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Internal flow
External flow
(Re, Eu, Ma) CDrag (Re)
Pipe flow
(Re, Eu)
Inviscid
flow
outside
boundary
layer
Pipe flow
(Re, Eu)
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Re 2300
Re 4000
Major/frictional losses
Minor/local losses
Curved surface
(Von-karman solution)
Flat surface
Curved surface
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
2 ( )
( ) 0
Irrotational flow:
( ) 0
----- (1)
x
x
r
r
y
y
z
z
z
z
1
r
Irrotational flow:
( .) p g ( )
t
1
( .) ( . ) ( )
2
2
p
( )
g
p 2
gz ( ) 0
2
2D irrotational flow:
0
2
0
2
x
x
x
y
y
y
r
r
1
r
r
1
r
Contents:
Type of flow (laminar / turbulent flow in pipes)
Major and minor losses associated with pipe flow
Pipe flow:
Pipe: Flow sections of circular cross-section
Importance of pipes
1. City water/our homes
2. Irrigation systems/sewer water system
3. Animal/plant circulation systems
4. Oil and crude supply lines
Pipes
hL major hL minor
p1 12
p2 22
z1 h pump
z2 hL
g 2 g
g 2 g
1. Reynolds number
Re 2300
1. Reynolds number
Re 4000
p1 (r 2 ) ( p1 p)(r 2 ) (2rl) 0
p 2
l
r
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
1R
max
z dA
A0
2
Hagen-Poiseuille equation
p1 p2
p 2
l
r
32avgl
D2
p D
w
l 4
u2 u1
p1 12
p2 22
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
g
Darcy-Weisbach equation (1860):
L avg
hf f
D 2g
32avg L
D2
p1 p2
hf
g
hf
32avg L
gD 2
------ (6.10)
Turbulent flow :
Darcy-Weisbach equation :
hf f
L avg
D 2g
f (Re)
f (Re,
Turbulent flow :
1. Most commonly encountered in pipe flows
2. Mixing is one positive application of turbulence
Heat transfer
Problem 6.36:
SAE 30W oil at 20C (refer Table A-3) flows in the 3 cm diameter pipe as shown in
Fig, which slopes at 37. Assuming steady laminar flow, for the pressure
measurements shown,
1. Determine, whether the flow is up or down?
2. Determine the flow rate in m3/hr.
3. Suppose it is desired to add a pump between A and B to drive the oil upward
from A to B at a rate of 3 kg/s. At 100 percent efficiency, what pump power is
required?
Home assignment :
1. Solved examples 6.3
Turbulent flow :
Darcy-Weisbach equation :
hf f
L avg
D 2g
f (Re) f lam
f (Re,
------ (6.10)
hf
32avg L
gD 2
64
------ (6.13)
Re
) ------ (6.48)
Turbulent flow :
1. Most commonly encountered in pipe flows
2. Mixing is one positive application of turbulence
Heat transfer
1
n
u r
1
Vc R
/ D
1
2.51
2.0 log
f
3.7 Re f
------ (6.48)
f ( )
D
f (Re, )
2.0 log
D
f
3.7 Re f
------ (6.48)
Table 6.1,
page 381
Pipes
f (Re)
f ( )
D
f (Re,
Ex 6.7:
Oil, with = 900 kg/m3 and = 10-5 m2/s, flows at 0.2 m3/s through 500 m of 200
mm diameter cast iron pipe. Determine
1. The head loss due to friction and
2. The pressure drop if the pipe slopes down at 10 in the flow direction.
Pipes
Ex 6.7:
Oil, with = 900 kg/m3 and = 10-5 m2/s, flows at 0.2 m3/s through 500 m of 200
mm diameter cast iron pipe. Determine
1. The head loss due to friction and
2. The pressure drop if the pipe slopes down at 10 in the flow direction.
hf f
L avg
D 2g
p1 2
p2 2
L 2
z1
z2 f
g 2 g
g 2 g
D 2g
p1 p2
L 2
f
( z1 z2 )
g
D 2g
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
pwall p1
V1 A1 V2 A2
m
(V2 V1 )
p1 A1 ( pwall )( A2 A1 ) p2 A2 m
( p1 p2 ) A2 (V22 A2 V12 A1 )
p1 p2
2
2 A1
V2 V1
A2
Problem (3.59)
Sudden expansion:
pwall p1
p1 p2
2
2 A1
V2 V1
A2
A1
V2 V1
A2
u u
( 2 1 ) hL
g
p1 p2 V12 V22
( y1 y2 )
minor
g
2g
2
V12
A1
V2
1 2
V12 V22
2 A1
1 k SE
hL minor V2 V1
2 g A2
2g
g
A2 2
2
------ (6.101)
k SE
A1 d
1 1 2
A2 D
2
------ (6.101)
k SC
d2
0.421 2
D
------ (6.102)
Sharp entrance/exit:
Valves:
Table 6.5: Resistance Coefficients for Open Valves, Elbows and Tees
1.
2.
Fig 6.18b:
Fig 6.18b:
Ex 6.16:
Water, = 1000 kg/m3 and = 1x10-6 m2/s, is pumped between two reservoirs at
0.0057 m3/s through 120 m of 5 cm diameter pipe and several minor losses, as
shown in Fig. The roughness ratio is /d = 0.001. Compute the
1. Major loss
2
2
L
V
V
2. Total minor loss
hloss f
K
D 2g
2g
3. Pump horsepower required.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sharp entrance
Open globe valve
0.3 m bend
Regular 90 elbow
Half open gate valve
Sharp exit
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Loss
Sharp entrance
0.5
6.9
0.3 m bend
0.25
Regular 90 elbow
0.95
Sharp exit
V2
V2
h minor K
13.6
2g
2g
p1 12
p2 22
z1 h pump
z2 hmaj or hminor
g 2 g
g 2 g
44
Home assignment:
Problem 6.53
Use Colebrook equation for friction factor.
Problem 6.120:
As shown in Fig, there are 40 m of 5 cm pipe, 24 m of 15 cm pipe, and 50 m of 7.5 cm
pipe, all cast iron. There are three 90 regular elbows (one elbow is used to direct the
water into the turbine is not shown in the sketch) and a fully open globe valve, all
flanged. The exit elevation is zero. The water flow rate is 16 m3/hr. Assume sharp
entrance and exits. Interpolate the data wherever necessary. (Take water = 1000 kg/m3
and water = 1x10-6 m2/s)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sharp entrance
90 regular elbow with
radius 5 cm
Sudden expansion
90 regular elbow with
radius 15 cm
46
Ex:
Water from a treatment plant is pumped into a distribution system at a rate of 4.38
m3/sec, a pressure of 480 kPa, and a temperature of 20C. The diameter of the pipe
is 750 mm and is made of cast iron.
1. Estimate the pressure 200 m downstream of the treatment plant if the pipeline
remains horizontal.
2. After 20 years in operation, scale buildup is expected to cause the equivalent
surface roughness of the pipe to increase by a factor of 10. Determine the effect
on water pressure 200 m downstream of the treatment plant.