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97
(ii)SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Pedestrian load = -3.889 kN/m2
6.5.2 Sectional properties of longitudinal and transverse members:
98
DEAD LOAD
243
SIDL
282
Table 6.36: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type
BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)
CLASS A
327
397
70R TRACKED
983
1081
70 R WHEELED
690
862
99
Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL) B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70R Wheeled)B.M
=243+282+1081
=1606 kN-m
Design of section:
Effective depth d =
Ast =
= 8676 mm2
= 1041mm.
Provide 12 # of 32
ASt provided =9650 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1140 mm.
Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis
fc =
fc = 6.29
*
10
<
fst =
fst = 141
<
(200
)
100
) =m*Ast*(d-hc)
DEAD LOAD
54
SIDL
92
Table 6.38: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type
CLASS A
107
129
70R TRACKED
341
375
70 R WHEELED
240
300
=54+92+375 = 521KN
Check for shear stress
=
>
<
*b*d
DEAD LOAD
181
SIDL
215
Table 6.40: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type
BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)
CLASS A
253
307
70R TRACKED
785
863
70 R WHEELED
553
691
Ast =
= 922 mm.
2
= 6211 mm
Provide 8 # of 36
ASt provided =8143 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1140 mm.
102
Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis
Bf *Df*(hc-Df) +Bw*(hc-Df)*(hc -
) =m*Ast*(d-hc)
hc = 204 mm
1) Compressive stress in concrete:
fc =
fc = 4.35
*
10
<
fst =
fst = 125
<
(200
DEAD LOAD
109
SIDL
104
Table 6.42: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type
CLASS A
119
144
70R TRACKED
344
378
70 R WHEELED
253
316
103
109+104+378 = 591KN
>
<
-1
(ii)SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Pedestrian load = -3.889 kN/m2
104
105
DEAD LOAD
327
SIDL
494
Table 6.44: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type
BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)
CLASS A
491
596
70R TRACKED
1470
1617
70 R WHEELED
938
1172
Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL) B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70R Wheeled)B.M
=327+494+1617
=2438 kN-m
Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
=1.2 -
=1.2 -
=0.07
106
x = 77 mm <Df
Ast =
Ast =
mm2
Provide 8 # of 32
Ast provided =6433 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1156 mm
Check for deflection and cracking:
1) Deflection:
(i)
=20*0.8*1=16
Provided =
=8.65<16 ok
107
=12.5mm.
DEAD LOAD
72
SIDL
161
Table 6.46: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type
CLASS A
132
150
70R TRACKED
511
562
70 R WHEELED
360
450
cp]
*bw*d
] *350*1156
VRd.c = 440 kN
Shear reinforcement should be designed for a shear force = 355 kN.
VRd.s=
* *
For 4 legged 10 @200 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section =542 kN
108
DEAD LOAD
244
SIDL
277
Table 6.48: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type
BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)
CLASS A
379
460
70R TRACKED
993
1090
70 R WHEELED
722
902
Mmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) B.M +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) BM
= 244+277+1092
=1613 kN-m
Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
=1.2 -
=1.2 -
x = 48 mm <Df
109
Ast =
mm2
Ast =
Provide 4 # of 36
Ast provided =4071 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1156 mm
DEAD LOAD
109
SIDL
183
Table 6.50: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type
CLASS A
178
216
70R TRACKED
517
568
70 R WHEELED
381
476
Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F
=109+183+568= 860KN
Shear reinforcement:
3) The design shear resistance VRd.c >VEd.
4) The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*
VRd.c = [0.12*1.415*(80*0.0159*30)
cp]
0.33
*bw*d
+ 0.15*
VRd.c = 440 kN
110
] *350*1156
*z*
For 4 legged 10 @150 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section =723 kN
Deck slab
IRC 21
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:
=1,
=1
=1
m2=0.037
] = 9.14 kN
u =0.84+2*0.08 =1
v =4.57+2*0.08 =4.73
K=
=0.4,
=1
=1
m2=0.037
= 203 kN
Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25)=1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*( 1-
) +bw
=2.988 m
112
=116.28
Shear force = 75 kN
Design bending moments are given by:
MB= 1.66 +8.63 = 10.29 kN-m
ML= 1.66+8.63 = 10.29 kN-m
Design of slab:
Area of steel along short span =
Spacing =
=285 mm
=275 mm.
Spacing =
= 285 mm
=275 mm.
=0.42
=k1 *k2*
co
=0.61 N/mm2
113
IRC 112
Deck slab
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:
=1,
=1
=1
m2=0.037
] = 13.15 kN
=1
114
=0.4,
=1
m2=0.037
= 304 kN
Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25)=1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*( 1-
) +bw
=2.998m
Load per metre =
=175 kN
Spacing =
= 265 mm
= 296 mm.
Spacing =
= 265 mm
=296 mm.
cp]
*bw*d
116
] *1000*200
DISCUSSIONS:
BM in kNm
250
200
150
WSM
100
LSM
50
0
0
span in metres
Fig.6.37
BM in kNm
500
400
300
WSM
200
LSM
100
0
0
span in metres
Fig.6.38
117
BM in kNm
1400
1200
1000
800
WSM
600
LSM
400
200
0
0
span in metres
Fig.6.39
SF in kN
120
100
80
WSM
60
LSM
40
20
0
0
Length in metres
Fig.6.40
118
SF in kN
WSM
LSM
Length in metres
Fig.6.41
SF in kN
400
300
WSM
200
LSM
100
0
0
Length in metres
Fig.6.42
The bending moments due to dead load for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.37.
The bending moments due to SIDL for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.38
119
The bending moments due to dead load for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.39
The shear force due to dead load for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.40
The shear force due to SIDL for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.41
The shear force due to live load for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.42
The comparison of volume of concrete and area of steel are tabulated below:
Table 51: Comparison between two methods at mid span and quarter span
WSM
LSM
1.035*106
9,650
8,143
1.035*
6,433
4,071
As it very visible from above comparison that LSM has found out to be more economical of the
two methods. It means we can design the structure more economically by adopting ultimate
strength design method rather than the WSM.
The savings in concrete is zero, since we have adopted section for both LSM and WSM.
But at mid span the steel difference is quite noticeable compared to WSM, LSM is about 33%
more economic i.e., it consumes less steel than WSM.
However at quarter span the difference is quite noticeable, LSM is about 50% more economic
than WSM.
The main fundamental difference for working stress approach and limit state approach is that, in
working stress approach service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of material is
not utilized in the full extent, since stresses acting on structural members are calculated based on
elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable values. In fact, the whole
structure during the lifespan may only experience loading stresses far below the ultimate state.
For limit state approach, for each material and load, a partial safety factor is assigned
individually depending on the material properties and load properties. Therefore, each element of
120
load and material properties is accurately assessed resulting in a more refined and accurate
analysis of the structure. In this connection, the material strength can be utilized to its maximum
value during its lifespan and loads can be assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence.
This is the reason for LSM to be more economical than WSM.
In the deck slab, the area of steel in LSM and WSM are found to be same, though the area of
concrete is same for LSM and WSM, since the loads are multiplied by a partial safety factor in
LSM there is no significant change in area of steel. In case of slab the savings of materials in
slabs is almost nill.
But for Shear force reinforcement there is not much of change observed in both deck slab and in
girder. The reinforcement is almost same since the sections taken in LSM .
The reinforcement details of end longitudinal girder at mid and quarter span designed as per
IRC: 21-2000 and IRC: 112-2011 is shown below.
Fig.6.43: Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 21-2000)
121
Fig.6.44 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 21-2000)
Fig 6.45 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)
122
Fig 46: Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)
123