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This paper
provides
insight into
the potential
the prolifera-tion of
applications
inexpensive, widely
of ad hoc
networks and
discusses the
technological
challenges
that protocol
designers and
network
developers
However, all
these networks are
are faced
conventional wireless
A mobile ad hoc network is
with. These
networks, convenan autonomous collec-tion
tional in the sense
challenges
that as prerequisites,
of mobile devices (laptops,
include
a fixed network
smart phones, sensors,
infrastructure with
routing,
etc.) that communicate with
centralised
service and
administration is
each other over wireless
resource
required for their
links and cooperate in a
opera-tion,
discovery,
potentially
distributed manner in order
Internet
consuming a lot of
to provide the necessary
connectivity,
time and money for
network functional-ity in the
set-up and
billing and
maintenance. Furtherabsence of a fixed
security.
more, an increasing
infrastructure. This type of
number of devices
network, operating as a
such as laptops,
personal digital
stand-alone network or with
assistants (PDAs),
one or multiple points of
pocket PCs, tablet
PCs, smart phones,
attachment to cellular
MP3 players, digital
networks or the Internet,
cameras, etc. are
paves the way for
provided with shortAuthors
range wireless
numerous new and exciting Jeroen Hoebeke, Ingrid Moerman, Bart Dhoedt
interfaces. In
and Piet Demeester
applications. Application
addition, these
Department of Information Technology
scenarios include, but are
devices are getting
(INTEC),
smaller, cheaper,
not limited to: emergency Ghent University IMEC vzw,
more user friendly
Sint Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent,
and rescue operations,
and more powerful.
Belgium
This evolution is
conference or campus
driving a new
settings, car networks,
alternative way for
mobile communi-cation, in which mobile devices form a selfcreating, self-organising and self-administering wireless
network, called a mobile ad hoc network. This paper discusses
the characteristics, possible applications and network layer
challenges of this promising type of network.
Opposed to infrastructured wireless networks, where each user directly communicates with an access point or base station, a
mobile ad hoc network, or MANET, does not
rely on a fixed infrastructure for its opera-tion
1
other. In order to
enable
communication
between nodes that
are not directly
within each others
send range,
intermediate nodes
act as routers that
relay
Session 4
(b) Mobile
ad hoc
network
packets generated by other nodes to their destination. These nodes are often
of their self-creating,
energy-constrainedthat is, battery-powered devices with a great
diversity in their capabilities. Furthermore, devices are free to join or leave self-organising and
the network and they may
self-administering
capabilities, ad hoc
networks can be
rapidly deployed with
minimum user
intervention. There is
no
Network
scalability
Selfcrea
tion,
selforga
nizat
ion
and
selfadmi
nistr
ation
Table
2
Mobil
e ad
hoc
netwo
rk
applic
ations
networks are
expected to become
an important part of
the future 4G
architecture, which
aims to provide
pervasive computer
environments that
support users in
accom-plishing their
tasks, accessing
information and
communicating
anytime, anywhere
and from any device.
Table 2 provides an
overview of present
and future MANET
applications, partially
based on Reference 2.
Application
Possible scenarios/services
Tactical networks
Emergency services
Education
Entertainment
Sensor networks
Coverage extension
Multi-user games
Wireless P2P networking
Outdoor Internet access
Robotic pets
Theme parks
61
Session 4
Technological Challenges
The concept of mobile ad hoc network-ing
is not a new one and its origins can be traced
back to the DARPA Packet Radio Network
3
http://www.meshnetworks.com
* http://www.spanworks.com
Routing
As mobile ad hoc networks are character-ised
by a multi-hop network topology that can
change frequently due to mobility, efficient
routing protocols are needed to establish
communication paths between nodes, without
causing excessive control
Table 3 Mobile
ad hoc
network
enabling
technologies
Technology
Frequency
Range
Power consumption
IEEE 802.11b
2.4 GHz
25100 m (indoor)
100500 m (outdoor)
~30 mW
IEEE 802.11g
Up to 54 Mbit/s
2.4 GHz
2550 m (indoor)
~79 mW
IEEE 802.11a
5 GHz
1040 m (indoor)
40 mW, 250 mW
or 1 W
Bluetooth
(IEEE 802.15.1)
1 Mbit/s (v1.1)
2.4 GHz
10 m (up to 100 m)
1 mW
(up to 100 mW)
Mostly 3 10 GHz
~10 m
IEEE 802.15.4
(for example, Zigbee)
10100 m
1 mW
HiperLAN2
Up to 54 Mbit/s
5 GHz
30150 m
200 mW or 1 W
IrDA
Up to 4 Mbit/s
Distance based
HomeRF
1 Mbit/s (v1.0)
10 Mbit/s (v2.0)
2.4 GHz
~50 m
100 mW
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.16a
IEEE 802.16e
(Broadband Wireless)
32 134 Mbit/s
up to 75 Mbit/s
up to 15 Mbit/s
1066 GHz
< 11 GHz
< 6 GHz
25 km
710 km (max 50 km)
25 km
Complex power
control
62
Session 4
L
K
I
J
D
A
B
Routing Type
Proactive
Reactive
Hybrid
Servers
Service Advertisement
PROACTIVE
(a) Directory-less
architecture
10
(b) Directorybased
architecture
63
Session 4
11
mobile IP (Figure 4(a)) , where the preassigned IP address serves as the mobile nodes
home address (HoA). All traffic sent to this IP
Figure 4
N
o
d
e
3
H
o
A
M
o
IP GW 1
IP GW 2
Internet
M
o
b
i
l
e
Possibl
e
approac
hes to
Internet
connect
ivity and
address
ing
Internet
162.191.250.0/24
investi-gated , no common
adopted solution for
addressing and Internet
Routing Table: connectivity is available yet.
162.191.250.0New approaches using host
/24identities, where the role of IP
b)
tr
to
type of
Home
Security and
In
a
Agent
numerous
attack is
node
te
n
security
usually
cooperation
(a) Internet connectivity
using smobile IP
rn
attacks. impossi
et
lThe wireless mobile
During ble to
co
aad hoc nature of
passive detect,
n
tiMANETs brings new
attacks, as it
ne
osecurity challenges to
cti
n
an
does
13
vit
(the network design .
attacker not
Mobile Node
y
N
As the wireless
just
produce
IP MN
us
A
medium is vulnerable
listens
to
any
in
T
to eavesdropping and
the
new
g
)
ad hoc network
channel traffic
ne
functionality is
tw
in order in the
established through
or
to
network
k
node cooperation,
discover . On the
ad
mobile ad hoc
valuable other
dr
networks are
informati hand,
es
intrinsically exposed
(
on. This during
s
is limited to
routing and
not
addressing,
combined
with dynamic
name spaces,
could offer a
potential
solution.
a
c
64
Session 4
Conclusions
The rapid evolution in the field of mobile
computing is driving a new alternative way for
mobile communication, in which mobile
devices form a self-creating, self-organising
and self-administering wireless network, called
a mobile ad hoc network. Its intrinsic flexibility,
lack of infrastructure, ease of deployment, autoconfiguration, low cost and potential
applications make it an essential part of future
pervasive computing environments. As a
consequence, the seamless integration of
mobile ad hoc networks with other wireless
networks and fixed infrastructures will be an
essential part of the evolution towards future
fourth-generation communication networks.
From a technological point of view, the
realisation of this vision still requires a large
number of challenges to be solved related to
devices, protocols, applications and services.
The concise discussion in this paper shows that,
despite the large efforts of the MANET
research community and the rapid progress
Acknowledgements
This research is partly funded by the
Belgian Science Policy through the IAP V/
11 contract, by The Institute for the
Promotion of Innovation by Science and
Technology in Flanders (IWT) through the
contract No. 020152, by the Fund for
Scientific Research - Flanders (F.W.O.-V.,
Belgium) and by the EC IST integrated
project MAGNET (Contract no. 507102).
References
www.ietf.org/html.charters/manetcharter.html
5 Toh, C-K. Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless
Figure 5 Enforcing
cooperation
by
remunerati
ng nodes
for relaying
Wireless and
10 Kozat, U. C., and Tassiulas, L.
Mobile Computing: Service
Special
discovery in mobile ad hoc
networks: an
Issue on Wireless
packets
Initiator
65
Ad Hoc
Networking,
to be published.
overall perspective on
architectural
choices and network layer
support
issues. Ad Hoc
Networks, 2(1),
2004,
pp. 2344.
Session 4
Biographies
11 Jnsson, U.,
Alriksson, F.,
Larsson, T.,
Johansson, P., and
Jeroen
Maguire, G. Q.
Hoebeke
MIPMANET: Mobile
Ghent
IP for mobile ad
University
hoc networks.
Proceedings of the
Jeroen
First Annual
Hoebeke
Workshop on
graduated in
Mobile Ad Hoc
Computer
Networking and
Science at
Computing
the University
(MobiHOC), Aug.
of Ghent in
2000.
2002. In
August 2002,
12 Perkins, C. E.,
he joined the
Malinen, J. T.,
Broadband
Wakikawa, R.,
Communicati
Nilsson, A., and
ons Networks
Tuominen, A. J.
Group, where
Internet Connectivity he is
currently
for Mobile Ad Hoc
Net-works. Wireless working as a
research
Communications
assistant of
and Mobile
the Fund for
Computing, 2(5),
Aug. 2002, pp. 465 Scientific
Research
482.
Flanders. His
Ph.D.
13 Gupte, S., and
research
Singhal, M. Secure
includes the
routing in mobile
development
wireless ad hoc
of adaptive
networks. Ad Hoc
routing
Networks, 1(1),
protocol
2003, pp. 151174.
techniques
for mobile ad
14 Buttyan, L., and
hoc
Hubaux, J. P.
networks. His
Stimulating
main
research
cooperation in
interests are
self-organizing
in ad hoc
mobile ad hoc
networks and
networks. Mobile
broadband
Networks and
wireless
Applications:
communiSpecial Issue on
cations and
Mobile Ad Hoc
currently
Networks, 8(5),
involve
2003.
routing,
monitoring,
resource
discovery
and mobility
modelling of
mobile ad
hoc
networks.
Ingrid
Moerman
Ghent
University
Ingrid
Moerman
received the
degree in
Electrotechnical
Engineering
and the
Ph.D.
degree from
the Ghent
University,
Ghent,
Belgium, in
1987 and
1992,
respectively.
Since 1987,
she has
been with
the
Interuniversi
ty MicroElectronics
Centre
(IMEC) at
the
Department
of
Information
Technology
(INTEC) of
the Ghent
Univer-sity,
where she
conducted
research in
the field of
optoelectro
nics. In
1997, she
became a
permanent
member of
the
Research
Staff at
IMEC.
Since 2000,
she has
been parttime
professor at
Ghent
Univer-sity.
Since 2001,
she has
switched
her
research
domain to
broadband
communication networks.
She is
currently
involved in
research and
education on
broadband
mobile and
wireless
communicatio
n networks
and on
multimedia
over IP. The
main research
topics related
to mobile and
wireless
communicatio
n networks
are: wireless
access to
vehicles (high
bandwidth
and driving
speed),
adaptive QoS
routing in
wireless ad
hoc networks,
body area
networks,
protocol
boosting on
wireless links,
design of
fixed
access/metro
part, traffic
engineering
and QoS
support in the
wireless
access
network. She
is author or
co-author of
more than
300
publications in
the field of
optoelectronic
s and
communication networks.
international
conferences.
His current
research
addresses
software
Bart Dhoedt
technologies
Ghent University
for
communicatio
Bart Dhoedt received a
n networks,
degree in Engineering
peer-to-peer
from the Ghent
networks,
University in 1990. In
mobile
September 1990, he
networks and
joined the Department of
active
Information Technology
networks.
of the Faculty of Applied
Sciences, University of
Ghent. His research,
addressing the use of
micro-optics to realise
parallel free space
optical interconnects,
Piet
resulted in a Ph.D.
Demeester
degree in 1995. After a
Ghent
two year post-doc in
University
opto-electronics, he
became professor at the Piet
Faculty of Applied
Demeester
Sciences, Department of received the
Information Technology. Masters
Since then, he has been degree in
responsible for several Electrocourses on algorithms, technical
programming and
Engineering
software development. and the
His research interests
Ph.D. degree
are software engineering from Ghent
and mobile and wireless University,
communications. He is Ghent,
author or co-author of
Belgium, in
approximately 70 papers 1984 and
published in international 1988,
journals or in the
respectively.
proceedings of
In 1992, he
started a
new
research
activity on
broadband
communica
tion
networks
resulting in
the IBCNgroup
(INTEC
Broadband
communica
tions
network
research
group).
Since
1993, he
has been a
professor
at Ghent
University,
where he is
responsible
for
research
and
education
on
communica
tion
networks.
The
research
activities
cover
various
communica
tion
networks
(IP, ATM,
66
SDH, WDM,
access,
active,
mobile),
including
network
planning,
network and
service
management,
telecom
software,
internetworki
ng, network
protocols for
QoS support,
etc. He is
author of
more than
300
publications
in the area of
network
design,
optimisation
and
management.
He is
member of
the editorial
board of
several
international
journals and
has been
member of
several
technical
programme
committees
(ECOC,
OFC, DRCN,
ICCCN, IZS,
etc.).