Fuel 79 (2000) 165172

www.elsevier.com/locate/fuel

A coal combustion model for circulating fluidized bed boilers

L. Huilin a,*, Z. Guangbo a, B. Rushan a, C. Yongjin a, D. Gidaspow b
a
b

Department of Power Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Peoples Republic of China
Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
Received 9 September 1998; received in revised form 15 February 1999; accepted 28 June 1999

Abstract
A steady state model of a coal-fired circulating fluidized-bed boiler, based on hydrodynamics, heat transfer and combustion, is presented.
This model predicts the flue gas temperature, the chemical gas species (O2, H2O, CO, CO2 and SO2) and char concentration distributions in
both the axial and radial locations along the furnace including the bottom and upper portion. The model was validated against experimental
data generated in a 35 t/h commercial boiler with low circulation ratio. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Circulating fluidized-bed boiler; Modelling; Coal combustion

1. Introduction
Circulating fluidized bed combustors (CFBCs) are
considered in some respects to be an improvement over
the traditional methods of coal combustion. Operation of
industrial CFBCs has confirmed many advantages including
fuel flexibility, broad turn-down ratio, high combustion
efficiency, low NOx emissions and high sulphur capture
efficiency. These characteristics assure increasing commercialization of CFBC in power generation applications.
Although CFBC technology is becoming more common,
there are some significant uncertainties in predicting performance in large-scale systems.
Technical knowledge about design and operation of CFBC
is widely available, but little has been done in the field of
mathematical modelling and simulation of combustion in
CFBCs. This might be attributed to the fact that the combustion process occurring in a CFBC involves complex phenomena including chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer,
particle size reduction due to combustion, fragmentation
and other mechanisms, and gas and solid flow structure.
Using a lumped-modelling approach, Weiss et al. [1] and
Arena et al. [2] introduced a CFBC model by dividing it
into several blocks, each corresponding to continuous stirred
tank reactors for both gas and solid phase. Lee and Hyppaueu
[3] presented a CFBC model that considered the riser as a
plug flow reactor for the gas phase and a continuous stirred
tank reactor for the solid phase. The model also considers the
feed particle size distribution and the attrition phenomena.
* Corresponding author.

Weib et al. [4] and Maggio et al. [5] developed a model for
circulating bed reactors including the riser, cyclone, loop seal
and external fluidized heat exchanger. Kudo et al. [6]
proposed a computer program to simulate flow and heat
transfer in a circulating fluidized bed boiler. Radiative heat
transfer is modelled by using a Monte Carlo method.
Sotudeh-Gharebaagh et al. [7] developed a CFBC model
based on ASPEN, and predicted the performances of a
CFBC in terms of combustion efficiency, emission levels.
Park and Basu [8] and Wang et al. [9] introduced a combustion model for CFBCs to characterize the effect of the operating conditions on CFB behaviour. Adanez et al. [10]
proposed a mathematical model for a circulating fluidized
bed coal combustion process. The model considered the
bed to have two regions: a dense zone of constant voidage
and a dilute zone of core-annulus structure. However, most of
the models do not completely take account of the performance of the dense zone. Generally speaking, the particle
size distribution of bed material in a CFB boiler is in a
very wide range. A calculated average particle diameter is
not suitable to represent the behaviour of the total bed particles. The particles will be segregated by their different
diameters and densities. Only the fine particles can be
entrained with flue gas passing through the furnace. Most
of large particles remain in the bottom of furnace. The particle concentrations are much higher in the bottom than in the
upper portion in the furnace. The fluidization regime in the
bottom may be bubbling or turbulent fluidized bed. Leckner
et al. [11] examined this zone and found that it could be
explained by the presence of bubble-like voids. They reported
the height of the dense zone was about 1.0 m from the

0016-2361/00/$ - see front matter q 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0016-236 1(99)00139-8

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L. Huilin et al. / Fuel 79 (2000) 165172

2. Modelling approaches
Nomenclature
A
surface area (m)
a
decay coefficient (m 21)
b
dimensionless coefficient
gas concentration (mol)
Cb
concentration in particulate (mol)
Cp
bubble diameter (m)
Db
diffusion coefficient (m 2 s 21)
Dg
d
particle diameter (m)
solid flux (kg m 22 s 21)
Gr
net solid flux (kg m 22 s 21)
Gs
H
heating value (J kg 21);
h
heat transfer coefficient (W m 22 K 21)
mass transfer coefficient (s 21)
kbe
c
kinetic rate (s 21)
k
m
diffusion rate (s 21)
k
ke
coefficient (s 21)
total reaction rate (g mol m 22 s 21)
kr
m
particle mass (m 3)
r
radial coordinate
R
reaction rate (g mol m 22 s 21)
universal gas constant (J mol K 21)
Rg
temperature (K)
Tg
residence time (s)
tr
devolatilization time (s)
tv
ub
bubble velocity (m s 21)
superficial gas velocity (m s 21)
ug
minimum fluidization velocity
umf
vb
bubble volume
z
height (m)
Greek letters
e
voidage
eb
voidage of bubble phase
e mf
voidage at minimum fluidizatiion
f
constant
r
density (kg m 23)
b
fraction of flux
s
StefanBoltzman constant (W m 22 K 24)
distributor in a 12 MW thermal CFB boiler. Montat et al. [12]
also found that the dense zone was characterized by a
bubbling bed, and the bulk density was in the range of 700
1000 kg/m 3 in a 125 MWe CFB boiler. These results imply
that the combustion of coal, particles mixing and heat transfer
in the dense zone dominate the performances of CFB boilers.
In the present work, a steady state mathematical model of
a coal fired CFB boiler has been developed, integrating the
hydrodynamics, heat transfer and combustion which include
the dense zone and dilute region in the furnace. The model
predicts the distributions of the gas concentration, chemical
species, temperature and heat flux along the furnace in both
the axial and radial locations. The model was validated
against experimental data generated in a 35 t/h CFB boiler
of low circulation ratio with wide size distributions.

In a typical CFBC used for coal combustion, crushed coal

together with limestone or dolomite and ash particles are
fluidized by the combustion air entering at the bottom of the
bed and at the secondary air injection points. Because coal
combustion in a CFBC is directly affected by its hydrodynamic parameters, both hydrodynamic and combustion
models must be treated simultaneously to yield a predictive
model for the CFBC.
2.1. Hydrodynamic model
For steady state conditions, the model considers that the
CFBC is divided into two regions: a dense zone in the
bottom and a dilute region with a decaying suspension
density in the upper portion of the furnace.
Dense zone: The dense zone is fluidized by the primary
air supply. Kunii and Levenspiel [13] and Sariava et al. [14]
treated the dense zone using the models developed originally for bubbling fluidized beds. This is inconsistent with the
fact that the superficial gas velocity in this region is usually
higher than a critical value where the region becomes turbulent. At this condition, bubble diameter and particle velocities are quite different from the bubbling regime. It is
assumed that the dense zone consists of the bubble phase
and emulsion phase. The emulsion phase voidage is
constant at the minimum fluidization. Portions of gas flow
through the emulsion phase at umf, and the rest of the gas,
which is in excess of the minimum fluidization velocity,
passes through the bed as bubbles. Bubble size varies with
bed height and is uniform across a given cross-section
throughout the bed. The gas concentration in the bubble
phase Cb can be expressed along the height as [14]
!
Kbe 1b z
1
Cb Cp 1 Co 2 Cp exp 2
bu g
where Kbe is the mass transfer coefficient between the
bubble and emulsion phases predicted by a correlation
proposed by Sit and Grace [15]:
Kbe

2umf 1 12Dg 1mf ub =Db 1=2

Db

The bubble diameter and bubble velocity, Db and ub, may

be obtained using the correlations proposed by Mori and
Wen [16]. The fraction of flow within the bubbles, b , is
predicted by

b12

umf ke
1 2 1b
uo

and the coefficient ke is given by Saraiva et al. [14]:



u 1
ke 1 1 0:25 b mf 1 2 1b
umf

Dilute region: The dilute region is suspended both by the

combustion gases from the dense zone and the secondary air

L. Huilin et al. / Fuel 79 (2000) 165172

167

Table 1
Expressions of the overall reaction rate
#
( "
)
X
dCOE 2
1
1 2 1b
dVb 2 ub 1b
1 kbe COB2 2 COE 2 1b 2 COE 2

2
R1;i j 1 R2 1mf 2 2fO2
uo 2 ub 1b
2
dz
dz
i


dCOB2
1
1
dV
2 R2 1b 2 kbe COB2 2 COE 2 1b 1 COE 2 2 COB2 b

Vb
2
dz
dz
E
dCCO
1

uo 2 ub 1b
dz

"

R1;i j 2 R2 1mf 1 2

!
B
E
E
R3;i j 2 fCO 1 2 1b 1 kbe CCO
2 CCO
1b 2 CCO

dVb 2 ub 1b
dz



B
dCCO
1
dV
B
E
E
B

2R2 1b 2 kbe CCO

2 CCO
1b 1 CCO
2 CCO
b
Vb
dz
dz
E
dCCO
1
2

uo 2 ub 1b
dz

("
R2 1mf 2

#
B
E
E
R3;i j 1 2 1b 1 kbe CCO
2 CCO
1b 2 CCO
2
2
2

dVb 2 ub 1b
dz



B
dCCO
1
dV
B
E
E
B
2

R2 1b 2 kbe CCO
2 CCO
1b 1 CCO
2 CCO
b
2
2
2
2
Vb
dz
dz
C1

1
2

CO 1

O2 ! CO :

1
2

O2 ! CO2 :

R1;

1
C R T ;
1=K1c 1 1=K1m O2 g g

K1c 0:667exp216000=Rg Tg ;

R2; K2c CH2 O 1=2 CCO CO2 1=2 ; K2c 1:3 1014 exp230000=Rg Tg ;

supply. Hydrodynamics models, as proposed in most CFB

literature regarding the dilute region, are classified into three
groups [17]: (1) those predicting the axial profile of solid
suspension density but failing to predict the radial variations; (2) those assuming two regions considering coreannular flow structure to predict the radial variation; (3)
those applying the fundamental equations of fluid
mechanics to model gassolid flow. Type 1 and 2 models,
which are lumped models, can be easily coupled with reaction and heat transfer models to simulate CFBC reactors. On
the other hand, type 3 models rapidly become tedious when
coupled to reaction and heat transfer models because of the
numerical complexity.
For simulation purposes, the type 2 model was chosen to
predict the axial and radial voidage profiles. The mean value
of voidage between height Zi21 and Zi can be calculated
using the modified expression by Kunii and Levenspiel [13]:

1 i 1p 2 1p 2 11 exp20:5aZi21 1 Zi

Rhodes et al. [18] suggested a radial profile based on the

reduced radial flux Gr =Gs expressed by the equation:
"
 5 #
Gr
r
a 12
1b
6
Gs
R
where Gs is the net solid flux. The dimensionless coefficients, a and b, are considered as the adjustable parameters
in the model. The particle velocity was estimated by the
computed solid mass flux and concentration.

K1m 4D=dp Rg Tg
K3c 4:1 1010 Rg Tg 21 exp259200=Rg Tg

2.2. Reaction model

Dense zone: The reaction model allows for the determination of the chemical changes and the heat released during
combustion. Since coal combustion in the CFBC is quite
complex, only the major steps of coal combustion are
considered in the model. For the steady state condition, it
is assumed that the coal, recirculated particles and limestone
are fed into the bottom of the bed at a uniform temperature.
The evolution of coal particles is assumed to be in three
steps. In the first one, coal particles are dried (in this step
temperature is taken as 1008C) and heated to the devolatilization temperature. The devolatilization time for a given
particle class is obtained [19]:
!
1048
tv 10
7
dp;i
Tg
Since the time required for volatile combustion is very short,
the devolatilization process is considered to take place in the
dense zone, and distributes uniformly along bed height. To
describe the combustion of char particles, the shrinking-core
model was assumed, with mixed control by chemical reaction and gas film diffusion control, assuming that the ash
separates, once formed. The char particle diameter after
combustion is calculated by [14]:
!1=3
6
k r tr
3
8
dp dp;o 2
p dp;o Cchar

168

L. Huilin et al. / Fuel 79 (2000) 165172

where kr and tr are the total reaction rate of char particles and
the residence time, respectively.
The concentrations of chemical species can be expressed
as a function of the mass combustion rate. Table 1 shows the
reaction model of the dense zone required for simulations
[20].
Dilute region: The particles in the dilute region include
particles coming from the dense zone and recirculated particles from the separator. Only char combustion was considered in the model. It is assumed that particles are sufficiently
separated from each other that the single-particle combustion analysis is valid for each, the temperature of the particle
is uniform, and the particle density remains constant. The
concentrations of the chemical species are given as follows
[14,20]:
"
#
dCO2
1X
1
tg
R j 2 R2 1 2 1s
9a
2 i 1;i
2
dz
"
#
X
X
dCCO
tg
R1;i j 1 2 R3 j 2 R2 1 2 1s
dz
i
i

9b

"
#
X
dCCO2
tg
R3;i j 1 R2 1 2 1s
dz
i

9c

SO2 absorption: During coal combustion, the sulphur

compounds are oxidized and the resultant sulphur dioxide
is reduced by calcium oxide particles (produced by the limestone calcination), forming calcium sulfate according to the
reaction:
SO2 1 CaO 1

1
2

O2 ! CaSO4

The reaction rate of a limestone particle can be expressed as

[21]:
p
10
kL ds3 kvL CSO2
6
where, kvL represents the overall volumetric reaction rate
constant and CSO2 is the SO2 concentration in the combustion
gases. The overall volumetric reaction rate is calculated by:
kvL 490 exp217500=RTs Sg ls

11

where Sg is the specific surface area correlated with calcination temperature given by [21]:
Sg 2384Tg 1 5:6 104

Tg $ 1253 K

12a

Sg 35:9Tg 2 3:67 104

Tg , 1253 K

12b

and ls is the limestone reactivity which is a function of the

fractional conversion of CaO, temperature and particle
diameter.
2.3. Heat transfer model
Dense zone: A constant gas temperature is assumed in the
dense zone. The energy equation for a coal particle is based

on mass and energy balances and can be written as:

Cpf mf
1

dTf
Af mv;c Hv;c 2 Qv 1 Af hTg 2 Tf
dt

Af s1f Tg4

Tf4

dmH2 O
1 HH2 O
dt

13

where Qv represents the fraction of the particle heat of

combustion, mv and mc are the mass flow rate for volatile
combustion and char combustion, respectively. The energy
equation for inert particles is similar to Eq. (13) but without
considering the combustion:
Cps ms

dTs
As hTg 2 Ts 1 As s1s Tg4 2 Ts4
dt

14

Dilute region: A typical energy balance for a cell near the

wall in the dilute region can be written as follows:
d z
d r
m C T 1 mzf Cf Tf 1 mzs Cs Ts 1
m C T 1 mrf Cf Tf
dz g g g
dr g g g
1 mrs Cs Ts Qrel 1 Qrad 1

4h
T 2 Tg
D w

15

where superscripts, z and r, represents axial and radial directions, respectively. Qre and Qrad are energy released from
combustion and radiative heat fluxes to the walls, and D is
the equivalent diameter of the furnace. The convection coefficient, h, is predicted according to the model of Mahalimgam and Kolar [22] for circulating fluidized beds.
The most extensively used model to predict the radiative
properties of spherical particles is the Mie theory. The particles in a CFB combustor that may be assumed as spheres
present typical size parameters x (x pd=l, where d and l
are the particle diameter and wavelength) that do not fall
into the Mie theory [23]. For the cases where particles have
a size parameter x much larger than unity the scattering is
mainly a reflection process and hence can be calculated
from relatively simple geometric reflection relations. The
overall emissivity was computed considering the gases
and particles as a mixture of gray media. The radiative
heat flux to the walls is evaluated by the zone method.
The gas and wall cells are assigned, and the temperature
is assumed to be constant within each cell. The energy
equation for gas cell j is:
X
X
4
4
4
Si Gj sTw;i
1
Gi Gj sTg;i
4KDV sTg;j
2 qh;g;j
16
i

and for wall cell j:

X
X
4
4
4
Si Sj sTw;i
1
Gi Sj sTg;i
1j sTw;j
2 qa;s;j
i

17

where qh and qa represent the heat generation by combustion

in the gas cell and the net heat load of the wall cell. The total
exchange areas, Gi Gj , Gi Sj , Si Gj and Si Sj are a function of
only the shape of the system, and can be predicted according
to the method proposed by Hottel and Sarofim [24] for
combustors.

L. Huilin et al. / Fuel 79 (2000) 165172

Table 2
Ultimate analysis of the firing fuel (wt % as received)
Loading
38.2 t/h
35.0 t/h
24.5 t/h

C
43.7
41.9
43.0

H
1.8
1.8
1.9

O
3.9
3.9
3.4

N
0.9
1.3
1.5

S
0.6
0.7
0.7

Moisture
8.9
8.6
8.3

Ash
40.0
41.9
41.3

Qnet J/kg
16024
15681
15773

3. Numerical procedure
Coal particles are considered as a discrete number of
sizes. Each particle size is partially burned out in each
passage in the furnace, and its diameter is thus reduced.
The recirculating char particles are considered in the size
classes closer to the diameter at the end of previous passage.
The overall strategy applied to the model can be outlined
in four steps. (1) The solution of the hydrodynamic equations of mass was first obtained by means of the hydrodynamic model. To calculate the size distribution of ash and
limestone in the dense region, it was initially assumed that
the limestone in the dense region had the same distribution
as that of the feed. The mean particle size present in the
dense region was calculated and the hydrodynamic model
was solved. Then, taking into account the distribution of
solids in the recirculation stream, a new particle diameter
in the dense region was determined and the hydrodynamic
model was again solved. This process was iterated until
convergence to the given condition. In the dilute region,
plug flow of gas was assumed, and the particle concentration, size and flow-rate of solids were obtained by means of
the hydrodynamic model. (2) With the size distribution and
concentration values obtained in step 1, the devolatalization
of a coal particle and combustion of the char particle were
computed by making use of the combustion model. The set
of non-linear differential equations governing the combustion model are solved using the RungeKutta method [25].
In the dense region, the oxygen concentration of the input

Fig. 1. Particle size distribution.

169

was given. At the inlet of dilute region, the secondary air

modified the oxygen concentration profiles, increasing its
value from the secondary air ports. The carbon combustion
efficiency was predicted. (3) With the size distribution and
gas species distribution along the furnace, the temperature
distribution was computed by means of the heat transfer
model. (4) The solution of the hydrodynamic field was
repeated with the updated values in steps (1) and (3), New
size distribution in the dense region and particle concentration profile along the dilute region can be obtained. The
process is iterated until convergence on the carbon concentration is reached.

4. Simulation results and discussion

The model described in the previous section was applied
to a typical circulating fluidized bed boiler [26]. The technical parameters of the CFB boiler are steam capacity of
35 t h 21, superheated steam temperature and pressure of
4008C and 2.45 MPa, respectively. The overall dimensions
are 9.3 m high and a cross-sectional area varying from 5.12
(at the distributor) to 7.04 m 2 (above). The combustion air is
supplied through the distributor (primary air) and the
secondary air inlets, The secondary air ports are located at
1.7 m from the distributor.
Most of the energy is released to the walls covered by
water tubes. It is assumed that the water-wall tubes have a
uniform temperature. In the present work, the temperature in
the dense zone was fixed at 1123 K. The design fuel for the
boiler is a mixture of low grade coal and the cinder from
chain grade stoker boilers. Coal compositions used are
shown in Table 2. The particle size distribution of the
feed coal is shown in Fig. 1. The average particle diameter
of the feed coal is 1.96 mm.
Fig. 2 shows concentration profiles of CO2, CO, H2O and
O2 along the height of the furnace. In the present model it is
assumed that the reaction rate was directly proportional to
the reaction rate of coal combustion. The high concentration
of O2 and low levels of CO2 emissions show that the
combustion of coal in the dense zone is still significant in
the controlling coal combustion process. The resultant particle size distribution in the dense zone is also shown in Fig. 1.
The computed average particle diameter is 2.16 mm. Fig. 3
shows the char concentration distribution in the dense zone
as a function of particle diameters. The computed average
char concentration is 2.65 wt %. The content of water
vapour is high in the flue gases due to the high moisture
content in the coal considered.
The predicted gas temperature profiles along the furnace
are presented in Fig. 4. The inlet temperature of feed and
recirculated particles are about 293 and 773 K, respectively.
The feed coal particles are dried and heated in the dense
zone leading to a slight decrease in the gas temperature until
the coal particles ignite. The volatile gasses released from
the coal particles were assumed to be instantaneously

170

L. Huilin et al. / Fuel 79 (2000) 165172

Fig. 2. CO2, O2, CO and H2O concentrations along the furnace.

Fig. 4. Flue gas temperature profile along the furnace.

burned and distributed uniformly in the dense zone. For

recirculated particles, only char combustion is considered
since devolatilizations are complete in the first passage in
the furnace. Due to these particles, the gas temperature
remains almost constant along the whole furnace, which is
typical for CFBC. Computed results indicated the gas
temperature near the wall was less than at the centre in
the dilute region. The trend of gas temperature along the
radial direction depends mainly upon the solid mass flux
distribution. Simulation results also indicated that the drying
time is not negligible in the dense zone.
Heat flux distributions of radiative and convective
components are shown in Fig. 5 along the furnace height.
Convective heat transfer is almost constant, and radiative
heat flux decreases along the furnace height because of gas
temperature. This leads to a slight decrease in the total wall
heat flux. It can be seen that about 70% of the total heat flux
to the walls is by radiation transfer, while the other 30% is

transferred by convection. In this case, the gassolid is relatively dense and the convective heat transfer still plays an
important role in the transfer process. For low loadings,
however, computed data showed that radiation transfer
dominates the whole heat transfer process, and the convection component is negligible.
Fig. 6 shows the variations of heat flux with boiler loads.
It can be seen that the heat flux decreases with decreasing
boiler loads. The measured and computed boiler performances are shown in Table 3. The computed circulating
ratio is 4.75, while the design value of the boiler was 3.32
for 100% maximum continuous rating.
Fig. 7 shows the SO2 concentration profiles as a function
of the limestone mean particle size with furnace height. The
smaller particles have higher reactivity than the larger particles, this means a larger capability to absorb SO2 for large
particles in the combustion gas, but their residence time is
low. Considering recirculation, however, the residence time

Fig. 3. Profile of char concentration in dense zone.

Fig. 5. Predicted heat fluxes along bed height.

L. Huilin et al. / Fuel 79 (2000) 165172

171

Fig. 8. SO2 emissions as a function of Ca/S mole ratio.

Fig. 6. Profile of heat fluxes to the wall.

mole ratios at given particle size. It is clear that the reactivity

of limestone does not remain the same throughout. Decreasing the calcium to sulphur ratio, the conversion of CaO to
CaSO4 within the particles increases.

5. Conclusions

Fig. 7. SO2 emissions as a function of limestone particle size.

of particles is similar for all particle sizes. Thereby, the

retention of SO2 is higher for small limestone particles
due to the higher reactivity for a given conversion fraction.
Fig. 8 shows the SO2 emission profiles for various Ca/S

A numerical model to simulate two regions with combustion in the furnace of a circulating fluidized bed boiler of
low circulating ratio with wide size distribution was implemented. This model was coupled a model for the dense
region derived from turbulent bubbling bed theory with a
model for dilute region which was a core-annular flow structure. Radiative heat transfer in the dilute region was
modeled by using zone method.
The model allows for the calculation of gas concentration, chemical species, temperature and heat flux along the
furnace. A model for SO2 retention was also included. The
model can now be used to represent a CFBC unit in various
applications but more experimental data are still required to
confirm the proposed CFBC model in order to make it more
comprehensive and reliable.

Table 3
Test performance of the 35 t/h CFB boiler with low circulating ratio

110% MCR
100% MCR
75% MCR
a
b

Boiler load (t/h)

Excess air ratio

Heat loss
due to
unburned
carbon (%)

Heat loss
due to
unburned
gases (%)

Boiler
combustion
efficiency (%)

38.2
35.0
24.5

0.37
0.32
0.93

10.16 a/4.28 b
9.90 a/5.61 b
11.09 a/5.74 b

5.74 a/2.07 b
5.36 a/2.13 b
7.70 a/2.63 b

84.1 a/93.65 b
84.74 a/92.26 b
81.21 a/91.63 b

Experimental values.
Computed data.

172

L. Huilin et al. / Fuel 79 (2000) 165172

Acknowledgements
This work is currently supported by The State Key
Laboratory of Clean Combustion of Coal in Tsinghua
University.

[12]

[13]

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