PREFACE

Praise be to God who has helped our servant finish this paper with great ease. Without
help we may not be able to complete the author well.
The paper is organized so that readers can find out how much influence about warning
labels which are commonly found on chemicals. This paper set up by the author with various
obstacles. Whether it came from self constituent or who come from outside. But with
patience and especially the help of God finally this paper can be resolved.
This paper includes on "Describing Work Safety of Oxidising" and deliberately
chosen because the authors draw attention to scrutiny and need support from all parties who
care about laboratory work.
Authors also thank to my lecturers and our my friends to give our inspiration who
have helped making to finish this paper.
Hopefully this paper can provide a broader insight to the reader. Although this paper
has advantages and disadvantages. Authors beg for advice and criticism. Thank you.

Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Issue Background
B. Problem Identification
C. Limitation Of Problems.
D. Problem Formulation.

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. Hazard Symbol of Oxidising and The Meaning is
B. Examples of Oxidising Materials
C. Effects on our health and environments
D. Proctective Equipments
E. Specific rules to store or handle the materials safely.

CHAPTER III FINAL

A. Knot
B. Advice
C. References

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Issue Background
Safety in the home, garage and laboratory is essential if you are a scientist, doing
chemistry or even an everyday person with dangerous substances in the home and garage.
There are many dangers lurking in the laboratory and home waiting to get at you. From
chemicals to Bunsen burners you need to be extra careful. However, in schools especially,
students are taught about chemicals, their dangers and how to prevent any accidents.
However, even in the home and garage, dangerous chemicals could be lying there without
your attention. Caustic Soda (lye) which is used in cleaning drains and the making of soap
is extra-corrosive and will eat into your flesh should it come in contact with your skin.
Moss killer which is used in garden patios is corrosive again. Luckily enough, there are
hazard symbols on any products which are classified as harmful. This hub aims to explain
all the different hazard symbols and what they mean.
B. Problem Identification
C. Limitation Of Problems.
D. Problem Formulation.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Hazard Symbol of Oxidising and The Meaning is
Some chemical can harm us if they are not handled carefully. Hazard symbol
are used to identify the danger posed by each chemical and what care should be taken.
Hazard symbol and the meaning :
Oxidising substances do not burn themselves, but
they provide oxygen for flammable substances to burn.
They are labelled with the 'oxidising' symbol. In addition
to the normal precautions of wearing eye protection,
anyone using an oxidising substance should take care to
keep it away from flammable substances, including
clothing.

B. Examples of Oxidising Materials

What are oxidizing liquids and solids?
Oxidizing materials are liquids or solids that readily give off oxygen or other
oxidizing substances (such as bromine, chlorine, or fluorine). They also include
materials that react chemically to oxidize combustible (burnable) materials; this
means that oxygen combines chemically with the other material in a way that
increases the chance of a fire or explosion. This reaction may be spontaneous at either
room temperature or may occur under slight heating. Oxidizing liquids and solids can
be severe fire and explosion hazards.
This Brandeis Safety Operating Procedure applies to all users of oxidizing
chemicals. Examples of oxidizers include:

Ammonium perchlorate
Bromine
Chromic acid
Dibenzoyl peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Perchloric acid
Sodium perchlorate

Oxidizing chemicals are materials that spontaneously evolve oxygen at room

temperature or with slight heating or promote combustion. This class of chemicals
includes:

Peroxides
Chlorates
Perchlorates
Nitrates
Permanganates

Strong oxidizers are capable of forming explosive mixtures when mixed with
combustible, organic or easily oxidized materials.
There are other chemicals that are oxidizing materials. For example, liquid air
has been involved in many explosions because of its oxidizing properties. Liquid air
itself has about 30% oxygen which makes it a powerful oxidant. However, when
liquid air evaporates, it becomes richer in oxygen content when more volatile
components evaporate slightly faster. Liquid nitrogen is safer and is preferred to
liquid oxygen as a cryogenic liquid coolant.
It is wise to treat any unknown material, especially crystals in solvents known
to form a peroxide (e.g., ethers), as very hazardous until it is positively identified.
What can oxidizing materials do?
Oxidizing materials can:

speed up the development of a fire and make it more intense.

cause substances that do not normally burn readily in air to burn rapidly.
cause combustible materials to burn spontaneously without the presence of
obvious. ignition sources such as a spark or flame.

What happens when an oxidizing material comes in contact with a combustible

substance largely depends on the chemical stability of the oxidizing material. The less
stable an oxidizing material is, the greater the chance that it will react in a dangerous
way.
C. Effects on Health and Environments
D. Proctective Equipments
Oxidizing chemicals are materials that spontaneously evolve oxygen at room
temperature or with slight heating or promote combustion. This class of chemicals
includes peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates, and permanganates. Strong
oxidizers are capable of forming explosive mixtures when mixed with combustible,
organic or easily oxidized materials. Examples of strong oxidizers are listed at the end
of this SOP. Because of potential hazards associated with these materials, oxidizing
agents only be used in the wet laboratory and extraction laboratories. Fume hoods,

eye wash stations and safety showers are located in these laboratories. Oxidizing
agents should not be used in the instrument laboratory.

Decontamination procedures
Personel : Wash hands and arms with soap and water immediately after handling
oxidizing chemicals.
Area : Carefully clean work area after use. Paper towels or similar materials
contaminated with strong oxidizing chemicals may pose a fire risk.
Eye protection : Eye protection in the form of safety glasses must be worn at all
times when handling oxidizing chemicals. Ordinary (street) prescription glasses do
not provide adequate protection. (Contrary to popular opinion these glasses cannot
pass the rigorous test for industrial safety glasses.) Adequate safety glasses must meet
the requirements of the Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection (ANSI Z.87. 1 1989) and must be equipped with side shields. Safety
glasses with side shields do not provide adequate protection from splashes; therefore,
when the potential for splash hazard exists other eye protection and/or face protection
must be worn.
Eyewash : Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to oxidizing agents,
suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be
provided within the work area for immediate emergency use.
Gloves : Gloves should be worn when handling oxidizing chemicals. Disposable
nitrile gloves provide adequate protection against accidental hand contact with small
quantities of most laboratory chemicals. Lab workers should contact GVSU
Occupational Safety Department or the Laboratory Supervisor for advice on chemical
resistant glove selection when direct or prolonged contact with hazardous chemicals is
anticipated.
Hazard assessment : Hazard assessment should address proper use and handling
techniques, fire safety, storage, and waste disposal issues.
Protective apparel : Lab coats with long sleeved clothing should be worn when
handling oxidizing chemicals and closed toed shoes. In additional, protective clothing
should be worn if the possibility of skin contact is likely.
Safety shielding : Safety shielding is required any time there is a risk of explosion,
splash hazard or a highly exothermic reaction. All manipulations of oxidizing

chemicals which pose this risk should occur in a fume hood with the sash in the
lowest feasible position. Portable shields, which provide protection to all laboratory
occupants are acceptable.
Signs and labels Container : All oxidizing chemicals must be clearly labeled with
the correct chemical name. Handwritten labels are acceptable; chemical formulas and
structural formulas are not acceptable.
Special storage : Oxidizers should be stored in a cool and dry location. Keep
oxidizers segregated from all other chemicals in the laboratory. A labeled storage area
for oxidizing chemicals is provided in the laboratory. Minimize the quantities of
strong oxidizers stored in the laboratory. Never return excess chemicals to the original
container. Small amounts of impurities may be introduced into the container which
may cause a fire or explosion.
Special ventilation : When strong oxidizing agents are used in laboratory analyses,
the reactions must be performed in the fume hood.
Spill response : Anticipate spills by having the appropriate clean up equipment on
hand. The appropriate clean up supplies can be determined by consulting the material
safety data sheet. This should occur prior to the use of any oxidizing chemicals. Spill
control materials for oxidizers are designed to be inert and will not react with the
reagent. Never use paper towels or other inappropriate materials which are
combustible. The waste materials generated during spill cleanup may pose a
flammability risk and should not remain in the laboratory overnight unless it is stored
in an appropriate container.
In the event of a spill. Alert personnel in the area that a spill has occurred. Do not
attempt to handle a large spill of oxidizing chemicals. Vacate the laboratory
immediately and call for assistance.
E. Specific Rules to Store or Handle the Materials Safely.
Storage area for oxidizing materials
Store oxidizing materials separately away from processing and handling areas
and away from other materials. Separate storage can reduce the risk of personal injury
and damage in case of fires, spills or leaks. If totally separate storage is not possible,
store oxidizing materials away from incompatible materials especially organic or
other oxidizable materials (sometimes called reducing materials or reducing agents).
Some oxidizing materials are incompatible or may react with each other,
sometimes violently. Do not store them beside each other. Check the reactivity data
and storage requirements sections of the MSDS for details about what materials are
incompatible with a specific oxidizer.

Walls, floors, shelving, and fittings in storage areas should be constructed of

non-combustible materials. Wood impregnated with a fire-retardant material is not
fully protected against the increased fire hazard caused by contact with oxidizers.
Protect metal construction materials against corrosion by painting them with a
compatible coating.
Ensure that floors in areas where oxidizers are stored are watertight, do not
have cracks where these materials can lodge. Contain spills or leaks by storing in
trays made from compatible materials. For larger containers, such as drums or barrels,
provide dikes around storage areas, and sills or ramps at door openings.
Store oxidizer containers at a convenient height for handling, below eye level
if possible, to reduce the risk of dropping containers. Avoid overcrowding in storage
areas. Do not store containers in out-of-the-way locations where they could be
forgotten.
Store containers away from doors. Although it is convenient to place
frequently-used materials next to the door, they could cut off the escape route if an
emergency occurs.
Store oxidizing materials in areas that are:
Labelled with suitable warning signs.
Well-ventilated.
Supplied with adequate firefighting equipment including sprinklers, where
appropriate.
Supplied with suitable spill clean-up equipment and materials.
Free of ignition sources.
Accessible at all times.

Is storage temperature important?

Store oxidizing materials in dry, cool areas, out of direct sunlight and away
from steam pipes, boilers or other sources of heat. Follow the chemical supplier's
recommendations for storage temperatures. Some dangerously reactive oxidizing
materials start to decompose at temperatures only a little above normal room
temperatures. The decomposition can lead to an explosion under some conditions. For
these oxidizers, ensure that the storage temperature is kept at least 14C (25F) below
their decomposition temperature. Avoid storing any oxidizer at temperatures above
49C (120F).
Storage areas may need alarms that provide a warning when storage
temperatures are higher or lower than required.

There are classes of oxidizing materials :

The [U.S.] National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 430 (1995)
"Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers" has classified oxidizing
materials classified according to their ability to cause spontaneous combustion and
how much they can increase the burning rate.
Class 1 Oxidizers:

slightly increase the burning rate of combustible materials.

do not cause spontaneous ignition when they come in contact with them.

Class 2 Oxidizers:

increase the burning rate of combustible materials moderately with which they
come in contact.
may cause spontaneous ignition when in contact with a combustible material.

Class 3 Oxidizers:

severely increase the burning rate of combustible materials with which they come
in contact.
will cause sustained and vigorous decomposition if contaminated with a
combustible material or if exposed to sufficient heat.

Class 4 Oxidizers:

can explode when in contact with certain contaminants.

can explode if exposed to slight heat, shock, or friction.
will increase the burning rate of combustibles.
can cause combustibles to ignite spontaneously.

Some Examples of these classes of oxidizing materials :

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 430 (1995) "Code for
the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers" provides many examples of typical
oxidizing materials listed according to the NFPA classification system. Some of these
examples include:
NFPA Class 1 Oxidizers
Examples of NFPA Class 1 oxidizers include:

aluminum nitrate
ammonium persulfate

barium peroxide
hydrogen peroxide solutions (8% to 27.5% by weight)
magnesium nitrate
nitric acid (40% concentration or less)
perchloric acid solutions (less than 50% by weight)
potassium dichromate
potassium nitrate
silver nitrate
sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate
sodium dichromate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrite
sodium perborate (and its monohydrate)
sodium persulfate
strontium nitrate
strontium peroxide
trichloroisocyanuric acid
zinc peroxide

NFPA Class 2 Oxidizers

Examples of NFPA Class 2 oxidizers include:

calcium chlorate
calcium hypochlorite (50% or less by weight)
chromic acid (chromium trioxide)
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
hydrogen peroxide (27.5 to 52% by weight)
magnesium perchlorate
nitric acid (concentration greater than 40% but less than 86%)
potassium permanganate
sodium permanganate
sodium chlorite (40% or less by weight)
sodium perchlorate (and its monohydrate)
sodium peroxide

NFPA Class 3 Oxidizers

Examples of NFPA Class 3 oxidizers include:

ammonium dichromate
hydrogen peroxide (52 to 91% by weight)
nitric acid, fuming (concentration greater than 86%)
perchloric acid solutions (60 to 72% by weight)

potassium bromate
potassium chlorate
potassium dichloroisocyanurate
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorite (greater than 40% by weight)
sodium dichloroisocyanurate

NFPA Class 4 Oxidizers

Examples of NFPA Class 4 oxidizers include:

ammonium perchlorate (particle size greater than 15 microns)

ammonium permanganate
hydrogen peroxide (greater than 91% by weight)
perchloric acid solutions (greater than 72.5% by weight)
tetranitromethane

What should we know about handling oxidizing materials?

Make sure that all areas where oxidizing materials are used are free of
combustible and other incompatible materials. Do not allow tobacco smoking or any
other ignition sources around oxidizing materials.
Ensure that temperatures in these areas do not become high enough to cause
rapid decomposition of the materials. For example, hydrogen peroxide decomposes
almost twice as fast for every 5.6?C (10?F) temperature rise.
In laboratories, do not use corks, rubber stoppers or stopcock grease to seal
containers of strong oxidizing materials. Use fibreglass heating mantles or sand baths
instead of oil baths to heat reaction vessels containing significant amounts of
oxidizing materials.
Follow the chemical producer's instructions regarding the handling of oxidizing
agents. Always:

Inspect containers for damage or leaks before handling them.

Handle containers of oxidizers carefully to avoid damaging them.
Keep containers of oxidizers tightly closed, except when actually using the
material, to help avoid spillage or contamination of the container contents.
Keep only the smallest amounts possible (not more than one day's supply) of
oxidizers in work areas.
Return unopened containers to the proper storage area and opened containers to a
dispensing area at the end of the day.

Check that all containers are properly labelled, and handle the containers so that
the label remains undamaged and easy to read.
Never return "used" or unused oxidizers to original containers of uncontaminated
material. Trace amounts of contaminant might cause a dangerous decomposition.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Knot
B. Advice

C. Reference
http://www.gvsu.edu/labsafety/oxidizing-chemicals-21.htm
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/oxidizing.html
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/occup-travail/whmis-simdut/oxidizingcomburantes-eng.php
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/oxidizing/oxiziding_hazards.html
http://www.brandeis.edu/ehs/labs/oxidizers.html