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Class:- 289013
HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Examination for the Degree of
MEng in Petroleum Engineering
Reservoir Engineering 1
Tuesday 6th January 1998
09.30 - 13.30
NOTES FOR CANDIDATES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
20% of marks
80% of marks
State clearly any assumptions used and intermediate calculations made in numerical
questions. No marks can be given for an incorrect answer if the method of
calculation is not presented.
9.
Answers must be written in separate, coloured books as follows:Section A:Section B:Section C:-
Blue
Green
Yellow
SECTION A
A1
Define:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
A2
A3
A4
A5
List the rock properties that should be determined in a rock-mechanicaloriented, special core analysis programme.
[3]
A6
A7
SECTION B
B8
(a)
(b)
Methane
(16.04)
Ethane
(30.07)
Propane
(44.09)
N-butane
(58.12)
N-pentane
(72.15)
Hexane
(86.17)
Heptane plus
(114.2)
(equivalent to octane)
0.84
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.02
-
0.16
0.34
0.31
0.10
0.09
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
How much gas will have been produced, when the pressure has
dropped to 2,000 psia?
[14]
R = 10.72cu ft.psi/lb mole.R
1lb mole = 379.4 SCF
1bbl = 5.615cu ft
B9
(a)
(b)
B11
(a) For low permeability rocks, the measured permeability of the rock, using
gas as the fluid is more than it is using a liquid.
Comment briefly on this and how the permeability of a rock can be
obtained using gas as the fluid.
[4]
(b)
The system below represents the common arrangement for measuring the
permeability of a core plug using a gas.
(d)
Capillary pressure data are obtained from core samples which represent a
small part of the reservoir. Leverett derived a J Function using the
Poiseuille equation for laminar flow:q=
r 4 P
8L
B12
(a) Identify the various elements in the material balance equation below:( N N p )Bo = NBoi Bg [ NR si ( N N p )R s G ps ]
[(G G pc )Bg GBgi ] ( We Wp Bw )
c + Swc c w
NBoi (1 + m )p f
( WinjBw + G injBg )
1 Swc
[3]
(b)
Simplify the material balance equation above so that it can be used for an
undersaturated reservoir without waterdrive and water production.
Modify the simplified equation so that it can be used to express the
recovery at the bubble point in terms of the effective compressibility of
the reservoir system..
[4]
(c)
(d)
SECTION C
C13 A tight formation of horizontal permeability, k y, equal to 0.5md and
thickness, h, of 150ft is to be developed for oil production. The choice
lies between horizontal wells or vertical wells with hydraulic fracturing.
The rock mechanics suggest that an infinite-conductivity fracture of halflength, xf, equal to 300ft will be feasible.
Determine the length of a horizontal well, L, which will have a
comparable semi-steady-state productivity index (PI) to the fractured,
vertical well.
Additional Well Data:Formation vertical permeability, kz = 0.01md
Oil viscosity, 0 = 1.5cp
Oil formation volume factor, B0 = 1.25
Wellbore radius, rw = 0.3ft
Equivalent cylindrical external radius of reservoir drainage
compartment, re = 10,000ft.
[20]
C14 A particular formation has been shown to be amenable to acid treatment
which can increase the rock permeability from the intrinsic value of 5md
to an improved value of 17md due to its effect on interstitial clay.
In a formation of 80ft thickness and 20% porosity, estimate how much the
well productivity index will be increased if 1000bbl of acid are injected
into the formation, assuming piston displacement of connate water and
oil to a residual saturation of 0.35.
Additional reservoir data:Connate water saturation, Swc = 0.25
Oil formation volume factor, B0 = 1.2
Oil viscosity, 0 = 0.8cp
Drainage area external radius, re = 5000ft
Wellbore radius, rw = 0.3ft
[20]
C15 Discuss how the wireline formation tester can give information on
dynamic aquifer effects and indicate where other phenomena can give
similar pressure-depth plots to those associated with a dynamic aquifer.
Why is it important to know if dynamic aquifer effects are present?
[20]
End of Paper
Course:- 28117
Class:- 289013
HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Examination for the Degree of
MEng in Petroleum Engineering
Reservoir Engineering 1
Friday 8 January 1999
09.30 - 13.30
NOTES FOR CANDIDATES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
20% of marks
80% of marks
9.
Answers must be written in separate, coloured books as follows:Section A:Section B:Section C:-
Blue
Green
Yellow
SECTION A
A1
Define:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
A2
A3
Derive the instantaneous gas-oil ratio equation and plot the shape of
the producing GOR versus pressure for a solution gas drive reservoir
[3]
A4
A5
A6
A7
SECTION B
B8
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
(iii)
Attachments
Methane
Propane
n-Pentane
Octane
0.890
0.075
0.035
--
Condensate
-0.215
0.620
0.165
B9
(a)
After natural water drive or injected water drive residual oil is left
within that part of the rock contacted by the water. Comment briefly
with the aid of a sketch why this might be.
[5]
(b)
Miscible gas injection can be used to recover the residual oil after a
water flood. Explain briefly what miscible gas injection is and why in
some cases gas injected is alternated with water injection in a WAG
(water alternating gas ) process.
[5]
(c)
6
4630
12
4612
18
4584
24
4448
After the first 6 month period 23,200 bbls. of water were estimated to
have influxed from the aquifer.
The properties common to the oil reservoir and the adjoining aquifer are
as follows:
permeability
k
water viscosity
w
porosity
=
120 milli darcies
=
0.8 cp
=
0.2
1 x 10 -6 psi-1
(i)
(ii)
The Hurst & van Everdingen equation for a full radial flow
system is:
[10]
We = 1.119cR o2 hpWD
where
We
p
WD
c
Ro
h
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
t
k
w
kt
w cR 2o
= time ( years)
= permeability (millidarcies)
= viscosity (cp)
B10
(a)
(b)
(c)
Table 1 gives the results for a constant mass study on an oil sample. In
the test the volume of live oil was measured as a function of pressure.
The temperature was maintained at the reservoir temperature of 220 F.
In another test a sample of the same oil in a PVT cell,at its bubble point
and at 220 F was passed through a two stage separator at 500 psig
and 160 F and 0 psig and 60 F. 38 cc of oil were removed from the
PVT cell and 28.34 cc of oil were collected from the final separator. A
total amount of 3492 cc of gas at 60F and 0 psig were collected from
both stages of the separation process.
In a further test a differential liberation procedure was carried out on a
sample of the oil at 220 F and the volumes of oil remaining and
standard volumes of gas liberated at each stage were recorded. The
results are presented in Table 2.
From the results of these tests assuming separator conditions of 500
psig and 160 F and 0 psig and 60 F determine:
(i)
(ii)
The oil formation volume factor at 4400 psig and 3925 psig.
(iii)
The solution gas to oil ratio at 4400 psig and 3925 psig.
(iv)
The oil formation volume factor and solution gas to oil ratio you
would use for reservoir calculations at 1605 psig.
(v)
Pressure (psig)
5500
5000
4500
4350
4173
4000
3800
3675
Volume of
Oil in Cell (cc)
193.00
194.97
196.08
196.42
196.81
197.21
197.68
198.00
Pressure (psig)
3643
3594
3493
3446
3293
3146
2954
2713
Volume of
Oil in Cell (cc)
198.46
199.21
200.85
201.66
204.67
208.00
213.29
221.82
Pressure (psig)
2453
2186
1968
1769
1580
1344
Volume of
Oil in Cell (cc)
234.39
252.81
274.35
302.11
339.97
415.31
Volume of Oil
cc @ 60 F & 0 psig
(cc at pressure)
177.25
2924
698
171.13
2265
1440
164.75
1605
2051
159.50
1095
2537
154.88
420
3322
147.13
3996
135.50
@60F
125.00
B11
(a)
(b)
(ii)
(iii)
Estimate the oil -in place per unit cross section area over the
reservoir thickness.
[5]
Data
The specific gravities of water and oil relative to water density at 60 F are
1.03 & 0.8 respectively. The density of water at 60F is 62.4 lbm/cu.ft.
Air/mercury capillary pressure = 10 x capillary pressure water/ oil.
1 bbl = 5.615 cu. ft
1 lbf = 1 lbm x g.
psi = lbf / sq inch
B12
Section C
C13
4A
4 re 3
ro
exp
ln + 2 ln
ro 4
2 sin o
where
A=
re2 = re2
2
2
or
Derive the Hawkins equation for the damage skin factor in an openhole completion. Supposing the skin factor, S , has been measured in a
transient well test what additional information could be used to
estimate the depth of damage, ra , and hence the damage zone
permeability, ka .
[20]
Closed Outer
Boundary
C14
2p
1 2
C15
End of Paper
Layer 1
S1
q
q=q +q
1
2
k1 h1
Layer 2
2
S2
k2 h2
p2
Q14
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.
1.
05
1.7
1.
1.6
1.7
0.8
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.05
1.2
0.95
1.
1.5
0.6
2
1.
1.2
1.6
1.8
0.5
1.15
1.7
1.9
1.3
2.4
3.0
2.6
1.2
1.05
0.25
2.8
1.1
3.0
1.1
Compressibility of
Natural Gases
(Jan. 1, 1941)
2.6 2.4
2.2
2.0
1.0
1.8
1.7
1.6
0.9
7
1.4
2.2
2.0
1.1
0.3
1.5
4
1.
.
15
1.25
0.4
1.6
1.4
1.35
1.3
1.
Compressibility Factor, z
1.45
0.7
1.9
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.05
0.9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15