, among many other awards and acknowledgments. Since the award's
Galego
inauguration in 2001, most of Pixar's films have been nominated for the Academy Award for
Best Animated Feature, with seven winning: Finding Nemo (2003), The
Incredibles (2004),Ratatouille (2007), WALL-E (2008), Up (2009), Toy Story 3 (2010),
andBrave (2012). Monsters, Inc. (2001) and Cars (2006) are the only two just being
Hrvatski
nominated for the award. Up and Toy Story 3 were the second and third animated films to be
Bahasa Indonesia
nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture (the first being Beauty and the Beast). On
slenska
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar
1/15
10/26/2014
Italiano
September 6, 2009, executives John Lasseter, Brad Bird, Pete Docter, Andrew Stanton,
andLee Unkrich were presented with the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement by the
Basa Jawa
Biennale Venice Film Festival. The award was presented by Lucasfilm founder George Lucas.
Contents [hide]
1 History
Latvieu
Lietuvi
1.1 Early history
Magyar
1.2 Disney
1.3 Expansion
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
2 Feature films and shorts

2.1 Traditions
2.2 Sequels and prequels
Norsk bokml
2.3 Adaptation to television
Norsk nynorsk
2.4 Animation and live-action
2.5 Upcoming projects
Polski
Portugus
2.5.1 Inside Out
Romn
2.5.2 The Good Dinosaur
2.5.3 Finding Dory
Scots
2.5.4 Other future projects
Shqip
Simple English
3 Exhibitions
Slovenina
3.1 Pixar: 20 Years of Animation
/ srpski
3.2 Pixar: 25 Years of Animation
Srpskohrvatski /
4 See also
Suomi
5 References
Svenska
6 External links
Tagalog
Trke
History
Edit links
[edit]
Early history
[edit]
Pixar was founded as The Graphics Group, which was

one third of the Computer Division ofLucasfilm that was
launched in 1979 with the hiring of Dr. Ed Catmull from
the New York Institute of Technology (NYIT),[6] where
he was in charge of the Computer Graphics
Lab (CGL). At NYIT, the researchers pioneered many
of the CG foundation techniquesin particular the
invention of the "alpha channel" (by Catmull and Alvy
Ray Smith);[7] years later the CGL produced an
Pixar's studio lot in Emeryville. The

studio opened in November 2000.
experimental film calledThe Works. After moving to

Lucasfilm, the team worked on creating the precursor
to RenderMan, called REYES (for "renders everything
you ever saw"); and developed a number of critical
technologies for CGincluding "particle effects" and
various animation tools.
In 1982, the team began working on film sequences
with Industrial Light & Magic on special effects.[6] After
years of research, and key milestones in films such as the
Genesis Effect inStar Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and the
Stained Glass Knight in Young Sherlock Holmes,[6] the
group, which numbered 40 individuals back then,[1]was
spun out as a corporation in February 1986 with
2/15
10/26/2014
investment by Steve Jobs shortly after he left Apple

Computer.[1]
Jobs paid $5 million to George Lucas for
technology rights and put them and $5 million cash as

capital into the company.[1] A factor contributing to Lucas'
A Pixar Computer
photographed at the Computer
History Museum with the 19861995 logo on it.
sale was an increase in cash flow difficulties following his

1983 divorce, which coincided with the sudden dropoff in revenues from Star Wars licenses
following the release of Return of the Jedi. The newly independent company was headed by
Dr. Edwin Catmull as President and Dr. Alvy Ray Smith as Executive Vice President. They
were joined on the Board of Directors by Steve Jobs who was Chairman.[1]
Initially, Pixar was a high-end computer hardware company whose core product was the Pixar
Image Computer, a system primarily sold to government agencies and the medical community.
One of the buyers of Pixar Image Computers was Walt Disney Studios, which was using it as
part of their secretive CAPS project, using the machine and custom software written by Pixar
to migrate the laborious ink and paint part of the 2-D animation process to a more automated
method. The Image Computer never sold well.[8] In a bid to drive sales of the system, Pixar
employeeJohn Lasseterwho had long been creating short demonstration animations, such
as Luxo Jr., to show off the device's capabilitiespremiered his creations at SIGGRAPH, the
computer graphics industry's largest convention, to great fanfare.[8]
Inadequate sales of Pixar's computers threatened to put the company out of business as
financial losses grew. Jobs invested more and more money in exchange for an increasing
portion of the company, reducing the fraction of ownership by the management and
employees until after several years he owned essentially all the company for a total investment
of $50 million. Lasseter's animation department began producing computer-animated
commercials for outside companies. Early successes included campaigns
for Tropicana, Listerine, and Life Savers.[9] In April 1990 Pixar sold its hardware division,
including all proprietary hardware technology and imaging software, to Vicom Systems, and
transferred 18 of Pixar's approximately 100 employees. The same year Pixar moved from San
Rafael to Richmond, California.[10] During this period, Pixar continued its successful
relationship with Walt Disney Feature Animation, a studio whose corporate parent would
ultimately become its most important partner. In 1991, after a tough start of the year when
about 30 employees in the company's computer department were dismissed (including the
company's president, Chuck Kolstad),[11] which reduced the total number of employees to just
42, essentially its original number,[12] Pixar made a $26 million deal with Disney to produce
three computer-animated feature films, the first of which was Toy Story. At that point, the
software programmers, who were doing RenderMan and CAPS, and Lasseters animation
department, who made television commercials, some 3-D Stings for Nickelodeon, and a few
shorts for Sesame Street, was all that was left of Pixar.[13]
Despite the total income of these products, the company was still losing money, and Jobs, still
chairman of the board and now the full owner, often considered selling it. Even as late as
1994, Jobs contemplated selling Pixar to other companies, among them Microsoft. Only after
learning from New York critics that Toy Story was probably going to be a success and
confirming that Disney would distribute it for the 1995 Christmas season did he decide to give
Pixar another chance.[14] He also began then for the first time to take an active direct
leadership role in the company, making himself its CEO. The film went on to gross more than
$361 million worldwide.[15]Later that year, Pixar held its initial public offering on November 29,
1995, and the company's stock was priced at US$22 per share.[16]
During the 1990s and 2000s, Pixar gradually developed the "Pixar Braintrust," the studio's
primary creative development process, in which all directors, writers, and lead storyboard
artists at the studio look at each other's projects on a regular basis and give each other very
candid "notes" (the industry term for constructive criticism).[17] The Braintrust operates under a
philosophy of a "filmmaker-driven studio", in which creatives help each other move their films
forward through a process somewhat like peer review, as opposed to the traditional Hollywood
3/15
10/26/2014
approach of an "executive-driven studio" in which directors are micromanaged through

"mandatory notes" from development executives ranking above the
producers.[18][18][19] According to Catmull, it evolved out of the working relationship between
Lasseter, Stanton, Docter, Unkrich, and Joe Ranft onToy Story.[17]
As a result of the success of Toy Story, Pixar built a new studio in Emeryville which opened in
November 2000.
Disney
[edit]
Pixar and Disney had disagreements after the production of Toy Story 2. Originally intended
as a straight-to-video release (and thus not part of Pixar's three-picture deal), the film was
eventually upgraded to a theatrical release during production. Pixar demanded that the film
then be counted toward the three-picture agreement, but Disney refused.[20] Though profitable
for both, Pixar later complained that the arrangement was not equitable. Pixar was responsible
for creation and production, while Disney handled marketing and distribution. Profits and
production costs were split 50-50, but Disney exclusively owned all story and sequel rights and
also collected a distribution fee. The lack of story and sequel rights was perhaps the most
onerous aspect to Pixar and set the stage for a contentious relationship.[21]
The two companies attempted to reach a new agreement in early 2004. The new deal would
be only for distribution, as Pixar intended to control production and own the resulting film
properties themselves. The company also wanted to finance their films on their own and
collect 100 percent of the profits, paying Disney only the 10 to 15 percent distribution
fee.[22] More importantly, as part of any distribution agreement with Disney, Pixar demanded
control over films already in production under their old agreement, including The
Incredibles and Cars. Disney considered these conditions unacceptable, but Pixar would not
concede.[22]
Disagreements between Steve Jobs and then-Disney Chairman and CEOMichael
Eisner made the negotiations more difficult than they otherwise might have been. They broke
down completely in mid-2004, with Jobs declaring that Pixar was actively seeking partners
other than Disney.[23]Despite this announcement, Pixar did not enter negotiations with other
distributors. After a lengthy hiatus, negotiations between the two companies resumed following
the departure of Eisner from Disney in September 2005. In preparation for potential fallout
between Pixar and Disney, Jobs announced in late 2004 that Pixar would no longer release
movies at the Disney-dictated November time frame, but during the more lucrative early
summer months. This would also allow Pixar to release DVDs for their major releases during
the Christmas shopping season. An added benefit of delaying Cars was to extend the time
frame remaining on the Pixar-Disney contract to see how things would play out between the
two companies.[24]
Pending the Disney acquisition of Pixar, the two companies created a distribution deal for the
intended 2007 release of Ratatouille, if the acquisition fell through, to ensure that this one film
would still be released through Disney's distribution channels. (In contrast to the earlier
Disney/Pixar deal, Ratatouille was to remain a Pixar property and Disney would have received
only a distribution fee.) The completion of Disney's Pixar acquisition, however, nullified this
distribution arrangement.[25]
Disney ultimately agreed to buy Pixar for approximately $7.4 billion in an all-stock
deal.[26] Following Pixar shareholder approval, the acquisition was completed May 5, 2006.
The transaction catapulted Steve Jobs, who was the majority shareholder of Pixar with 50.1%,
to Disney's largest individual shareholder with 7% and a new seat on its board of
directors.[27] Jobs' new Disney holdings exceeded holdings belonging to ex-CEO Michael
Eisner, the previous top shareholder, who still held 1.7%; and Disney Director Emeritus Roy E.
Disney, who held almost 1% of the corporation's shares.
Pixar shareholders received 2.3 shares of Disney common stock for each share of Pixar
4/15
10/26/2014
common stock redeemed.

As part of the deal, John Lasseter, by then Executive Vice President, became Chief Creative
Officer (reporting to President and CEO Robert Igerand consulting with Disney Director Roy E.
Disney) of both Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios (including its division, DisneyToon
Studios), as well as the Principal Creative Adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering, which designs
and builds the company's theme parks.[27] Catmull retained his position as President of Pixar,
while also becoming President of Walt Disney Animation Studios, reporting to Bob Iger
and Dick Cook, chairman of Walt Disney Studio Entertainment. Steve Jobs' position as Pixar's
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer was also removed, and instead he took a place on the
Disney board of directors.[28]
After the deal closed in May, Lasseter revealed that Iger had realized Disney needed to buy
Pixar while watching a parade at the opening ofHong Kong Disneyland in September
2005.[29] Iger noticed that of all the Disney characters in the parade, not one was a character
that Disney had created within the last ten years, since all the newer ones had been created
by Pixar.[29] Lasseter and Catmull were understandably wary when the topic of Disney buying
Pixar first came up, but Jobs asked them to give Iger a chance (based on his own experience
negotiating with Iger in summer 2005 for the rights to ABC shows for the fifth-generation iPod
Classic),[30] and in turn, Iger convinced them of the sincerity of his epiphany that Disney really
needed to re-focus on animation.[29]
Lasseter and Catmull's oversight of both the Disney and
Pixar studios did not mean that the two studios were
merging, however. In fact, additional conditions were laid
out as part of the deal to ensure that Pixar remained a
separate entity, a concern that analysts had expressed
about the Disney deal.[31] Some of those conditions were
that Pixar HR policies would remain intact, including the
lack of employment contracts. Also, the Pixar name was
guaranteed to continue, and the studio would remain in its
John Lasseter appears with

characters from Up at the 2009
Venice Film Festival.
current Emeryville, Californialocation with the "Pixar" sign.

Finally, branding of films made post-merger would be
"DisneyPixar" (beginning with Cars).[32]
Jim Morris, producer of WALL-E, became general manager of Pixar. In this new position,
Morris took charge of the day-to-day running of the studio facilities and products.[33]
After a few years, Lasseter and Catmull were able to successfully transfer the basic principles
of the Pixar Braintrust to Disney, although meetings of the Disney Story Trust are reportedly
somewhat "more polite" than those of the Pixar Braintrust.[34] Catmull later explained that after
the merger, to maintain the studios' separate identities and cultures (notwithstanding the fact
of common ownership and common senior management), he and Lasseter "drew a hard line"
that each studio was solely responsible for its own projects and would not be allowed to borrow
personnel from or lend tasks out to the other.[35][36] That rule ensures that each studio
maintains "local ownership" of projects and can be proud of its own work.[35][36] Thus, for
example, when Pixar had issues with Ratatouille (2007) and Disney had issues
with Bolt (2008), "nobody bailed them out" and each studio was required "to solve the problem
on its own" even when they knew there were personnel at the other studio who theoretically
could have helped.[35][36]
Expansion
[edit]
On April 20, 2010, Pixar Animation Studios opened Pixar Canada in the downtown area
of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[37] The roughly 2,000 square meters studio produced
seven short films based on Toy Story and Cars characters. In October 2013, the studio was
closed down to refocus Pixar's efforts at its main headquarters.[38]
5/15
10/26/2014
Feature films and shorts
[edit]
See also: List of Pixar films, List of Pixar shorts and List of Pixar awards and nominations
Traditions
[edit]
While some of Pixar's first animators were former cel animators, including John Lasseter, they
also came from stop motion animation and/orcomputer animation or were fresh college
graduates.[6] A large number of animators that make up the animation department at Pixar
were hired around the time Pixar released A Bug's Life and Toy Story 2. Although Toy
Story was a successful film, it was Pixar's only feature film at the time. The majority of the
animation industry was, and is still located in Los Angeles, California, while Pixar is located
350 miles (560 km) north in the San Francisco Bay Area. Also, traditional 2-D animation was
still the dominant medium for feature animated films.
With the dearth of Los Angeles-based animators willing to move their families so far north,
give up traditional animation, and try computer animation, Pixar's new-hires at this time either
came directly from college, or had worked outside feature animation. For those who had
traditional animation skills, the Pixar animation software (Marionette) is designed so that
traditional animators would require a minimum amount of training before becoming
productive.[6]
In an interview with PBS talk show host Tavis Smiley,[39] Lasseter said that Pixar films follow
the same theme of self-improvement as the company itself has: with the help of friends or
family, a character ventures out into the real world and learns to appreciate his friends and
family. At the core, Lasseter said, "it's gotta be about the growth of the main character, and
how he changes."[39]
One particular tradition has been a part of every Pixar feature film produced for DisneyJohn
Ratzenberger (formerly of Cheers) has voiced characters (even if it's a cameo) from Toy
Story to Monsters University. Pixar paid tribute to their "good luck charm" in the end credits
of Cars where internal parodies of three of their films are seen with Ratzenberger voicing the
respective characters. His punchline in the epilogue was "What kind of cut-rate production is
this?"
Due to the traditions that have occurred within the film, suchanthropomorphic animals
and Easter Egg crossovers between movies that have been spotted by fans, in 2013 a blog
post by the name The Pixar Theory was published making the argument that all of the
characters withinthe Pixar universe were related.[40][41][42]
Sequels and prequels
[edit]
Toy Story 2 was originally commissioned by Disney as a 60-minute direct-to-video release.

Expressing doubts about the strength of the material,John Lasseter convinced the Pixar team
to start from scratch and make the sequel their third full-length feature film.
Following the release of Toy Story 2 in 1999, Pixar and Disney had agentlemen's
agreement that Disney would not make any sequels without Pixar's involvement, despite their
right to do so. In 2004, after Disney and Pixar were unable to agree on a new deal, Disney
announced plans to move forward on sequels with or without Pixar, and put Toy Story 3 into
pre-production at Disney's new CGI division, Circle 7 Animation. However, when Lasseter was
placed in charge of all Disney and Pixar animation following the 2006 merger of the
companies, he put all sequels on hold andToy Story 3 was cancelled. In May 2006, it was
announced that Toy Story 3was back in pre-production, with a new plot and under Pixar's
control. The film was released on June 18, 2010.
Shortly after announcing the resurrection of Toy Story 3, Lasseter fueled speculation on
further sequels by saying, "If we have a great story, we'll do a sequel."[43] Cars 2, Pixar's first
non-Toy Story sequel, was officially announced in April 2008 and released on June 24,
6/15
10/26/2014
2011. Monsters University, a prequel to Monsters, Inc., was announced in April 2010 and
initially set for release in November 2012;[44] the release date was pushed to June 21, 2013,
due to Pixar's past success with summer releases, according to a Disney executive.[45] In June
2011, Tom Hanks, who voicedWoody in Toy Story, implied that Toy Story 4 was "in the
works", but this has not been confirmed by the studio.[46][47] In April 2013, a sequel toFinding
Nemo, Finding Dory, was announced for June 17, 2016.[48] In March 2014, The Incredibles
2 and Cars 3 were announced as films in development.[49]
Adaptation to television
[edit]
Toy Story was the first Pixar film to be adapted onto television, with Buzz Lightyear of Star
Command film and TV series. Cars became the second with the help of Cars Toons, a series
of three-to-five-minute short films running between regular Disney Channel shows and
featuring Mater (the tow truck voiced by comedian Larry the Cable Guy).[50] In 2013, Pixar
released its first television special, Toy Story of Terror!.[51]
Animation and live-action
[edit]
All Pixar films to date have been computer-animated features, but WALL-Eso far has been the
only Pixar film to not be completely animated, as it featured a small element of live-action
footage. 1906, the live-action film byBrad Bird based on a screenplay and novel by James
Dalessandro about the 1906 earthquake, is in development. Bird has stated that he was
"interested in moving into the live-action realm with some projects" while "staying at Pixar
[because] it's a very comfortable environment for me to work in."
Upcoming projects
[edit]
Inside Out [edit]
Main article: Inside Out (2015 film)

Citing a U.S. release date of June 19, 2015, Pixar's web site has included this since the
summer of 2013: "From director Pete Docter (Up, Monsters, Inc.) and producer Jonas
Rivera (Up), the inventive new film will take you to a place that everyone knows, but no one
has ever seen: the world inside the human mind."[52][53] Reportedly, the film setting is "the
brain space of a little girl. Anger, Sadness, Disgust and Joy are some of the main characters"
and characters/emotions are designed as dynamic figures made up of particles that actually
move.[54]
At the 2013 D23 Expo, the film's primary cast was announced in the roles of the young girl's
emotions; Amy Poehler as Joy, Mindy Kaling as Disgust,Lewis Black as Anger, Bill Hader as
Fear, and Phyllis Smith as Sadness.[55]
The Good Dinosaur [edit]
Main article: The Good Dinosaur

The Good Dinosaur will be released on November 25, 2015.[48] It was going to be co-directed
by Bob Peterson and Peter Sohn. Bob Peterson was removed from the project, and is
developing another film at Pixar. A new director has yet to be announced.[56] Enrico Casarosa,
director of La Luna, will be head of story.[57]
Finding Dory [edit]
Main article: Finding Dory

On April 2, 2013, a sequel to Finding Nemo was announced. The film, titledFinding Dory, will
star Ellen DeGeneres reprising her role as Dory, and will be directed by Finding
Nemo director, Andrew Stanton.[58] It is due to be released on June 17, 2016.[48]
Other future projects [edit]
In April 2012, Pixar announced their intention to create a film centered on

7/15
10/26/2014
the Mexican holiday Da de los Muertos[59] which is to be directed by Lee Unkrich.[60] Both an
official title and release date have yet to be announced. Michael Wallis, the voice of Sheriff
from the Cars franchise and a Route 66 consultant for the first two films, said in August 2013
in an interview with WGBZ radio that Pixar will make a third film in the series, which will go
back to Route 66 and will also include Route 99.[61] Cars 3, along with The Incredibles 2, were
announced in March 2014.[49]
Exhibitions
[edit]
Since December 2005, Pixar has held exhibitions celebrating the art and artists of Pixar, over
their first twenty years in animation.[62]
Pixar: 20 Years of Animation
[edit]
Pixar celebrated 20 years in 2006 with the release of Pixar's seventh feature film, Cars, and
held two exhibitions, from April to June 2010, atScience Centre Singapore, in Jurong East,
Singapore, and the London Science Museum, London.[63] It was their first time holding an
exhibition in Singapore.
The exhibition highlights consist of work-in-progress sketches from various Pixar productions,
clay sculptures of their characters, and anautostereoscopic short showcasing a 3D version of
the exhibition pieces which is projected through 4 projectors. Another highlight is the Zoetrope,
where visitors of the exhibition are shown figurines of Toy Story characters "animated" in reallife through the zoetrope.[63]
Pixar: 25 Years of Animation
[edit]
Pixar celebrated 25 years of animation in 2011 with the release of its twelfth feature film, Cars
2. Pixar had celebrated its 20th anniversary with the firstCars. The Pixar: 25 Years of
Animation exhibition was held at the Oakland Museum of California from July 2010 until
January 2011.[64] The exhibition tour debuts in Hong Kong, and was held at the Hong Kong
Heritage Museum in Sha Tin, between March 27 and July 11, 2011.[65][66] In 2013 the
exhibition was held in the EXPO in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. On November 16, 2013 the
exhibition moved to the Art Ludique museum in Paris, France, with a scheduled run until
March 2, 2014.[67] The exhibition will move to three Spanish cities later in 2014: Madrid (where
it will be held in CaixaForum from March 21 until June 22[68]), Barcelona and Zaragoza.
Pixar: 25 Years of Animation includes all of the artwork from Pixar: 20 Years of Animation,
plus art from Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up, and Toy Story 3.
See also
[edit]
List of Pixar films

List of Pixar staff
List of Pixar shorts
Animation portal
References
1. ^
a bc de f
Film portal
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Disney portal
[edit]
"Pixar Founding Documents"
. Alvy Ray Smith. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
2. ^ Tyler, Josh (June 23, 2011). "It's Official, Cars 2 Is Pixar's First Bad Movie"
. Cinema Blend.
Retrieved December 22, 2013.

3. ^ Nikki Finke (June 23, 2013). "Monsters University Global Total $136.5M: #1 N.A. With $82M
For Pixars 2nd Biggest; World War Z Zombies $112M Worldwide: $66M Domestic Is Biggest
Opening For Original Live Action Film Since Avatar"
. Deadline.com. PMC Network. Retrieved
June 23, 2013.

4. ^ "Pixar"
. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
5. ^ When added to foreign grosses Pixar Movies at the Box Office

Box Office Mojo

8/15
10/26/2014
5. ^ When added to foreign grosses Pixar Movies at the Box Office

6. ^
a bc de
Box Office Mojo
Hormby, Thomas (January 22, 2007). "The Pixar Story: Fallon Forbes, Dick Shoup, Alex
Schure, George Lucas and Disney"
. Low End Mac. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
7. ^ Ray Smith, Alvy (August 15, 1995). "Alpha and the History of Digital Compositing"
. Princeton
University - Department of Computer Science. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

8. ^
a b
"Pixar Animation Studios"
. Ohio State University. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
9. ^ "Toy Stories and Other Tales"
. University of Saskatchewan.
10. ^ "Pixar Animation Studios Company History"

11. ^ "History of Computer Graphics: 199099"
. Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
. Hem.passagen.se. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
12. ^ Fisher, Lawrence M. (April 2, 1991). "Hard Times For Innovator In Graphics"
. The New York
Times. Retrieved July 8, 2011.

13. ^ "all about Steve Jobs Long Bio (6/11)"
(in French). Allaboutstevejobs.com. April 30, 1990.
Retrieved July 8, 2011.

14. ^ Schlender, Brent (September 18, 1995). "Steve Jobs' Amazing Movie Adventure Disney Is
Betting On computerdom's Ex-boy Wonder To Deliver This Year's Animated Christmas
Blockbuster. Can He Do For Hollywood What He Did For Silicon Valley?"
. CNNMoney.
Retrieved September 18, 1995.Nevius, C.W. (August 24, 2005). "Pixar tells story behind 'Toy
Story' "
. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
15. ^ "Toy Story"
. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
16. ^ The IPO exceeded Netscape as the biggest IPO of the year. In the first half hour, the stock shot
up to US$45, and trading was delayed because there were too many un-matched buy orders. It
then went up even further, to $US49, before to closing the day at US$39. <Steve Jobs by Walter
Isaacson, page 291> "Company FAQ's"
17. ^
a b
. Pixar. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
Catmull, Ed (12 March 2014). "Inside The Pixar Braintrust"
. Fast Company (Mansueto
Ventures, LLC). Retrieved 28 September 2014.

18. ^
a b
Wloszczyna, Susan (October 31, 2012). " 'Wreck-It Ralph' is a Disney animation game-
changer"
. USA Today. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
19. ^ Pond, Steve (February 21, 2014). "Why Disney Fired John Lasseter And How He Came Back
to Heal the Studio"
. The Wrap. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
20. ^ Hartl, John (July 31, 2000). "Sequels to `Toy Story,' `Tail,' `Dragonheart' go straight to video."
The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008.

21. ^ Bjorkman, James. "Disney Animated Film Eras"
. Animated Film Reviews. Retrieved 2014-06-
07.
22. ^
a b
"Pixar dumps Disney"
. CNN. January 29, 2004. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
23. ^ "Pixar Says 'So Long' to Disney"
. Wired. January 29, 2004. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
24. ^ Grover, Ronald (December 9, 2004). "Steve Jobs's Sharp Turn with Cars"
. Business Week.
Retrieved February 23, 2007.

25. ^ "Pixar Perfectionists Cook Up 'Ratatouille' As Latest Animated Concoction"
. Star Pulse.
Retrieved April 22, 2008.

26. ^ La Monica, Paul R. (January 24, 2006). "Disney buys Pixar"
27. ^
a b
. CNN.
Holson, Laura M. (January 25, 2006). "Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4 Billion
Deal"
. The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
28. ^ La Monica, Paul R. (January 24, 2006). "Disney buys Pixar"

29. ^
a bc
Schlender, Brent (May 17, 2006). "Pixar's magic man"
. CNN. Retrieved April 22, 2008.

. CNN Money. Retrieved April 20,
2012.
30. ^ Issacson, Walter (2013). Steve Jobs (1st paperback ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.
p. 438. ISBN 9781451648546.
31. ^ "Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among The Walt Disney Company, Lux Acquisition
Corp. and Pixar"
. Securities and Exchange Commission. January 24, 2006. Retrieved April 25,
2007.
32. ^ Bunk, Matthew (January 21, 2006). "Sale unlikely to change Pixar culture"
. Inside Bay Area.
Retrieved April 22, 2008.

33. ^ Graser, Marc (September 10, 2008). "Morris and Millstein named manager of Disney
studios"
. Variety. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
34. ^ Kilday, Gregg (December 4, 2013). "Pixar vs. Disney Animation: John Lasseter's Tricky Tug-ofWar"
35. ^
a bc
. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 4, 2013.

Bell, Chris (5 April 2014). "Pixar's Ed Catmull: interview"
. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved
5 April 2014.
9/15
10/26/2014
36. ^
a bc
Zahed, Ramin (2 April 2012). "An Interview with Disney/Pixar President Dr. Ed
Catmull"
. Animation Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
37. ^ "Pixar Canada sets up home base in Vancouver, looks to expand"

Canada. Archived from the original
. The Vancouver Sun.
on April 22, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
38. ^ "Pixar Canada shuts its doors in Vancouver"
. The Province. October 8, 2013. Retrieved
October 8, 2013.
39. ^
a b
Smiley, Tavis (January 24, 2007). "Tavis Smiley"
. PBS. Retrieved March 1, 2007. [dead link]
40. ^ Dunn, Gaby (July 12, 2013). " "Pixar Theory" connects all your favorite movies in 1
universe"
. The Daily Dot. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
41. ^ Whitney, Erin (July 12, 2013). "The (Mind-Blowing) Pixar Theory: Are All the Films
Connected?"
. Moviefone. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
42. ^ McFarland, Kevin (July 12, 2013). "Read This: A grand unified theory connects all Pixar films in
one timeline"
. The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
43. ^ Douglas, Edwards (June 3, 2006). "Pixar Mastermind John Lasseter"
. comingsoon.net.
Retrieved March 1, 2007.

44. ^ "Disney announce Monsters Inc sequel"
45. ^ "Monsters University Pushed to 2013"
46. ^ "Tom Hanks reveals Toy Story 4"
47. ^ Access Hollywood
48. ^
a bc
49. ^
. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
June 27, 2011
Keegan, Rebecca (September 18, 2013). " 'The Good Dinosaur' moved to 2015, leaving
Pixar with no 2014 film"

a b
. BBC News. April 23, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

. movieweb.com. April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
Vejvoda, Jim (March 18, 2014). "Disney Officially Announces The Incredibles 2 and Cars 3
Are in the Works"
. IGN. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
50. ^ "Cars Toons Coming In October To Disney Channel"
. AnimationWorldNetwork. September
26, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2008.

51. ^ Cheney, Alexandra (October 13, 2013). "Watch A Clip from Pixars First TV Special Toy Story
OF TERROR!"
. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
52. ^ "Upcoming: Inside Out"
. Pixar.com. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
53. ^ " 'Up' Director Pete Docter's Pixar Mind Movie Now Reportedly Titled 'The Inside Out' | The
Playlist"
. Blogs.indiewire.com. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
54. ^ "3 Things We Just Learned About Pixars Inside Out From Pete Docter"
FilmSchoolRejects.com. Retrieved July 31, 2013.

55. ^ Schillaci, Sophie (August 9, 2013). "D23: Disney Sets Voice Casts for 'Finding Dory,' 'Inside Out'
and 'Good Dinosaur' "
. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
56. ^ New Pixar Films: Dinosaurs, Pete Docter Project, Toy Story Toon
57. ^ Interview: Enrico Casarosa Discusses La Luna
58. ^ "Ellen DeGeneres to Star in Nemo Sequel Finding Dory"
. SpeakEasy (The Wall Street
Journal). April 2, 2013.

59. ^ Keegan, Rebecca (April 25, 2012). "Pixar announces Da de los Muertos film"
. Los Angeles
Times. Retrieved April 27, 2012.

60. ^ Billington, Alex (April 25, 2012). "Pixar Announces Lee Unkrich's Next Project About Dia de los
Muertos"
. First Showing. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
61. ^ Warnick, Ron (August 17, 2013). "Michael Wallis confirms there will be a "Cars 3"
. Route 66
News. Retrieved October 16, 2013.

62. ^ "Pixar: 20 Years of Animation"
63. ^
a b
. Pixar. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Eng Eng, Wang (April 1, 2010). "Pixar animation comes to life at Science Centre
exhibition"
. MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
. [1]
. Leisure and Cultural Services Department. Retrieved January
. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
11, 2011.
66. ^ "Pixar brings fascinating animation world to Hong Kong
, Xinhua, March 27, 2011
67. ^ http://artludique.com/exposition.html
68. ^ "Pixar: 25 aos de animacin"
. Obra Social "la Caixa". Retrieved April 24, 2014.
10/15
10/26/2014
11/15
10/26/2014
12/15
10/26/2014
13/15
10/26/2014
External links
[edit]
Official website
Pixar's channel
on YouTube
at the Internet Movie Database
at the Big Cartoon DataBase
List of the 40 founding employees of Pixar
VTE
Steve Jobs
[show]
VTE
The Walt Disney Company
[show]
VTE
The Walt Disney Studios
[show]
VTE
Pixar
[show]
14/15
10/26/2014

VTE
John Lasseter
[show]
VTE
Lucasfilm
[show]
VTE
Film studios in the United States and

Canada
[show]
VTE
Emeryville, California
[show]
Categories: Pixar 1979 establishments in the United States American animation studios
Companies based in Emeryville, California Companies established in 1979
Disney production studios Emeryville, California
Film production companies of the United States Steve Jobs Walt Disney Studios
Cinema of the San Francisco Bay Area Disney acquisitions
Empire Inspiration Award winners
This page was last modified on 21 October 2014 at 12:11.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia Developers
Mobile view
15/15

Pixar - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Pixar - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

10/26/2014

Pixar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Create account Log in

Pixar Animation Studios, or

simply Pixar (/pksr/), is an

American computer animationfilm

studio based inEmeryville, California. The

studio is best known for itsCGI-animated

Pixar Animation Studios

Subsidiary of The Walt Disney

industry-standard RenderManimagerendering application programming interface

used to generate high-quality images. Pixar

began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part

Predecessors The Graphics Group

of the computer division ofLucasfilm before

February 3, 1986; 28 years ago

its spin-out as a corporation in 1986 with

funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve

Jobs, who became its majority

shareholder.[1] The Walt Disney

Company bought Pixar in 2006 at a

valuation of $7.4 billion, a transaction which

John Lasseter (CCO)

made Jobs Disney's largest shareholder.

Jim Morris (General Manager and

Luxo Jr., a character from anearly Pixar film,

Edwin Catmull (President)

success, with the notable exception

Pixar Canada (Closed)

being Cars 2 (2011), which, while

Pixar has produced fourteen feature films,

commercially successful, received

Incredibles (2004),Ratatouille (2007), WALL-E (2008), Up (2009), Toy Story 3 (2010),

Pixar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1.1 Early history

2 Feature films and shorts

2.2 Sequels and prequels

2.3 Adaptation to television

2.4 Animation and live-action

2.5 Upcoming projects

2.5.1 Inside Out

2.5.2 The Good Dinosaur

2.5.3 Finding Dory

2.5.4 Other future projects

3.1 Pixar: 20 Years of Animation

3.2 Pixar: 25 Years of Animation

Pixar was founded as The Graphics Group, which was

Pixar's studio lot in Emeryville. The

experimental film calledThe Works. After moving to

Pixar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

investment by Steve Jobs shortly after he left Apple

Jobs paid $5 million to George Lucas for

technology rights and put them and $5 million cash as

sale was an increase in cash flow difficulties following his

Pixar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

approach of an "executive-driven studio" in which directors are micromanaged through

Pixar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

common stock redeemed.

John Lasseter appears with

current Emeryville, Californialocation with the "Pixar" sign.

Pixar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Feature films and shorts

Sequels and prequels

Toy Story 2 was originally commissioned by Disney as a 60-minute direct-to-video release.