Module 11 IntroductionToOOP 6SlidesPerPage

Programming in C++ - Module 11
Objectives
Module 11
Introduction
To
Object Oriented Programming
foad - Curtin, Sarawak
Slide 1 of 66
Introduction to OOP
At the end of this session you will be able to:

1. Comprehend OOP And Its Benefits.
2. Comprehend Access Specifiers.
3. Use OOP In C++ Programs.
4. Comprehend Basic concepts of OOP.
5. Differentiate Between Structures & Classses.
6. Use Scope Resolution Operator :: in programs.
7. Comprehend Constructors & Destructors.
Slide 2 of 66
Introduction to OOP
1. Traditional Procedural Programming
Question
Main function
What do we find inside a program
code?
Function 1
Function 2
Function 4
1. Variables
Function 5
2. Functions
Function 6
Function 3
Slide 3 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Function 7
Function 8
Slide 4 of 66
Introduction to OOP
1. Introduction to OOP
1. Introduction to OOP continued
The fundamental idea behind OOP is to combine into a
Object-Oriented Programming Approach

Components of a class:
Member Data
Member Functions
single unit both Data and Functions that operate on the

data.
Data and Functions are encapsulated into a single entity
known as a Class.
Member data
The only way to access the Data and Functions in a Class
Member functions
is by using an Object.
An Object is an instance of a Class.
Slide 5 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 6 of 66
Introduction to OOP
1. Introduction to OOP An Analogy
1. Introduction to OOP Benefits
BMW, Ferrari, Chevrolet and Kancil share certain similar

features and hence can be grouped to form the objects of
the class Cars.
Similarly Table, Chair and Cupboard can be grouped to
form the objects of the class Furniture.
Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Language:

Class
Inheritance
Reusability of code
Polymorphism
Slide 7 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 8 of 66
Introduction to OOP
2. Acsess Specifiers
3. Examples Demonstrating OOP
The body of a class can contain 3 kinds of keywords:
Check
Private: Contents of the class can be used only within
Module-11-IntroductionToOOP-ClassExamples.pdf file
the class.
for OOP coding Examples.
Public: Contents of the class can be accessed from
outside the class.

Protected: Contents of the class can be accessed only
by the derived class.

Slide 9 of 66
1#include<iostream.h>
2class Add
//This is how you declare the class.
3{
4
private:
5
int num1,num2,num3
//Member data.
6
public:
7
void input(int var1, int var2) //Member function.
8
{
9
cout<<This Function gives values to member data<<endl;
10
num1=var1;
11
num2=var2;
12
}
13
void sum()
//Member function.
14
{
15
cout<<This Function finds the sum of two numbers<<endl;
16
num3=num1+num2;
17
}
18
void display()
//Member function.
19
{
20
cout<<The sum of the two numbers is <<num3<<endl;
21
}
22};
23void main()
24{
25 Add A1;
26 int iX, iY;
27 cout<<Input two numbers<<endl;
28 cin>>iX;
29 cin>>iY;
30 A1.input(iX,iY);
31 A1.sum();
32 A1.display();
33}
Introduction to OOP
Slide 11 of 66
Slide 10 of 66
Introduction to OOP

#include<iostream.h> // Program Without Class
void Quiz(int Value)
{
if(Value = 2)
{cout << "Correct!" << endl;}
else
{cout << "Not Correct!" << endl;}
}
void main()
{
int Ans;
cout << "Who Wrote The Count of Monte Cristo?" << endl;
cout << "1.Charles Dickens." << endl;
cout << "2.Alexander Dumass." << endl;
cin >> Ans;
Quiz(Ans);
}
Introduction to OOP
Slide 12 of 66
Introduction to OOP
class IsEveryOneHere // Class Example

{
private:
int iNum;
public:
void TotalStudents()
{
iNum = 164;
cout << "Total Students Are: " << iNum << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
IsEveryOneHere InYourDreams;
InYourDreams.TotalStudents();
system("Pause");
return 0;
}

#include<iostream.h> // Program With Class
class Question
{
public:
void Quiz(int Value)
{
if(Value = 2)
{cout << "Correct!" << endl;}
else
{cout << "Not Correct!" << endl;}
}
};
void main()
{
int Ans;
cout << "Who Wrote The Count of Monte Cristo?" << endl;
cout << "1.Charles Dickens." << endl;
cout << "2.Alexander Dumass." << endl;
cin >> Ans;
Question Obj;
Obj.Quiz(Ans);
}
Slide 13 of 66
Introduction to OOP
class IsEveryOneHere
{
Isolate the error in
private:
this code: ????
int iNum;
private:
{
iNum = 164;
}
};
int main()
{
system("Pause");
return 0;
}
Slide 15 of 66
Introduction to OOP
{
private:
this code: ????
int iNum;
public:
{
iNum = 164;
}
};
int main()
{
InYourDreams IsEveryOneHere;
InYourDreams:TotalStudents();
system("Pause");
return 0;
}
Slide 17 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 14 of 66
Introduction to OOP
{
private:
this code: ????
int iNum = 164;
public:
{
iNum = 164;
}
};
int main()
{
system("Pause");
return 0;
}
Slide 16 of 66
Introduction to OOP
{
private:
this code: ????
int iNum;
public:
{
iNum = 164;
}
};
int main()
{
system("Pause");
return 0;
}
Slide 18 of 66
Introduction to OOP
int main()
{
this code: ????
system("Pause");
return 0;
}
{
private:
int iNum;
public:
{
iNum = 164;
}
};
Slide 19 of 66
Introduction to OOP
4. Basic Concepts of OOP

Objects.
Classes.
Data Abstraction.
Data Encapsulation.
Inheritance.
Polymorphism.
Dynamic Binding.
Message Passing.
Slide 20 of 66
Introduction to OOP
4. Basic Concepts of OOP Objects
4. Basic Concepts of OOP Classes
Objects are the basic run-time entities in an OOP system.

They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a
table of data etc. They can also represent User-Defined data.
They occupy space in memory.
A Class consists of variables and functions. The Class of an

Object defines what attributes an Object has. The entire set of
data and code of an Object can be made a user-defined data
type with the help of a Class.
Each Object has the potential to access data (variables) and

code to manipulate the data (functions).
Classes are user-defined data types that behave like the builtin types of a programming language. Classes have member
data and member functions and they define which Object can
access them and how.
Slide 21 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 22 of 66
Introduction to OOP
4. Basic Concepts of OOP Data Abstraction
4. Basic Concepts of OOP Data Encapsulation
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features

without including the background details or explanations.
The wrapping of data and functions into a single unit namely a

Class is known as Encapsulation. The data is not accessible
to the outside code and only those functions that are wrapped
in the class can access it.
Since Classes use the concept of Data Abstraction , they are

known as Abstract Data Types (ADT).
This insulation of the data from direct access by the program

is called data hiding.
Slide 23 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 24 of 66
Introduction to OOP
4. Basic Concepts of OOP Inheritance
4. Basic Concepts of OOP Polymorphism
Inheritance is the process by which Objects of one Class

acquire the properties of another Class.
Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form.
The power of inheritance lies in the fact that all common

features of the Subclasses can be accumulated in the
Superclass.
Slide 25 of 66
Introduction to OOP
An operation may exhibit different behavior in different

instances, depending on the types of data used in the
operation.
Slide 26 of 66
Introduction to OOP
4. Basic Concepts of OOP Dynamic Binding
4. Basic Concepts of OOP Message Passing
Binding refers to the linking of a function call to the code to be

executed.
A message for an Object is a request for execution of a

function in a Class.
Dynamic Binding means that the code associated with a given

function call is not known until the time of call at the run-time.
This is associated with Polymorphism and Inheritance.
Message Passing involves specifying the name of the Object,

the name of the function and the information to be sent.
Slide 27 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 28 of 66
Introduction to OOP
5. Structures & Classes
6. Scope Resolution Operator ::
The main difference between a Structure and a Class is:
This operator is used when we want to define the contents of

a class outside the body of the class.
The contents of a Structure is public by default.
The member functions of a class are defined outside the class

using the scope resolution operator ::
The contents of a Class is private by default.
Slide 29 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 30 of 66
Introduction to OOP
//Program Without Scope Resolution Operator

#include<iostream.h>
class Average
{
double M1, M2;
public:
void Display(double Val1, double Val2)
{
M1 = Val1;
M2 = Val2;
cout << "Average is: " << (M1 + M2) / 2 << endl;
}
};
void main()
{
double Marks1, Marks2;
cout << "Please Enter First Marks: ";
cin >> Marks1;
cout << "Please Enter Second Marks: ";
cin >> Marks2;
Average Avg;
Avg.Display(Marks1, Marks2);
}
//Program With Scope Resolution Operator

class Average
{
double M1, M2;
public:
void Display(double, double);
};
void Average::Display(double Val1, double Val2)
{
M1 = Val1;
M2 = Val2;
cout << "Average is: " << (M1 + M2) / 2 << endl;
}
void main()
{
double Marks1, Marks2;
cout << "Please Enter First Marks: ";
cin >> Marks1;
cout << "Please Enter Second Marks: ";
cin >> Marks2;
Average Avg;
Avg.Display(Marks1, Marks2);
}
Slide 31 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 32 of 66
7. Constructors
7. Constructors - Example
Data members of a class cannot be initialized at the time of
class add
{
private:
int num1, num2, num3;
public:
add(); //Constructor
void input(int, int);
void sum();
void disp();
};
declaration.
Constructors are used to initialize Member Data
A Constructor is a special function that is the member of a
Class
A Constructor has the same name as that of the class
If no Constructors are declared for a class, the compiler
invokes its own Constructor

Slide 33 of 66
Introduction to OOP
class add
{
int Num1,Num2;
public:
add()
{
Num1=Num2=0;
cout << Constructor Invoked;
}
};
Slide 35 of 66
Slide 34 of 66
Introduction to OOP
7. Constructors Example Initializing Data
Introduction to OOP
Introduction to OOP
class Product //Program Without Constructor
{
public:
void Display(int N1, int N2)
{
cout << "The Product is: " << N1 * N2 <<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
int Num1, Num2;
cout << "Pls Enter Two Numbers: "<<endl;
cin >> Num1 >> Num2;
Product Prod;
Prod.Display(Num1, Num2);
}
Slide 36 of 66
Introduction to OOP

{
public:
{
}
};
void main()
{
int Num1, Num2;
Product Prod;
}
Pls Enter Two Numbers:

4
7
Num1 = 4
Num2 = 7
Slide 37 of 66
Introduction to OOP

{
public:
{
}
};
void main()
{
int Num1, Num2;
Product Prod;
}
{
public:
{
}
};
void main()
{
int Num1, Num2;
Product Prod;
}

4
7
Slide 38 of 66

4
7
The Product is 28
Slide 39 of 66
N1 = 4
N2 = 7
Introduction to OOP
Num1 = 4
Num2 = 7
N1 = 4
N2 = 7
Introduction to OOP
class Product //Steps to introduce a Constructor in a program
{
public:
void Display Product(int N1, int N2) STEP 1
{
}
};
void main()
{
int Num1, Num2;
Product Prod;
}
Slide 40 of 66
{
public:
void Display Product(int N1, int N2) STEP 2
{
}
};
void main()
{
int Num1, Num2;
Product Prod;
}
{
public:
void Display Product(int N1, int N2)
{
}
};
void main()
{
int Num1, Num2;
Product Prod;
Prod.Display(Num1, Num2); STEP 3
}
Slide 41 of 66
Num2 = 7
Num1 = 4
Introduction to OOP
Slide 42 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Introduction to OOP
{
public:
void Display Product(int N1, int N2)
{
}
};
void main()
{
int Num1, Num2;
Product Prod(Num1, Num2); STEP 4
}
Slide 43 of 66
7. Constructors Program Without Constructor

class Square
{
private:
int num;
public:
void Display()
{
cout << "Please Enter A Number: ";
cin >> num;
cout << "The Square of " << num << " is: " << num * num << endl;
}
};
void main()
{
Square Sq;
Sq.Display();
}
Introduction to OOP
class Square
{
private:
int num;
public:
Square()
{
cout << "Please Enter A Number: ";
cin >> num;
cout << "The Square of " << num << " is: " << num * num << endl;
}
};
void main()
{
Square Sq;
}
Slide 45 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 47 of 66
Introduction to OOP
1.#include<iostream.h> //Program Without a Constructor

2.class Add
3.{
4. private:
5. int num1,num2,num3;
//Member data.
6. public:
7. void display(int var1, int var2)
//Member function.
8. {
9.
num1=var1;
10.
num2=var2;
11.
num3=num1+num2;
12.
cout<<"The sum of the two numbers is "<<num3<<endl;
13. }
14.};
15.void main()
16.{
17. Add A1;
18. int iX, iY;
19. cout<<"Input two numbers"<<endl;
20. cin>>iX;
21. cin>>iY;
22. A1.display(iX,iY);
23.}
Slide 46 of 66
Introduction to OOP
1.#include<iostream.h> //Program Using a Constructor

2.class Add
3.{
4. private:
5. int num1,num2,num3;
//Member data.
6. public:
7. Add(int var1, int var2)
//Constructor
8. {
9.
num1=var1;
10.
num2=var2;
11.
num3=num1+num2;
12.
cout<<"The sum of the two numbers is "<<num3<<endl;
13. }
14.};
15.void main()
16.{
17. int iX, iY;
18. cout<<"Input two numbers"<<endl;
19. cin>>iX;
20. cin>>iY;
21. Add A1(iX,iY);
22.}
Slide 44 of 66
7. Constructors Program With Constructor
7. Constructors
Questions:
Can we have more than one
Constructor in a Class?
Can Constructors be
overloaded?
Introduction to OOP
Slide 48 of 66
Introduction to OOP
7. Constructors
7. Examples Demonstrating Constructor
C++ permits multiple Constructors to be defined for a class.
Check The Following Files:
Any Constructor that does not receive parameters is called
a default Constructor.
Module11-ConstructorExample1.pdf file
Constructors can be overloaded.
Constructor Functions do not have a return type.
Constructors are automatically executed when an object of
its class is created.

Slide 49 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 50 of 66
Introduction to OOP
7. Destructors
Questions:
A Destructor is a function which has the same name as its
Can we use the return keyword

in a Constructor?
class but is prefixed with a ~(tilde) character.

Destructors are functions that are complimentary to
Constructors.
A Destructor is used to de-initialize objects and release
memory.
Destructors cannot be overloaded.
A Destructor is executed only after its function has finished
being executed itself.
Slide 51 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 52 of 66
Introduction to OOP

Class add
{
7. Destructors
7. Destructors An Example
int Num1,Num2;
A Destructor is a function which has the same name as its
public:
class but is prefixed with a ~(tilde) character.
add()
{
Destructors are functions that are complimentary to
Num1=Num2=0;
cout << Constructor Invoked;
Constructors.
}
~add()
{
A Destructor is used to de-initialize objects and release
memory.
Num1=Num2=0;
cout << Destructor Invoked
Destructors cannot be overloaded.
}
};
Slide 53 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 54 of 66
Introduction to OOP
class JackAndJill
{Programming in C++ - Module 11
Predict the
public:
JackAndJill()
{
cout << "Jack And Jill Went Up The Hill!" << endl;
}
~JackAndJill()
{
cout << "To Fetch A Pail Of Pepsi!" << endl;
}
};
void Func()
{
JackAndJill Kill;
cout << "Another Nursery Rhyme: " << endl;
}
int main()
{
Func();
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
Slide 55 of 66
}
output:
Summary
OOP is a new paradigm in programming where data and
functions are combined together in a construct called class.

OOP provides many benefits to programmers like reusability
of code.
The Access Specifiers of a class can be private, public or
protected.
Introduction to OOP
Slide 56 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Summary
Summary
Some essential concepts that make an OOP language are
Objects, Classes, Data Abstraction, Data Encapsulation,

Inheritance, Polymorphism, Dynamic Binding and Message
Passing.
A constructor is a function which has the same name as its
class name.
A constructor is mainly used to initialize data.
There is a fundamental difference between Structures and
Classes. The members of a Class are private by default

whereas the members of a Structure are public by default.
Scope Resolution Operator can be used to define a function
outside the boundary of a class.

Slide 57 of 66
Introduction to OOP
A destructor is a function which has the same name as its
class preceded by a ~ character.

A destructor is used to de-initialize objects.
Slide 58 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Revision
Revision
What does the keyword void signify when used with a

function?
Create a program which demonstrates User-defined Data

Types by using Structures.
(A) The function cannot take any values.

(B) The function does not hold any value.
Create a program which is an example of static Data Storage

Type.
(C) The function returns a value.

(D) None of the above.
Slide 59 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 60 of 66
Introduction to OOP
10

Revision
Revision
Consider the following code:

class DoNotWorry
{
public:
void ItIsJustAnExam()
{
cout << "You Can Do It!" << endl;
}
};
Which of the following is the correct main function for the above code?
(A) void main() { DoNotWorry Not; }
(B) void main() { DoNotWorry A1; Not.ItIsJustAnExam(); }
(C) void main() { DoNotWorry Not; Not.ItIsJustAnExam(); }
(D) void main() { DoNotWorry Not; Not.void ItIsJustAnExam(); }
Which of the following is found inside a class?

(A) Member Data.
(B) Member Variable.
(C) Member Function.
(D) All of the above.
Slide 61 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Slide 62 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Revision
Revision
Which of the following is false with respect to a Constructor?

Which of the following is false with respect to a Destructor?
(A)A Constructor is a special function that is the member of a
class.
(A) Destructors are complimentary to constructors.
(B)A Constructor has the same name as the class name.
(B) Destructors can be overloaded.
(C)A Constructor should have the void return type only.
(C) Destructors release memory given by Constructors.
(D)A Constructor is used to initialize Member Data.
(D) Destructors are preceded by the tilde character.
Slide 63 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Modify the program given below to include a constructor. The output of the
program should not be altered.
class RusselPeters
{
public:
void Said()
{
cout << "Some Body Is Gonna Get A Hurting!" <<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
RusselPeters Father;
Father.Said();
}
Slide 65 of 66
Introduction to OOP
Revision
Slide 64 of 66
Introduction to OOP
The End
Did you know:
Bjarne Stroustrup was born in Arhus, Denmark. He was a good
student at School and went on to finish his Masters Degree in
Mathematics from University of Arhus. He eventually got his PhD
in Computer Science from Cambridge University, England.
Slide 66 of 66
Introduction to OOP
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Programming in C++ - Module 11

Programming in C++ - Module 11

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

At the end of this session you will be able to:

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

1. Traditional Procedural Programming

What do we find inside a program

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

1. Introduction to OOP continued

The fundamental idea behind OOP is to combine into a

Object-Oriented Programming Approach

single unit both Data and Functions that operate on the

The only way to access the Data and Functions in a Class

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

Programming in C++ - Module 11

1. Introduction to OOP An Analogy

1. Introduction to OOP Benefits

BMW, Ferrari, Chevrolet and Kancil share certain similar

Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Language:

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

3. Examples Demonstrating OOP

The body of a class can contain 3 kinds of keywords:

Private: Contents of the class can be used only within

outside the class.

by the derived class.

Programming in C++ - Module 11

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

class IsEveryOneHere // Class Example

Programming in C++ - Module 11

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

Programming in C++ - Module 11

4. Basic Concepts of OOP

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

4. Basic Concepts of OOP Objects

4. Basic Concepts of OOP Classes

Objects are the basic run-time entities in an OOP system.

A Class consists of variables and functions. The Class of an

Each Object has the potential to access data (variables) and

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

Programming in C++ - Module 11

4. Basic Concepts of OOP Data Abstraction

4. Basic Concepts of OOP Data Encapsulation

Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features

The wrapping of data and functions into a single unit namely a

Since Classes use the concept of Data Abstraction , they are

This insulation of the data from direct access by the program

foad - Curtin, Sarawak

foad - Curtin, Sarawak