Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization ofdata.

[1] In applying statistics to,

e.g., a scientific, industrial, or societal problem, it is necessary to begin with a population or process to be studied. Populations
can be diverse topics such as "all persons living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". It deals with all aspects of
data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.[1]

What is the importance of statistics?

People use statistics as tools to understand information. Learning to understand statistics helps a person react
intelligently to statistical claims. Statistics are used in the fields of business, math, economics, accounting,
banking, government, astronomy, and the natural and social sciences.
Descriptive statistics is the discipline of quantitatively describing the main features of a collection of information, or the
quantitative description itself. Descriptive statistics are distinguished from inferential statistics (or inductivestatistics), in
that descriptive statistics aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about thepopulation that the sample of data is thought
to represent. .

Sample (statistics)
In statistics and quantitative research methodology, a data sample is a set of data collected and/or selected from astatistical population by a defined procedure. Typically,
the population is very large, making a census or a complete enumeration of all the values in the population impractical or impossible. The sample represents a subset of
manageable size. Samples are collected and statistics are calculated from the samples so that one can makeinferences or extrapolations from the sample to the populatio..

Difference bet. Parameter an statistic:

The difference between a statistic and a parameter is that statistics describe a sample. A parameter describes an entire population.

Variable- a symbol that represents a quantity in a mathematical expression, as used in many sciences

Constant-Variable (mathematics), a symbol that represents a quantity in a mathematical expression, as used in many sciences

Qualitative data[edit]
Qualitative data is a categorical measurement expressed not in terms of numbers, but rather by means of a natural language description. In statistics, it is often
used interchangeably with "categorical" data.

For example: favorite color = "blue"

height = "tall"

Although we may have categories, the categories may have a structure to them. When there is not a natural ordering of the categories, we call
these nominal categories. Examples might be gender, race, religion, or sport.
When the categories may be ordered, these are called ordinal variables. Categorical variables that judge size (small, medium, large, etc.) are ordinal variables.
Attitudes (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree) are also ordinal variables, however we may not know which value is the best or worst of
these issues. Note that the distance between these categories is not something we can measure.

Quantitative data[edit]
Quantitative data is a numerical measurement expressed not by means of a natural language description, but rather in terms of numbers. However, not all
numbers are continuous and measurable. For example, the social security number is a number, but not something that one can add or subtract.

For example: molecule length = "450 nm"

height = "1.8 m"

Quantitative data always are associated with a scale measure.

Probably the most common scale type is the ratio-scale. Observations of this type are on a scale that has a meaningful zero value but also have an equidistant
measure (i.e., the difference between 10 and 20 is the same as the difference between 100 and 110). For example, a 10 year-old girl is twice as old as a 5 yearold girl. Since you can measure zero years, time is a ratio-scale variable. Money is another common ratio-scale quantitative measure. Observations that you count
are usually ratio-scale (e.g., number of widgets).

Types variables:
Quantitative Variable

A quantitative variable is measured numerically. With measurements of quantitative variables you can do things like add and
subtract, and multiply and divide, and get a meaningful result. In the previous example, "Age" was a quantitative variable.
Qualtitative/Categorical variables

These allow for classification based on some characteristic. With measurements of qualitative/categorical variables you
cannot do things like add and subtract, and multiply and divide, and get a meaningful result. In the previous example,
"Gender" was a qualitative/categorical variable. Gender was categorized as either male or female.

Discrete vs. Continuous Variables

If a variable can take on any value between two specified values, it is called a continuous variable; otherwise, it is called
a discrete variable.