STOICHOIMETRY

Stoichiometry is the measurement or calculation of the quantities of the

substances taking part in a chemical reaction. The balanced equation is the key
to chemical calculations. The coefficients in the balanced equation give the mole
ratio of reactants and products. For example, in the reaction
3H2 + N2 2 NH3
the mole ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen to ammonia is 3:1:2.
Given the number of moles of one of the reactants consumed or of products
formed, the number of moles of other substances involved in the chemical
reaction may be calculated. The mole ratio given by the coefficients in the
balanced equation provides the necessary conversion factors.
How many moles of hydrogen are needed to combine with 1.6 moles nitrogen to
produce ammonia?
1.6 moles N2 x 3 moles H2
1 mole N2

= 4.8 moles H2

How many moles of ammonia will be produced?

1.6 moles N2 x 2 moles NH3 = 3.2 moles NH3
1 moles N2
The mass relationships between reactants and products may be determined by
the mole ratio and the molar masses.
How may grams of ammonia will be produced if 1.6 moles of nitrogen are
consumed?
1.6 moles N2 x 2 moles NH3 x 17.0 g NH3 = 54 g NH3
1 mole N2
1 mole NH3
How many grams of hydrogen are required to react with 6.2 grams of nitrogen?
6.2 g N2 x 1 mole N2 x 3 moles H2 x 2.02 g H2 = 1.3 g H2
28.0 g N2
1 mole N2
1 mole H2

Consider the decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO3):

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
How many moles of oxygen will be produced if 3.4 moles of potassium chlorate
decompose?
3.4 moles KclO3 x 3 moles O2 = 5.1 moles O2
2 moles KClO3
How many moles of potassium chloride will be produced if 1.2 moles oxygen are
formed?
1.2 moles O2 x 2 moles KCl = 0.80 mole KCl
3 moles O2
How many grams of potassium chloride will form if 16.4 grams potassium
chlorate decompose?
16.4 g KClO3 x 1 mole KClO3 x 2 moles KCl x 74.6 g KCl = 9.95 g KCl
123 g KClO3
2 moles KClO3 1 mole KCl

PROBLEMS
Give answers to the correct number of significant digits.
1. Consider the decomposition of sucrose (C12H22O11) upon heating:
C12H22O11 12C + 11H2O
a. How many moles of water will form if 8.3 moles of sucrose
decompose?
b. How many grams of carbon will be produced if 4.2 x 10-2 mole of
sucrose reacts?
c. How many grams of carbon will be formed if 9.83 grams of sucrose
decompose?
d. How many grams of water will be produced if 1.2 x 102 grams of
carbon are produced?
e. How many grams of sucrose are required to yield 8.83 grams of
carbon?

2. Consider the reaction of potassium metal with iodine:

2K + I2 2KI
a. How many moles of potassium are needed to react with 5.0 moles of
iodine?
b. How many grams of potassium are needed to react with 18.2 grams of
iodine?
c. How many moles of potassium iodide will be produced if 26.6 grams of
potassium reacts?
d. How many grams of potassium iodide will be produced if 6.0 moles of
iodine reacts?
e. How many grams of iodine are needed to react with 0.400 grams of
potassium?

3. The smelting of iron ore involves the reaction of iron (III) oxide with carbon
to produce metallic iron and carbon monoxide:
Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO
a. How many moles of carbon will react with 1.8 x 105 moles of iron (III)
oxide?
b. How many grams of carbon are needed to react with 5.6 x 107 grams
of iron (III) oxide?
c. The reaction of 6.0 x 109 moles of iron (III) oxide will yield how many
moles of iron?
d. How many moles of carbon monoxide would result if 3.1 x 108 moles
of Fe are produced?
e. How many grams of iron (III) oxide are needed to produce 1.0 x 107
grams of iron?

4. Hydrogen combines with bromine to form hydrogen bromide:

H2 + Br2 2HBr
a. How many moles of bromine are needed to react with 1.2 x 10-3 mole
of hydrogen?
b. How many grams of hydrogen are needed to react with 4.08 grams of
bromine?
c. How many moles of hydrogen bromide will be produced if 5.00 x 10-4
mole of bromine reacts?
d. How many grams of hydrogen bromide will be produced if 2 x 10-2
mole of hydrogen reacts?
e. How many grams of hydrogen bromide will be produced if 4.0 grams
of bromine react?

5. Zinc dissolves in hydrochloric acid according to the reaction:

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
a. How many moles of hydrochloric acid are needed to react with 8.42
moles of zinc?
b. How many grams of zinc will react with 6 x 10-2 mole of hydrochloric
acid?
c. How many moles of zinc must react to produce 1.8 x 10-3 mole
hydrogen?
d. How many grams of zinc must react to produce 5.61 grams of zinc
chloride?
e. How many grams of zinc chloride will be produced if 3.2 x 10-4 gram of
hydrogen is generated?

6. Propane (C3H8) burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water:

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
a. How many moles of oxygen are needed to react with 2.5 moles of
propane?
b. How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced by the combustion of
1.8 miles of propane?
c. How many moles of propane are required to yield 3.0 x 104 moles of
water?
d. How many grams of water are formed if 64.8 grams of oxygen react?
e. How many grams of propane are needed to produce 1.0 x 10-3 gram of
carbon dioxide?

7. Iodine is manufactured from the ashes of seaweed which contain sodium

iodide. When the ashes are treated with chlorine gas, the iodine is displaced
according to the reaction:
2NaI + Cl2 2NaCl + I2
a. How many moles of chlorine are needed to react with 7 x 105 moles
sodium iodide?
b. How many moles of iodine will be produced if 6.2 x 107 moles sodium
iodide react?
c. How many grams of sodium iodide are required to produce 3.0 x 108
moles of iodine?
d. How many grams of sodium chloride will be produced if 2.6 x 103
grams of sodium iodide react?
e. How many grams of iodine will form if 8.1 x 105 grams of chlorine
react?
8. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the equation:
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
a. How many moles of water will form if 3.1 x 10-2 mole hydrogen
peroxide decomposes?
b. How many moles of hydrogen peroxide are required to generate 8.5 x
10-4 mole oxygen?
c. How many grams of water will form if 24.6 grams of hydrogen
peroxide react?
d. How many grams of oxygen will be produced if 8 grams of water form?
e. How many grams of hydrogen peroxide are needed to produce 50.0
grams of water?

9. In 1774, Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen by heating and decomposing red

mercury (II) oxide as described by the equation:
2HgO 2Hg + O2
a. How many moles of oxygen are formed by the decomposition of 1.0
mole mercury (II) oxide?
b. How many moles of mercury are produced if 3.6 moles oxygen are
generated?
c. How many grams of mercury are formed if the reaction yields 4.66
grams of oxygen?
d. How many grams of mercury (II) oxide are required to produce 60.0
grams of mercury?
e. How many grams of oxygen will be formed if 18 grams of mercury (II)
oxide react?

10. Lead (IV) oxide decomposes to lead (II) oxide and oxygen according to the
equation:
2PbO2 2PbO + O2
a. How many moles of lead (II) oxide will form if 1.0 x 10-2 mole lead (IV)
oxide decomposes?
b. How many grams of oxygen wil be generated if 4.0 moles lead (II)
oxide are produced?
c. How many moles of lead (IV) oxide are needed to produce 8.00 x 10-4
mole oxygen?
d. How many grams of oxygen are produced if 25.7 grams of lead (II)
oxide form?
e. How many grams of lead (IV) oxide are needed to produce 126 grams
of lead (II) oxide?

ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
1.
a. 8.3 moles C12H22O11 x 11 moles H2O = 91 moles H2O
1 mole C12H22O11
b. 4.2 x 10-2 mole C12H22O11 x

12 moles C
x 12.0 g C = 6.0 g C
1 mole C12H22O11
1 mole C

12 moles C
x 12.0 g C = 0.699 g C
c. 9.83 g C12H22O11 x 1 mole C12H22O11 x
342 g C12H22O11
1 mole C12H22O11
1 mole C
d. 1.2 x 102 g C x 1 mole C x 11 moles H2O x 18.0 g H2O = 1.6 x 102 g H2O
12.0 g C
12 moles C
1 mole H2O
e. 8.83 g C x 1 mole C x 1 mole C12H22O11 x 342 g C12H22O11 = 21.0 g C12H22O11
12.0 g C
12 moles C
1 mole C12H22O11
2.
a. 5.0 moles I2 x 2 moles K = 10 moles K
1 mole I2
b. 18.2 g I2 x 1 mole I2 x 2 moles K x 39.1 g K = 5.60 g K
254 g I2
1 mole I2
1 mole K
c. 26.6 g K x 1 mole K x 2 moles KI = 0.680 mole KI
39.1 g K
2 moles K
d. 6.0 moles I2 x 2 moles KI x 166 g KI = 2.0 x 103 g KI
1 mole I2
1 mole KI
e. 0.400 g K x 1 mole K x 1 mole I2 x 254 g I2 = 1.30 g I2
39.1 g K
2 moles K
1 mole I2
3.
a. 1.8 x 105 moles Fe2O3 x

3 moles C
= 5.4 x 105 moles C
1 mole Fe2O3

b. 5.6 x 107 g Fe2O3 x 1 mole Fe2O3 x 3 moles C x 2.0 g C = 1.3 x 107 g C

160.0 g Fe2O3
1 mole Fe2O3
1 mole C

c. 6.0 x 109 moles Fe2O3 x 2 moles Fe = 1.2 x 1010 moles Fe

1 mole Fe2O3
d. 3.1 x 108moles Fe x 3 moles CO = 4.6 x 108 moles CO
2 moles Fe
e. 1.0 x 107 g Fe x 1 mole Fe x 1 mole Fe2O3 x 160.0 g Fe2O3 = 1.4 x 107 g Fe2O3
55.8 g Fe
2 moles Fe
1 mole Fe2O3
4.
a. 1.2 x 10-3 mole H2 x 1 mole Br2 = 1.2 x 10-3 mole Br2
1 mole H2
b. 4.08 g Br2 x 1 mole Br2 x 1 mole H2 x 2.02 g H2 = 5.15 x 10-2 g H2
160.0 g Br2
1 mole Br2
1 mole H2
c. 5.00 x 10-4 mole Br2 x 2 moles HBr = 1.00 x 10-3 mole HBr
1 mole Br2
d. 2 x 10-2 mole H2 x 2 moles HBr x 8.09 g HBr = 3 g HBr
1 mole H2
1 mole HBr
e. 4.0 g Br2 x 1 mole Br2 x 2 moles HBr x 80.9 g HBr = 4.0 g HBr
160.0 g Br2
1 mole Br2
1 mole HBr
5.
a. 8.42 moles Zn x 2 moles HCl = 16.8 moles HCl
1 mole Zn
b. 6 x 10-2 mole HCl x 1 mole Zn x 65.4 g Z = 2 g Zn
1 mole HCl
1 mole Zn
c. 1.8 x 10-3 mole H2 x 1 mole Zn = 1.8 x 10-3 mole Zn
1 mole H2
d. 5.61 g ZnCl2 x 1 mole ZnCl2 x 1 mole Zn x 65.4 g Zn = 2.70 g Zn
136 g ZnCl2
1 mole ZnCl2 1 mole Zn
e. 3.2 x 10-4 g H2 x 1 mole H2 x 1 mole ZnCl2 x 136 g ZnCl2 = 2.2 x 10-2 g ZnCl2
2.02 g H2
1 mole H2
1 mole ZnCl2
6.
a. 2.5 moles C3H8 x 5 moles O2 = 12 moles O2
1 mole C3H8
b. 1.8 moles C3H8 x 3 moles CO2 x 44.0 g CO2 = 2.4 x 102 g CO2
1 mole C3H8
1 mole CO2

c. 3.0 x 104 moles H2O x 1 mole C3H8 = 7.5 x 103 moles C3H8
4 moles H2O
d. 64.8 g O2 x 1 mole O2 x 4 moles H2O x 18.0 g H2O = 29.2 g H2O
32.0 g O2
5 moles O2
1 mole H2O
e. 1.0 x 10-3 x 1 mole CO2 x 1 mole C3H8 x 44.0 g C3H8 = 3.3 x 10-4 g C3H8
44.0 g CO2
3 moles CO2
1 mole C3H8
7.
a. 7.5 x 105 moles NaI x 1 mole Cl2 = 3.8 x 105 moles Cl2
2 moles NaI
b. 6.2 x 107 moles NaI x 1 mole I2 = 3.1 x 107 moles I2
2 moles NaI
c. 3.0 x 108 moles I2 x 2 moles NaI x 150.0 g NaI = 9.0 x 1010 g NaI
1 mole I2
1 mole NaI
d. 2.6 x 103 g NaI x 1 mole NaI x 2 moles NaCl x 58.5 g NaCl = 1.0 x 103 g NaCl
150 g NaI
2 moles NaI
1 mole NaCl
e. 8.1 x 105 g Cl2 x 1 mole Cl2 x 1 mole I2 x 254 g I2 = 2.9 x 106 g I2
70.9 g Cl2
1 mole Cl2
1 mole I2
8.
a. 3.1 x 10-2 mole H2O2 x 2 moles H2O = 3.1 x 10-2 mole H2O
2 moles H2O2
b. 8.5 x 10-4 mole O2 x 2 moles H2O2 = 1.7 x 10-3 mole H2O2
1 mole O2
c. 24.6 g H2O2 x 1 mole H2O2 x 2 moles H2O x 18.0 g H2O = 13.0 g H2O
34.0 g H2O2
2 moles H2O2 1 mole H2O
d. 8 g H2O x 1 mole H2O x 1 mole O2 x 32.0 g O2 = 7 g O2
18.0 g H2O
2 moles H2O
1 mole O2
e. 50.0 g H2O x 1 mole H2O x 2 moles H2O2 x 34.0 g H2O2 = 94.4 g H2O2
18.0 g H2O
2 moles H2O
1 mole H2O2
9.
a. 1.0 HgO x

1 mole O2 = 0.50 mole O2

2 moles HgO

b. 3.6 moles O2 x 2 moles Hg = 7.2 moles Hg

1 mole O2

10

c. 4.66 g O2 x 1 mole O2 x 2 moles Hg x 201 g Hg = 58.5 g Hg

32.0 g O2
1 mole O2
1 mole Hg
d. 60.0 g Hg x 1 mole Hg x 2 moles HgO x 217 g HgO = 64.8 g HgO
201 g Hg
2 moles Hg
1 mole HgO
e. 18 g HgO x 1 mole HgO x 1 mole O2 x 32.0 g O2 = 1.3 g O2
217 g HgO
2 moles HgO
1 mole O2
10.
a. 1.0 x 10-2 mole PbO2 x 2 moles PbO = 1.0 x 10-2 mole PbO
2 moles PbO2
b. 4.0 moles PbO x

1 mole O2 x 32.0 g O2 = 64 g O2
2 moles PbO
1 mole O2

c. 8.00 x 10-4 mole O2 x 2 moles PbO2 = 1.60 x 10-3 mole PbO2

1 mole O2
d. 25.7 g PbO x 1 mole PbO x 1 mole O2 x 32.0 g O2 = 1.84 g O2
223 g PbO
2 moles PbO
1 mole O2
e. 126 g PbO x 1 mole PbO x 2 moles PbO2 x 239 g PbO2 = 135 g PbO2
223 g PbO
2 moles PbO
1 mole PbO2

11