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Experimental research was performed to evaluate the applicability 318-08,1 where the development length in tension for
of headed bars with small heads in exterior beam-column joints. A headed bars (ldt) is defined as
total of 12 pullout tests were first performed to examine anchorage
behavior of headed bars subjected to monotonic and repeated
loading, with test variables such as the head size, shape, and head- 0.19ψ e f y d b
l dt = -------------------------- ≥ the larger of 8db and 152 mm (6 in.) (1)
attaching technique. Reversed cyclic tests of two full-scale exterior f c′
beam-column joints were subsequently conducted to assess seismic
performance. The pullout test results revealed that all types of
heads and head-attaching techniques performed almost equally where fy is the specified strength of headed bars in MPa; fc′
well, while the seismic test results indicated that the joint using is the specified concrete strength in MPa; db is the bar diameter in
small-headed bars showed better seismic performance than the mm; ldt is in mm; and ψe = 1.2 for epoxy-coated reinforcement
joint using hooked bars in terms of damage extent, joint behavior, and 1.0 for other cases. For psi units, the coefficient of 0.19
lateral drift capacity, and energy dissipation. In particular, the is replaced by 0.016. Equation (1) results in a development
joint with headed bars generally satisfied ACI 374 acceptance length of approximately 80% of that required for hooked
criteria. These experimental results demonstrate that small-headed
bars by ACI 318-08.1 A reduction factor of (As required)/
bars perform well with a development length shorter than that
needed for hooked bars, and they can be effectively anchored in (As provided) may be applicable to Eq. (1). Although it has
exterior beam-column joints under inelastic deformation reversals. been observed that the head size influences anchorage
capacity,2-4 Eq. (1) is not a function of the head size.
Keywords: bar; cyclic loading; embedment length; joint; pullout; seismic.
Rather, it is indirectly accounted for as one of the minimum
requirements in ACI 318-08,1 where acceptable criteria for
material, geometrical, and reinforcing properties (for example,
INTRODUCTION head size, clear cover, and spacing) are set forth. In this
In reinforced concrete structures, the use of 90-degree paper, “small head” is defined as a head with a ratio of (Abrg /Ab)
standard hooks is common where sufficient embedment less than 4, while “large head” has a ratio of at least 4, where
depth is not available for developing straight bars. The Abrg is the net bearing area of the head and Ab is the bar area.
development length in tension for standard hooks (ldh) For the design of headed bars in beam-column joints,
ranges from only approximately 30 to 50% of that for ACI 352R-02,5 “Recommendations for Design of Beam-
straight bars (ld). The bends and tails of the hooked bars, Column Connections in Monolithic Reinforced Concrete
however, tend to create reinforcing congestion, particularly Structures,” can be used, where the development length is
in a region (for example, an exterior beam-column joint or defined as
knee joint) where all the beam and column main bars pass
through or terminate. This congestion often hinders concrete
0.18f y d b
placement and vibration inside a joint during casting. As a l dt = -------------------
- for Type 1 joint (2)
result, honeycombs (voids) can be produced, which are f c′
found after the forms are stripped.
The congestion problem gets worse with a relatively large 0.15f y d b
amount of joint hoops and crossties. Time-consuming l dt = -------------------
- for Type 2 joint (3)
fabrication of congested reinforcement could be a serious f c′
concern for heavily reinforced members and joints. Potential
solutions to reinforcing congestion problems include the use In Eq. (3), a stress multiplier is already included to account
of: 1) headed deformed bars instead of hooked bars; 2) steel for over-strength and strain-hardening of reinforcement (that
or high-performance fibers to reduce the amount of joint is, α = 1.25). For psi units, the coefficients of 0.18 and 0.15
transverse reinforcement; and 3) self-consolidating concrete are replaced by 0.015 and 0.013, respectively. If the spacing
(which is not yet common in cast-in-place building construction in of joint transverse reinforcement is less than or equal to 3db,
the U.S.). Simplified reinforcing detailing could save time and Eq. (2) is multiplied by 0.8. In ACI 352R-02,5 a Type 2 joint
labor costs in construction. As such, headed reinforcement is is defined as a joint subjected to moderate-to-high seismic
quickly becoming a preferred means of anchorage and
development of main reinforcing bars.
Despite the increased use of the headed reinforcement, ACI Structural Journal, V. 107, No. 1, January-February 2010.
MS No. S-2008-220.R1 received February 17, 2009, and reviewed under Institute
there had been no design provisions dealing with headed bars publication policies. Copyright © 2010, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved,
until 2008. New design code provisions for the development including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
Pertinent discussion including author’s closure, if any, will be published in the November-
length and details for headed bars have been added to ACI December 2010 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion is received by July 1, 2010.
ACI member Dong-Uk Choi is a Professor of architectural engineering at Hankyong Fig. 1—Forces: (a) and (b) resulting in diagonal compression
National University, Ansung, Korea. He received his PhD from the University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX. He is a member of ACI Committee 59-06, International Partnerships. struts; and (a) in column above joint.
His research interests include development and splicing of reinforcing bars, mechanical
anchorage, and the behavior of concrete-to-concrete interfaces subjected to mechanical and
thermal loading.
loading steps, monotonic pullout loading was applied until comparisons for the aforementioned parameters under the
loss of pullout load capacity. same conditions.
Each specimen consisted of a single headed bar embedded The headed bar was subjected to tension using a hydraulic
at the center in a plain concrete block with dimensions of 700 x jack with a capacity of 500 kN (112 kips) (Fig. 5). A load cell
700 x 700 mm (28 x 28 x 28 in.). Although the stem of a was located under the jack to record the tension force. The
headed bar and the web of steel I-beams used as supports for head slips at the back of the head and at the loaded end were
a hydraulic jack were separated by at least 1.5 times the measured using linear variable displacement transducers
headed bar embedment depth in all tests, the bars were fairly
(LVDTs). To attach the LVDT to the head, a 5 mm (0.2 in.)
confined by the reaction forces at the loaded end (refer to
Fig. 5); however, because the degree of concrete confinement diameter steel rod was welded to the back surface of the
produced by such test configuration was not close enough to head. The rod was then inserted inside the polyvinyl chloride
that in the beam-column joint, the pullout results were just (PVC) tube, which was embedded in the concrete prior to
used to make a preliminary decision for the selection of key casting. Two strain gauges were mounted on each headed bar
headed bar parameters (for example, head size and head-to- at the location of 50 mm (2 in.) away from the concrete
bar connection) for joint subassemblage tests. The current surface (in the air) at the loaded end. All data were collected
pullout tests were also appropriately used to make direct every 1 second with the data logger.
Reversed cyclic tests of beam-column joints (Type 2 joints), the critical section is considered to be
To evaluate the application of headed bars with small located at the edge of the joint core (outside of joint hoop),
heads in exterior beam-column joints as compared to hooked according to Chapter 21 of ACI 318-081 and ACI 352R-025
bars, cyclic subassembly tests were conducted. Two full- (refer to Fig. 2). Also, it should be noted that the definitions
scale joint subassemblies were constructed: one of headed of ldt are different in ACI 318-081 and 352R-02.5 The former
bars (JD) and the other of 90-degree hooked bars (JK). As defines ldt as the length measured from the critical section to
detailed in Fig. 6, the story height (3.6 m [142 in.]), center- the “bearing face” of the head, whereas the latter is defined
to-center span length (5.25 m [207 in.]), and column and as the length to the “outside end” of the head (refer to Fig. 2).
beam size and reinforcement were determined to correspond Table 4 summarizes the provided and required development
to typical actual dimensions of moment resisting frames. The lengths for beam bars used for the specimens. The definition of
same bar size (D19) used in pullout tests, conducted as part ACI 318-081 is used throughout the remainder of the paper.
of this study, was also used in seismic tests. The small head The location of the head and hook extension did not
size (Abrg /Ab = 2.6), circular head shape, and threaded head- exactly comply with ACI 352R-025 recommendations
to-bar connection were chosen based on the observations (Section 4.5.2.1) or ACI 318-081 commentary (R12.6). The
from the pullout tests conducted herein, as well as the prior outside edges of the head and the hook were located at 114 and
companion tests.11,12 133 mm (4.5 and 5.25 in.), respectively, from the back of the
Development length—The development length lp joint core, versus the recommended location of 50 mm (2 in.)
provided for the JD specimen (headed) is 285 mm (11.25 in.) regarded as being in the diagonal compression zone by ACI
(15db or 0.17fy, meas db / f c′, meas ), measured from the beam- 352R-025 (refer to Fig. 1 and 2). In this study, however, an
joint interface to the bearing face of the head. For the JK attempt was made to provide the exact development length
specimen (hooked), lp is also 285 mm (11.25 in.) (15db or of 15db , which often happens in actual practice, rather than
0.18fy,measdb / f c′, meas ), measured from the interface to the meeting ACI 352R-025 (Section 4.5.2.1). Also, as a result of
outside edge of the hook. The development length used for this configuration, lp is smaller than ldh for JK, where ldh is
JD is similar to that (0.18fy, meas db / f c′, meas ) needed to the development length for a hooked bar. The current testing,
develop 1.25fy of multiple headed bars in the prior pullout however, gives an idea of the potential impact of this detail
tests11 or (ldt = 0.19fydb/ f ′c ) required by the new headed on joint behavior. Note that the 2008 version of ACI 3181
bar provision of ACI 318-081 (Section 12.6.1). began to explicitly state that the headed bar should extend to
For beam-column joints as part of a lateral-force-resisting the far side of the joint core (Commentary R12.6 and
system that is expected to deform in the inelastic range Fig. R12.6(b)). Similar commentary is still not available for
JD
304 (12) 263 (10.25) 305 (12)
ACI 352R-02, (headed)
Type 1 Joint JK
285 (11.25) 351 (13.75) 389 (15.25)
(hooked)
JD
272 (10.75) 221 (8.75) 256 (10)
ACI 352R-02, (headed)
Type 2 Joint JK
(hooked) 253 (10) 295 (11.5) 327 (13)
Fig. 7—Beam-column joint test setup.
*
Specified material properties were used to calculate required development length.
†
As-measured material properties were used to calculate required development length.