EXPERIMENT REPORT

Preparation of Soap

GROUP V :
RISNA PUTRI EGITASARI

(12030194212)

DESIANA ANGGRAENI

(12030194234)

AURA IMANA ARSYAD

(12030194244)

INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY EDUCATION 2012

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
2014

I.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:
Preparation of Soap

II.

DAY/DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Tuesday, 4th November 2014

III.

PURPOSE:
1. University student can make the procedure to make soap
2. University student predict the reaction of soap form
3. University student explain the differences between the soap that form
from base NaOH and KOH
4. University student can make soap emulsion
5. University student can explain the process of emulsion form both soap
water with oil
6. University student can determine the quality of oil based acid number and
saponification number

IV.

BASIC THEORY:
Soap
Soaps are carboxylate salts with very long hydrocarbon chains.
Soap can be made from the base hydrolysis of a fat or an oil. This
hydrolysis is called saponification, and the reaction has been known for
centuries. Traditionally, soaps were made from animal fat and lye (NaOH).
(Lye was traditionally made by pouring water through wood ashes.)
An example of a saponification reaction is shown below.

Preparation of Soap

Page 1

Fats and oils are triesters of glycerol and three fatty acids. Esters
can be hydrolyzed to their alcohol and carboxylic acid components in the
presence of acid or base. Fats, oils, and fatty acids are insoluble in water
because their hydrophobic tails are so long. If a base is used for
hydrolysis, the fatty acids produced are deprotonated and are present as the
corresponding carboxylate salts. Because these product carboxylate salts
are charged, they are much more soluble in water than the corresponding
uncharged fatty acids. Since the carboxylate salts also each have a long
nonpolar tail, they are also compatible with nonpolar greases and oils.

Soap can emulsify fats and oils by forming micelles around oil
droplets. The soap molecules surround an oil droplet so that their nonpolar
tails are embedded in the oil and their charged head groups are on the
exterior of the droplets, facing the water. If the oil droplets are small
enough and if there are enough soap molecules to surround them, the oil
droplets become dispersed in the water and can then easily be washed
away. Therefore, using lots of soap, hot water, and agitation can help clean
greasy dishes. Hot water can melt solid fats, and agitation can help break
up the fats and oils into smaller droplets. Using lots of soap makes it more
likely that there will be enough soap molecules to surround and emulsify
all of the fat droplets.
The soap molecule has two parts: a polar group (-COO-Na+) and a
non-polar group (R-hydrocarbon part). The polar group is called the head
Preparation of Soap

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and the non-polar group is called the tail. Thus, the soap molecule has a
polar head and a non-polar hydrocarbon tail. The polar head is hydrophilic
in nature (water loving) and the non-polar tail is hydrophobic (water
repelling) in nature.

The saponification reaction is exothermic in nature, because heat

is liberated during the process. The soap formed remains in suspension
form in the mixture. Soap is precipitated as a solid from the suspension by
adding common salt to the suspension. This process is called Salting out
of Soap.
Types of Soap
Depending upon the nature of alkali used in the production of soap,
they are classified into two types.

Hard soap

The sodium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as hard soap. It is
difficult to dissolve in water. It is used as laundry soap.

Soft soap

The potassium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as soft soap,
as it produces more lather. It is used as toilet soap and shaving soap.
In aqueous solution, soap ionises to form alkali ions.

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Since soaps have free alkali ions, they are alkaline in nature.
Hence, the soap solutions are slippery to the touch.
In chemistry, acid value (or "neutralization number" or "acid
number" or "acidity") is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in
milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical substance.
The acid number is a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in a
chemical compound, such as a fatty acid, or in a mixture of compounds.
Acid number is one of the measuring oil or fat quality. Acid
number of oil or fat is the number that describe about the amount of KOH
in milligram that need it to neutralization free fatty acid in one gram of oil
or fat. The calculation of acid number is:

Where:

V = the amount of KOH standard solution in mL

N = Normality of KOH standard solution
W = the weight of sample (oil or fat) in gram

Saponification number is one of the measuring oil or fat quality.

Saponification number of oil or fat is the number that describe about the
amount of KOH in milligram that need to saponification perfectly in 1
gram of oil or fat. The calculation of saponification number is:

Preparation of Soap

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Where:

V = the amount of HCl solution in mL that used in

saponification
N = Normality of HCl solution
W = the weight of sample (oil or fat) in gram

Saponification is a process that produces soap, usually from fats

and lye. In technical terms, saponification involves base (usually caustic
soda NaOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are esters of fatty acids, to
form the sodium salt of a carboxylate. In addition to soap, such traditional
saponification processes produces glycerol. Saponification of fats and oils
is the most widely used soap making process. This method involves
heating fats and oils and react them with a liquid alkali to produce soap
and water plus glycerin. The strong hydrogen bond produces an emulsion.
A soap emulsion appears milky-white because light is reflected off the
small suspended oil globules that originate with the hydrophobic alkyl
portion of the soap. Once factor that effect the decrease of surface tension
of water is the emulsion power. Emulsion is dispersion or equilibrium
suspension of one liquid solution within another liquid phase, which both
of it is not dissolve each other. To form the stable emulsion, emulsion
substances called emulsifying agent is needed to lower the surface tension
between thats two liquid phases. Emulsifying agent appearances like
protein, gom, surfactant, etc. The power of emulsifier especially caused by
the ability of the molecule to banded in oil and water. Soap is surfactant,
surfactant have ability to lower the surface tension with it hydrophobic and
hydrophilic end of that structure. The hydrophobic end of surfactant will
soluble or bond with oil or fat surface (waste) and hydrophilic head will
soluble or bond with water surface. Because of that ability of surfactant in
soap, its possible to form stable emulsion.

Preparation of Soap

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V.

TOOLS AND MATERIALS:

Tools
Tools

Amount

Reaction tube

Pipettes

Measuring glass 25 ml

Balance tool

Beaker glass 25 ml,

1,1,1

100ml, 250 ml

Spatula

Electrical stove

Materials
Materials

Amount

Palm oil

10 gram

Coconut oil

10 gram

NaOH

2,8 gram

Sterate acid

2 gram

alcohol

24 gram

Gliserin

8 gram

Aquadest

As needed

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VI.

PROCEDURE
1. Preparation of soap
Coconut
oil

Palm oil

Bulk oil

Weighed 10 gram
10 gram oil

1,4 gram NaOH

-

Weighed
Entered into test tube
Added 3,3 mL water
Cooled down

NaOH solution

Palm
oil

Coconut
oil

Bulk
oil

- Added 1 gram stearat acid

- Heated until temperature 70oC until stearat
acid melt
- Allowed the mixture to a temperature of
50oC
- Entered NaOH and stir
- Added 12 gram alcohol and 4 gram
glycerin
- Heated and stir until colorless
- Allowed the mixture cool slightly
- Added 1 mL seedingls parfume
- Before the soap ispoured into molds to
solidity
- Added 1 gram stearat acid

Soap

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2. Soap emulsion
0,1 0,2
0,2 gram
gram soap
soap
0,1
- Entered 6 - 8 mL hot
water
Soap solution

3 mL aquadest + 5 drop
oil
Entered in two test
tube

Test tube 1
- Added 2 mL soap
solution
- Shaked
- Allowed
- Observed oil
separation that
occurs
- Noted at the time
that there is a
separation

Test tube 2
- Shaked vigorously to
obtain an emulsion
- Allowed
- Observed oil
separation that
occurs
- Noted at the time
that there is a
separation

Time
Time

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3. Acid number

5 gram sample
oil
- Entered into
erlenmeyer
- Weighed
- Added 25 mL ethanol
- Added 5 drop pp
indicator
Colorless
- Titrated with KOH 0,1
N standard solution
- Repeated until 3 times

Pink

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VII.

RESULT OF EXPERIMENT

No

Procedure

Result

1.

Preparation soap

Before

Reaction

- Bulk oil = yellow (+)

between fat/oil

- Palm oil = yellow

and base will be

- Coconut oil =

produced a

Erlenmeyer 1
Palm oil

Erlenmeyer 2
Coconut oil

Erlenmeyer 3
Bulk oil

Weighed 10 gram
10 gram oil

colorless

Hypothesis

conclusion

soap, that called

- NaOH = white (solid)

with

- Stearat acid = white

saponification

(granule)

reaction.

1,4 gram NaOH

-

Weighed
Entered into test tube
Added 3,3 mL water
Cooled down

After
- NaOH + aquadest =,
colorless solution,
warm

NaOH solution

- After added stearat

acid :

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Erlenmeyer 1 =
Erlenmeyer1
Palm oil

Erlenmeyer 2
Coconut oil

Erlenmeyer 3
Bulk oil

yellow solution
Erlenmeyer 2 =
colorless solution

- Added 1 gram stearat acid

- Heated until temperature 70oC until stearat acid
melt
- Allowed the mixture to a temperature of 50oC
- Entered NaOH and stir
- Added 12 gram alcohol and 4 gram glycerin
- Heated and stir until colorless
- Allowed the mixture cool slightly
- Added 1 mL seedingls parfume
- Before the soap ispoured into molds to solidity
- Added 1 gram stearat acid

Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow (+) solution
- After heated (1) :
Erlenmeyer 1 =
stearat dissolve,
yellow solution
Erlenmeyer 2 =
stearat dissolve,
colorless solution
Erlenmeyer 3 =
stearat dissolve,
yellow (+) solution
- After added NaOH :
Erlenmeyer 1 =

Soap

Preparation of Soap

yellow solution

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Erlenmeyer 2 =
colorless solution
Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow (+) solution
- After added glycerin
and alcohol :
Erlenmeyer 1 =
yellow
Erlenmeyer 2 =
colorless
Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow (+)
- After heated (2)
Erlenmeyer 1 =
yellow light
Erlenmeyer 2 =
colorless
Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow

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- After slightly cooled

Erlenmeyer 1 =
yellow light
Erlenmeyer 2 = white
Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow
- After added perfume
+ yam
Erlenmeyer 1 =
aromatic smell
Erlenmeyer 2 =
aromatic smell
Erlenmeyer 3 =
aromatic smell
2.

Emulsion soap
0,1 0,2
0,2 gram
gram soap
soap
0,1
- Entered 6 - 8 mL hot
water
Soap solution

Preparation of Soap

Palm oil

The soap emulgate the oil

palm oil dilluted in hot

If added
emulsion agents

water = yellow light

Speedof oil emulsion :

(from soap

aquadest + 5 drop of

coconut oil > palm oil > bulk

emulsion) make

palm oil = there are

oil

the oil and

Page 13

two layer, upper :

3 mL aquadest + 5 drop
oil
Entered in two
test tube

Test tube 1
- Added 2 mL soap
solution
- Shaked
- Allowed
- Observed oil
separation that
occurs
- Noted at the time
that there is a
separation

Test tube 2
- Shaked vigorously
to obtain an
emulsion
- Allowed
- Observed oil
separation that
occurs
- Noted at the time
that there is a
separation
Time

Time

water mix

yellow and lower :

oil water + water can seperated ecisier

colorless

more quick than oil + water +

- test tube 1 + 2 mL of

soap solution

The speed

palm oil = turbid and

separation oil

time = 25 second

and water are :

- test tube 2 = colorless

and time = 20 second

1. coconut oil
2. palm oil
3. bulk oil

Coconut oil
Coconut oil dilluted in
hot water = colorless
aquadest + 5 drop of
coconut oil = there are
two layer, upper :
colorless and lower :
colorless
- test tube 1 + 2 mL of
palm oil = turbid and

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time = 22 second
- test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 14 second

bulk oil
Bulk soap dilluted in
hot water =yellow
aquadest + 5 drop of
bulk oil = there are two
layer, upper : yellow
and lower : colorless
- test tube 1 + 2 mL of
palm oil = turbid and
time = 38 second
- test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 28 second

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3.

Acid number
5 gram sample
oil

- Acid number

Before
- Bulk oil = light

of palm oil =

yellow

2,24

- Mass of oil = 5 gr
- Entered into
erlenmeyer
- Weighed
- Added 25 mL ethanol
- Added 5 drop pp
indicator

- Acid number

- Palm oil = yellow

of coconut oil

- Coconut oil = yellow

= 1,12
- Acid number

(+)
- Ethanol = colorless

of bulk oil =
2,24

solution
Colorless
- Titrated with KOH 0,1
N standard solution
- Repeated until 3 times

Pink

- Pp indicator =
colorless solution
- KOH = colorless

Speed of freezing soap :

Coconut oil > palm oil > bulk
oil

- The quality is
the best soap is
coconut oil

solution

After
Palm oil
- 5 gr palm oil =

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Page 16

yellow
- 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol = yellow
light
- 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator = colorless
- 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator + titration
with KOH = pink
solution (2 layer)
V1 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
V2 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
V3 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)

Coconut oil
- 5 gr coconut oil =
colorless

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- 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol = colorless
- 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator = colorless
- 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator + titration
with KOH = pink (+)
solution
V1 = 0,2 mL (1 drop)
V2 = 0,2 mL (1 drop)
V3 = 0,2 mL (1 drop)

Bulk oil
- 5 gr bulk oil = yellow
(+)
- 5 gr bulk oil +
ethanol = yellow

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- 5 gr bulk oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator = yellow
- 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator + titration
with KOH = pink
solution
V1 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
V2 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
V3 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)

Preparation of Soap

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VIII.

DATA ANALYSIS
Experiment 1 : Making soap
Chemical substances needed are palm oil, coconut oil and bulk oil
the other each10 grams, NaOH 1.4 grams. NaOH is dissolve in the
aquadest. It occur exoterm reaction, it can be know after it touch it feel
warm. Beside that it need stearic acid about 1 gram. The structure of
stearic acid is :

The function of adding stearic acid is to make soap harder

and to stabilize the foam. After adding stearat acid palm oil the color
become yellow; coconut oil become colorless and bulk oil become yellow
(+). And heat the mixture in the temperature exactly 700C until all of
stearic acid contained is dissolve. But it not be allow that temperature is
more than 700C, because it will make oil oxidized so the color become
brown and its related to determine the peroxide number. Peroxide number
is number that indicate broken of oil or lipid because of auto oxidation.
Take the mixture from heating and let in temperature about 500C. Pouring
NaOH solution in the mixture. The aim of adding NaOH is to neutralize
the acid, because NaOH is basic solution. Basic solution is must NaOH in
order to make it soap become hard, but if it use KOH it will produce soft
soap. The color after pouring NaOH same point the time adding stearic
acid. Then, adding alcohol about 12 gram and 4 gram of glycerin. Adding
of alcohol has aims for solvent in the making transparent soap because
alcohol has characteristic dissolve in the water and oil / lipid easily.
Adding of glycerin has function as humectants so it will make skin
become humid. When adding alcohol and stearic acid, the color is same
with before this step. Next step, heat all oil and stil until colorless. Color
palm oil become yellow light, coconut oil become colorless and bulk oil
the color is yellow. After slightly cooled palm oil and bulk oil the color
same while bulk oil the color is white. And the final is adding perfume to
make soap become more fragrance. The reaction occur in making soap is
called as saponification reaction.

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The reaction that occur in the making soap is :

Experiment 2 : Emulsion Properties of Soap

Palm Oil
This experiment is to prove the soap emulsion properties. The first
step is taking 3ml of aquadest and 5 drops of oil into tube A and tube B.
There are two layer, upper is yellow and lower us colorless. Then, the
tube A is added with 2 ml of soap,the color tube A is turbid. The tube B is
not added with soap so the color is colorless. The soap that is used is soap
that is from oil. Then, both of the tube is mixed. In tube A there is some
foam from the soap. But in the B tube, there is no foam and the oil directly
separate from water. After that calculate time start from mix the solution
become the solution produce two layers. The time of tube A is 25 second,
and the tube B is 20 seconds. It prove that soap is emulgator, it surfactant
materials, it can reduce the pressure between surface of solution.
Palm Oil
This experiment is to prove the soap emulsion properties. The first
step is taking 3ml of aquadest and 5 drops of oil into tube A and tube B.
There are two layer, upper and lower is colorless. Then, the tube A is
added with 2 ml of soap,the color tube A is turbid. The tube B is not added
with soap so the color is colorless. The soap that is used is soap that is
from oil. Then, both of the tube is mixed. In tube A there is some foam
from the soap. But in the B tube, there is no foam and the oil directly
separate from water. After that calculate time start from mix the solution
become the solution produce two layers. The time of tube A is 22 second,
and the tube B is 14 seconds. It prove that soap is emulgator, it surfactant
materials, it can reduce the pressure between surface of solution.

Preparation of Soap

Page 21

Bulk Oil
This experiment is to prove the soap emulsion properties. The first
step is taking 3ml of aquadest and 5 drops of oil into tube A and tube B.
There are two layer, upper yellow and lower colorless. Then, the tube A is
added with 2 ml of soap,the color tube A is turbid. The tube B is not added
with soap so the color is colorless. The soap that is used is soap that is
from oil. Then, both of the tube is mixed. In tube A there is some foam
from the soap. But in the B tube, there is no foam and the oil directly
separate from water. After that calculate time start from mix the solution
become the solution produce two layers. The time of tube A is 38 second,
and the tube B is 28 seconds. It prove that soap is emulgator, it surfactant
materials, it can reduce the pressure between surface of solution.
So, the conclution from soap emulsion if adding emulsion reagent
(from soap emulsion) make the oil and aquadest mixeasier. The speed
separation oil and water are : Coconut oil > palm oil > bulk oil

Experiment 3 : Acid number

Acid number is include on of the way to prove the quality of oil or
lipid. This number explain that the miligram of KOH that needed foe
neutralize lipid acid in 1 gram of oil. Acid number can define with the
equation

With :
V

: ml of KOH

: normalitas of KOH

: weigh of oil sample (gr)

Palm Oil
First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass.
And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(palm oil)
is yellow, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is
colorless and there is gell. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate
with KOH until the color is pink(+) solution. The volume that needed are :
Erlenmeyer glass 1
Preparation of Soap

0,4 ml
Page 22

Erlenmeyer glass 2
Erlenmeyer glass 3

0,4 ml
0,4 ml

Coconut Oil
First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass.
And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(coconut
oil) is colorless, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is
colorless and there. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate with
KOH until the color is pink(+) solution. The volume that needed are :
Erlenmeyer glass 1
Erlenmeyer glass 2
Erlenmeyer glass 3

0,2 ml
0,2 ml
0,2 ml

Bulk Oil
First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass.
And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(Bulk oil)
is yellow, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is
yellow. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate with KOH until the
color is pink solution. The volume that needed are :
Erlenmeyer glass 1
Erlenmeyer glass 2
Erlenmeyer glass 3

0,4 ml
0,4 ml
0,4 ml

The acid number of palm 2,24 ; coconut oil 1,12 and bulk oil 2,24.
The quality is the best soap is the coconut oil.

Preparation of Soap

Page 23

IX.

CONLUSION
Soap produced in the form of a yellow solid (palm oil), white solid
(coconut oil) and orange solid (curah oil). On the soap made from palm
oil, the result is not transparent. But on the soap made from coconut oil
soap produces a transparent due process of stirring and the addition of
alcohol be done slowly. The best emulgator are coconut oil. The acid
number of coconut oil is 1,12.

Preparation of Soap

Page 24

X.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. How to make hard and soft soap (in the flow chart) ?
Answer:
a. making of hard soap
1.4 gram of NaOH

10 gram gram palm oil

- Dissolved in 3.3mL
water (exothermic
reaction)
- Let until cold

- Added 1 gram steric acid

- Heated until 70 C (steric
acid melt)
- Let it until 50 C

NaOH (aq)

Mixture
- Added 12 gram alcohol
- Added 4 gram glycerin
- Heated
- Stirred until clear
- Let it cold
- Added 1 mL olive oil
- Entered in mould
Soap

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b. making of soft soap by using KOH to replace NaOH or by using coconut oil to
replace palm oil
1.4 gram of
10 gram gram palm
KOH
oil
- Dissolved in
- Added 1
3.3mL water
gram steric
(exothermic
acid
reaction)
- Heated until
- Let until cold
70 C (steric
acid melt)
KOH (aq)
- Let it until 50
C
Mixture
- Added 12 gram
alcohol
- Added 4 gram
glycerin
- Heated
- Stirred until
clear
- Let it cold
- Added 1 mL
olive oil
- Entered in
Soap mould

Preparation of Soap

1.4 gram of
1 gram coconut oil
NaOH
- Dissolved in
- Added 1 gram
3.3mL water
steric acid
(exothermic
Heated until 70
reaction)
C (steric acid
- Let until cold
melt)
- Let it until 50 C
NaOH (aq)

Mixture
- Added 12 gram
alcohol
- Added 4 gram
glycerin
- Heated
- Stirred until clear
- Let it cold
- Added 1 mL olive oil
- Entered in mould

Soap

Page 26

write down the complete reaction of soap making !

Answer:

2. Explain the difference product of soap by using alkali NaOH and KOH !
Answer :
Saponification reaction (saponification) using the reaction of alkali
is triglycerides with alkali (NaOH or KOH) to produce soap and glycerin.
Saponification reaction can be written as follows:

Saponification reaction produces soap making or soap as a product

glycerin as a main and side products. Glycerin as a byproduct also has a sale
value. Soap is a salt formed from fatty acids and alkali. Soap with a low molecular
weight would be more soluble and has harsher soap structure. Soap has a high
solubility in water, but the soap does not dissolve into smaller particles, but
soluble in ion form.
Soap is generally known in two forms, liquid soaps and solid
soaps. The main difference from the second form of this soap is the alkali used in
soap making reaction. Solid soap using sodium hydroxide / caustic soda (NaOH),
whereas liquid soaps use potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an alkali. In addition, the
type of oil used also affects the form of soap produced. Coconut oil will produce a
harder soap than soybean oil, peanut oil, and cotton seed oil.
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Solid soap
Solid soap is made through a process of saponification by using palm oil
and the use of alkali (NaOH). Can be used to condense the acid soap stearate.
Liquid soap
Liquid soap is made through a process of saponification by using castor oil
and the use of alkali (KOH). To improve the clarity of soap, can be add glycerin
or alcohol.

3. How is the flow chart to make soap emulsion ?

Answer:
a. soap from palm oil
3 mL of aquadest
+
5 drops palm oil
-

Added 2 mL of soap solution

Mixed to get emulsion
Let it until form oil layer
Observed
Write the time

3 mL of aquadest
+
5 drops palm oil
-

Mixed to get emulsion

Let it until form oil layer
Observed
Write the time

2 layer solution

2 layer solution

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b. soap from coconut oil

3 mL of aquadest
+
5 drops coconut oil
-

Added 2 mL of soap solution

Mixed to get emulsion
Let it until form oil layer
Observed
Write the time

3 mL of aquadest
+
5 drops coconut oil

Mixed to get emulsion

Let it until form oil layer
Observed
Write the time

2 layer solution

2 layer solution

Explain the process of soap emulsion?

Answer:
Emulsion is a dispersion or suspension of a liquid metastable other two did
not dissolve each other. In order to form a stable emulsion of a substance required
emulsifier or emulsifier called emulsifying agent that functions lower the surface
tension between the two liquid phases. How it works emulsifier mainly due to its
molecular form that can be attached either to the oil and water. Emulsifier to form
a layer around the oil as a result decrease in surface tension, thus reducing the
possibility of merging beads of oil with each other. Emulsifier material can be:
protein, gum, soap, or bile salts. Water and oil is a liquid that is not mutually
blend in, but each wanted to separate because they have different densities.
At an emulsion usually there are three main sections, namely sections
dispersed consisting of fat, the second part is called the dispersing media also
known as the continuous phase, which usually consists of water, and the The
third function is the emulsifier that keeps oil grain was fixed suspended in water.
These compounds have affinity molecules are the second liquid. The affinity
must be partial and not equal to the second fluid. Occurs when a temporary
emulsion of oil and water are shaken together, will form beads and formed an
emulsion of fat, but if oil particles are allowed to join again and broke away from

Preparation of Soap

Page 29

the water molecules. Because it used to be fast, or should be shaken again before
the time of usage. Unlike the temporary emulsion, the emulsion is stable
(Permanent emulsion) require materials capable of forming a third membranes
(filen) around the grains are dispersed, thus preventing the union of return these
items. There are several terms used for material third of which is an emulsifier,
stabilizer or emulsifying agent. Some materials that can function as emulsifiers
are egg yolks, whole eggs, gelatin, starch paste, casein, albumin, or some very fine
like flour paprica or mustard flour. French dressing is usually not so stable made
more stable by adding in a lot of paprika powder can form a thin layer of fat
surrounding the grains are dispersed.
Working power is mainly caused by the emulsifier molecules can form
bound either in oil or water. If the emulsifier is more tied to the water or more
water soluble (polar). Then it can be more stony the dispersion oil in the water so
that there was oil in water emulsions (o / w). as an example is milk. Conversely if
the emulsifier is more soluble in oil (nonpolar) there was water in oil emulsion (w
/ o). Eg butter and margarine. How terilustrasikan emulsifier can work if the items
have been separated due to fat the mechanical energy (shaking), then the beads are
dispersed fat was immediately enveloped by a thin membrane emulsifier. Parts of
emulsifier molecules are soluble in nonpolar outer layer of fat points. While the
facing polar solvent (water, continuous phase)
Soap molecule has hydrogen chain CH3(CH2)16 act as hydrophobic tail and
dissolve in organic compound while COONa+ as the hydrophilic head and
dissolve in water.
Non polar : CH3(CH2)16 dissolve in oil, hydrophobic
Polar : COONa+ dissolve in water, separate the polar dirt
The process of removing the dirt :

the soap in the water yields bubbles that decrease the surface pressure

Preparation of Soap

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soap molecule will around the dirt by its tail and bind the dirt molecule. It
is called emulsification because the dirt molecule and soap molecule
form an emulsion.

While the head molecule of soap in water. in the wash off process, it
attract the dirt molecule out of cloth, so the cloth is clean.

4. Explain the difference between acid value and saponification number of

oil/fat?
Answer :
Acid value is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is
required to neutralize one gram of oil/fat.
Saponification number is the number of milligrams of potassium
hydroxide

required to neutralize the fatty acids

resulting from the

complete hydrolysis of 1g of fat.

5. Explain the context of acid value and saponification number with quality of
oil/fat?
Answer :
.

If the acid value is high, so the oil quality is low. But in the saponification

number gives information concerning the character of the fatty acids of the
fat- the longer the carbon chain, the less acid is liberated per gram of fat
hydrolysed. It is also considered as a measure of the average molecular
weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. The long chain fatty
acids found in fats have low saponification value because they have a
relatively fewer number of carboxylic functional groups per unit mass of the
fat and therefore high molecular weight

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REFERENCES
Amrita.2014.Saponification-The Process of Making Soap.
http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=119&cnt= (last view on
10/11/2014)
Anwar, Chairil et al. 1994. Pengantar Praktikum Kimia Organik.
Yogyakarta:UGM
Fessenden, Fessenden.1982.Kimia Organik Jilid 2.Edisi
Ketiga.Indonesia:Erlangga
Tim Dosen Kimia Organik. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Organik II.
Surabaya: Unesa press

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ATTACHMENT
No.
1

Procedure

Pictures

Preparation of soap
Palm oil, Coconut oil and Bulk oil

- Bulk oil = yellow (+)

- Palm oil = yellow
- Coconut oil = colorless
1.4 gram of NaOH

White powder

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Stearat acid

white (granule)
NaOH + aquadest

colorless solution, warm

Palm oil+ strearat acid
Coconut oil+ strearat acid
Bulk oil+ strearat acid

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Palm oil+ strearat acid +NaOH

Coconut oil+ strearat acid + NaOH

Bulk oil+ strearat acid + NaOH

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Palm oil+ strearat acid

+NaOH+Glyserin

Coconut oil+ strearat acid

+NaOH+Glyserin

Preparation of Soap

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Bulk oil+ strearat acid

+NaOH+Glyserin

Emulsion Soap
Palm Oil
1= test with soap
2=without soap

Coconut Oil
1= test with soap
2=without soap

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Bulk Oil
1= test with soap
2=without soap

Acid Number
coconut before titrated

coconut after titrated with KOH (1

drop)

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Plam Oil Before Titrated

Plam Oil Before after Titrated with

KOH (2 drops)

Bulk Oil Before Titrated

Bulk Oil after titrated with KOH (2

drops)

Preparation of Soap

Page 39