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Objective: To study the components of a motherboard.
Motherboard
The motherboard is one of the most important parts of the PC. A computer has many components, each
with their own roles and functions. The role of the motherboard is to allow all these components to
communicate with each other.
Components of a motherboard:
Processor Socket:
The processor socket is the central piece of a motherboard, usually being located near the center of the
motherboard. Its also the central piece because it holds the processor the brain of your computer. socket
or CPU slot is a mechanical component(s) that provides mechanical and electrical connections between a
microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows the CPU to be replaced without soldering.
A CPU socket is made of plastic, a lever or latch, and metal contacts for each of the pins or lands on the
CPU. Many packages are keyed to ensure the proper insertion of the CPU. CPUs with a PGA (pin
gridarray) package are inserted into the socket and the latch is closed.
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Fig1.5 Battery
Northbridge and Southbridge
North Bridge: -The north bridge is an integrated circuit that is responsible for communications between
the CPU interface, AGP, and the memory. The north bridge is a single-chip that is north of the PCI bus
however, early computers may have had up to three separate chips that made up the north bridge. The north
bridge, which has a large heat sink attached to it. It gets hot because of the often very large amounts of data
traffic which pass through it. All around the north bridge you can see the devices it connects. The north
bridge and its immediate surround dings. A lot of traffic runs through the north bridge, hence the heat sink.
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The south bridge is a chip that connects to other components inside computer through
bridge. The function of the south bridge is to send and receive computer data and controls input and output
devices. South bridge multitasks and performs all the functions. Southbridge is a reference to a chipset on a
PC motherboard. It is a group of microchips designed for a single function and manufactured as a single
unit.
Types of ports:
Physical ports are used for connecting a computer trough a cable and a socket to a peripheral device.
Physical computer ports list includes serial ports (DB9 socket ), USB ports ( USB 2.0 or 3.0 socket /
connector ), parallel ports ( DB25 socket / connector ), Ethernet / internet ports ( RJ45 socket / connector )
Virtual ports are data gates that allow software application (network) to use hardware resources without
any interfering. This computer ports ( network ports ) are defined by IANA ( Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority ) and are used by TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol ), UDP ( User Datagram Protocol ),
DCCP ( Datagram Congestion Control Protocol ) and SCTP ( Stream Control Transmission Protocol ).
USB port: USB port (Universal Serial Bus) created in mid-1990s mainly to standardize
communications between computers and peripheral. Also USB ports can be used as a power
supply for different devices like digital cameras, microcontroller programmers, laptop coolers
and other. There were four types of USB computer ports: USB1.0 and 1.1 released between
1996 and 1998 with a speed range starting from 1.5 Mb up to 12 Mb ; USB 2.0 released in 2000
with a maximum speed of 480 Mb/sec and USB 3.0 released in 2008 with a maximum speed of
5 Gb/sec ;
Ethernet port: Ethernet/ internet ports were first introduced in 1980 to standardize the local
area networks (LAN). Internet ports use RJ45 connectors and have speeds between 10 Mb/sec,
100 Mb/sec and 1 Gb/sec, 40 Gb/sec and 100 Gb/sec ;
VGA port: VGA ports ( Video Graphics Array ) has 15 pins displayed on three rows and it is
mainly used for connecting the monitor with the video adapter from the computer motherboard;
adapters :
Serial port: Serial port uses the DB9 socket / connector and transfers information, one bit at a
time, between the computer and other peripherals. The serial computer port identifies with RS232 standard.
LAN card:
The LAN Card is a 'door' to the network from a computer. Any type of network activity requires a LAN
Card - the Internet, network printer, connecting computers together. Today many devices contain a
network card: Televisions for their Internet apps, Blu-ray players, mobile phones, VoIP desk phones, even
refrigerators. LAN Cards are hardware devices, which can be added to a computer or they can be
integrated into the main hardware of the computer.
Read/Write Heads: Located on both sides of a diskette, they move together on the same assembly. The
heads are not directly opposite each other in an effort to prevent interaction between write operations on
each of the two media surfaces. The same head is used for reading and writing, while a second, wider head
is used for erasing a track just prior to it being written. This allows the data to be written on a wider "clean
slate," without interfering with the analog data on an adjacent track.
Drive Motor: A very small spindle motor engages the metal hub at the center of the diskette, spinning it at
either 300 or 360 rotations per minute (RPM).
Stepper Motor: This motor makes a precise number of stepped revolutions to move the read/write head
assembly to the proper track position. The read/write head assembly is fastened to the stepper motor shaft.
Mechanical Frame: A system of levers that opens the little protective window on the diskette to allow the
read/write heads to touch the dual-sided diskette media. An external button allows the diskette to be ejected,
at which point the spring-loaded protective window on the diskette closes.
Circuit Board: Contains all of the electronics to handle the data read from or written to the diskette. It also
controls the stepper-motor control circuits used to move the read/write heads to each track, as well as the
movement of the read/write heads toward the diskette surface.
Connectors:-On the back of the drive electronics circuit board at least two connectors. The 4pin, inline connectors Supplies power to the drive. The 34-pin edge connector provides control signals to
the drive and exchanges data between the drive and the disk controller in the computer.
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Loading Mechanism:
The loading mechanism loads the CD in the Computer CD drive. The frequently used method for loading
the CD drive is the tray. The CD drive has an eject button that opens and closes the CD drive tray. The CD
is placed on the CD drive tray after opening it.
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Disk Case - The rectangular shaped disk case holds all of the components of a hard
disk drive.
dust-free environment.
Disk Platter - The platter shaped like a record with a magnetic surface. Its job is to
store the data contained on the hard disk drive. There can be one or multiple platters
depending on the disk capacity.
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Spindle - The spindle holds the platters together and the motor rotates the platters
at their designated speed, which is measured in RPM.
Actuator - This is designed to move the read/write arm to the correct position on the
platter to read the data.
Read/Write Arm - The read/write arm contains many "heads" on the end of the arm
which are designed to float above the platter and read data from the platter
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CONTROLLER: - The controller is a printed circuit board, mounted at the bottom of a disk
drive. It consists of a microprocessor, internal memory, circuitry, and firmware. The firmware
controls power to the spindle motor and the speed of the motor. It also manages communication
between the drive and the host. In addition, it controls the R/W operations by moving the actuator
arm and switching between different R/W heads, and performs optimization of data access.
FIG-6.6 CONTROLLER
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Function of a keyboard:
The keyboard is used to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other program. In a
modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software. A computer keyboard
distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software.
Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with
special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also
used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete
combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine
Components of a keyboard:
The Outer Frame: The outer frame of a keyboard is mostly made of plastic. This keyboard houses
the key caps, the chips and internal circuits. Normally, there are 103 to 105 key caps etched on the
outer frame. On the right-hand top corner of many keyboards, there are three light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) that when lit show the activation of the command keys: Num Lock, Scroll Lock and Caps
Lock. The first one is for locking numbers, second one control scrolling and third one locks the text
output into uppercase letters.
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Key Switch and Plastic Sheets: As the name suggests, a key switch is small, dome-shaped switch
located under the key cap. These are now obsolete and rarely used in keyboards. Instead, sheets of
plastic with attached sensors are used. The sensors keep track of the key pressed and send the signal
to the keyboard processor.
Key Cap: A key cap is the outer casing placed over the key switch and plastic sheet. It is generally
made of plastic. Each key cap is marked with paint that corresponds to different digits of the
keyboard. It is also the most damage-prone part of the keyboard and may need replacement from
time to time.
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Central Processor: Every key cap input is recorded by key switch or plastic sheet sensors. The
sensors pass the input to the central processor of the keyboard. The central processor of the keyboard
is the unit that controls all the activities going on inside the keyboard, and it sends the signal to the
computer's central processing unit (CPU). The CPU processes the input and relays it to the monitor
for display.
Function
Data
Reserved
Ground
5 volt
Clock
Reserved
AT Keyboard
Pin Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Function
Clock
Data
Reserved
Ground
5 volt
NC
Standard keyboard:
Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm),
and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key
US
traditional
keyboards
or
the
104-key
Windows
keyboards,
include
alphabetic
characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common
102/105 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between
that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the enter key is usually shaped differently. Computer
keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the command or
Windows keys
Ergonomic keyboard:
RAJESH KUMAR | 12LCS003
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Components of a mouse:
Buttons: The button or buttons of a mouse constitute part or the entire top surface of the mouse.
When you press a button, it tells your computer to perform an action at the cursor's location on the
screen. A mouse has at least one button, though most have two or more.
Motion Detection: Your computer needs to receive data about the motion and location of your
mouse. The two most common components for picking up this data are the trackball and the optical
sensor.
Scroll Wheel: Many mice have at least one wheel used to send scrolling data to the computer.
Standard mouse drivers interpret scrolling data according to the current window in your GUI.
Connections: Your mouse can't transmit data if it isn't connected to your computer. Some mice
connect to your computer via a cord, while others are cordless. If your mouse has a cord, it is likely a
USB cord that fits into your computer's USB port.
20
21
Name
Description
DATA
Key Data
n/c
Not connected
GND
ground
VCC
Power , +5 VDC
CLK
Clock
n/c
Not connected
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Crossover cable: Crossover cable use the EIA / TIA 568A at one end of the cord and EIA / TIA 568B at the
other end of the cable. This cables are used for connecting same type of devices such as when you want to
connect two PC or two modems together then we use the Cross cables.
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Power cord:
A power cord, line cord, or mains cable is a cable that temporarily connects an appliance to the mains
electricity supply via a wall socket or extension cord. The terms are generally used for cables using a power
RAJESH KUMAR | 12LCS003
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STEPS:STEP-1: Prepare the motherboard. Choose a good motherboard according to the type of use. If we want to
assemble the well-liked device, we should use Intel G31, GMA3100, or AMD 780 motherboard.
FIG 10.1(MOTHERBOARD)
STEP-2: Mount the CPU in the socket of the motherboard. You must choose the correct CPU for your
motherboard, and install it according to it instructions. Be careful not to install the CPU in wrong. Not only
would your computer not work, it could short-circuit and damage your motherboard.
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STEP-4: Attach the RAM (memory) modules in the corresponding slots. The motherboard should
have rows of slots that have 2 or 3 sections that are different lengths. Make sure the pins on the RAM
cards line up with the pins on the motherboard connector. Don't get the RAM slots mixed up with
PCI slots.
STEP-5: Open the case and mount the power supply which is M-ATX type. Make sure to connect all the
connections to the drives and the motherboard.
STEPS-6: Attach the Main board back plate to the case and check the Main board mounting positions.
The motherboard's instructions should tell the position of the motherboard.
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FIG 10.6
FIG 10.7
STEP8:- Mount the Hard disk and connect it to the power supply and the motherboard. There should be
separate connections for the power supply and the motherboard. In SATA Hard disk case, should remove the
jumper.
FIG 10.8
STEP-9: Connect the SATA connectors to the drives and the USB connectors and the case switches to the
motherboard. The case and motherboard's instructions should tell where to connect the cables.
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FIG 10.9
STEP-10: Connect the 20 or 24 pin ATX connector and the 4-pin power supply control connector to the
motherboard.
FIG 10.10
STEP-11: Mount the DVD-ROM drive. After connecting the ATA cable to the device, hook it up to the
power supply.
FIG 10.11
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