ME09 608 (P) - Thermal Lab II

Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABMANUAL
FOR
THERMAL LAB II
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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1. COOLING CURVE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER

FIELDMARSHAL DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To study the influence of cooling water temperature (outlet temperature) on the
efficiency of the engine and plot the graph cooling water temperature Vs Brake
thermal efficiency.
TEST RIG DETAILS
BP of the engine
Bore diameter of the engine
Stroke length of the engine
Speed of the engine
Orifice diameter
= 6HP
= 6 x 736 W
= 114.3mm.
= 139.7mm.
= 650rpm.
= 20 mm
PRECAUTIONS
Cooling water circulation should never be closed. The temperature of the outlet
water should never increase beyond 700C.
PROCEDURE
This test is to be conducted at constant load (half full load) and constant speed.
Calculate the load corresponding to half the output of the engine at rated speed.
Now start the engine taking all the necessary precaution. Allow the engine to
run for few minutes at no load. Now load the engine to half full load, keeping
the quantity of cooling water circulation as low as possible. Wait for few
minutes till the outlet water temperature becomes steady.
Note the cooling water temperature and also the time for 10cc fuel consumption.
Repeat the experiment for different rates of cooling water circulation, keeping
the load constant. After the completion of experiment, unload and then stop the
engine.

FORMULAE
1. Maximum load calculation

Brake power, BP = (2NT)/60. Watt
Where,
N = Speed of the engine in rpm.
T = Torque on the brake drum in Nm
= (W1 W2) R x 9.81Nm.
W1 = weight on hanger + hanger weight in kg.
W2 = spring balance reading in kg.
R = Radius of brake drum + thickness of rope in meters.
Where,
t = time for 10cc fuel consumption in s
Specific weight of diesel = 0.83
2

Wheree,
TFC = Tootal fuel coonsumptioon in kg/hrr
CV = Callorific valuue of dieseel = 45.2 X 106 J/Kgg.K
BP = Brakke power in watts
SAMP
PLE GRA
APH
ULT
RESU
Best coooling waater temperrature (froom graph) =
INFER
RENCE

2. RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER

VERTICAL
DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To determine the frictional horse power of the engine by conducting retardation
test and Plot the graph Rated Speed Vs Retardation Time.
ENGINE DETAILS
Brake Power
= 6HP =6 x 736 W
Rated Speed
= 650 rpm
Stroke length
= 139.7 mm
Bore diameter
= 114.3 mm
Brake drum Radius = 197 mm
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Stop watch
MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION
Maximum brake power; B.P max = 2NT/60 Watts.
Where B.P max = 4.416 KW = 4416 Watts,
N = speed of the engine = 650 rpm,
T = torque on the engine shaft in Nm = WR in Nm
Where W = load on the engine in Kg
R = radius of the Brake drum = 197 mm
Maximum load in Kg W max = B.P max x60/ (2NR*9.81)
PROCEDURE
Calculate the load to be applied for the maximum output. Take the following
precautions before starting the engine.
1. Check the fuel level
2. Check the lubricating oil level.
3. Check the cooling water circulation.
4. Check whether the engine is on no load.
Engine is started at No- load condition and is run at rated speed. The fuel is then
cut- off using fuel cut off lever and the time taken for the speed to drop to a
4

lower speed is noted

n
usingg a stop watch.
w
Thee fuel is aggain turnedd on [fuel cut off
lever is
i engagedd] and thee engine iss again brrought bacck to the rrated speeed. The
experim
ment is reepeated with
w variouus lower sp
peeds. Thhe engine is loaded to half
load annd the aboove proceddure is reppeated and
d noted thhe readinggs. Plot thee graph
and friictional poower is determined.
FORM
MULAE
Frictioonal powerr, F.P. = 2
2 N TF / 60
6 Watts
Wheree,
N= sppeed = 6600 rpm
Frictioonal Torquue, TF = TL
T x [t3 /(tt2-t3)] N m
Where,, t3 = Retaardation tim
me at halff load [from the grap
ph]
t2 = Retarrdation tim
me at No- load [from
m the grap
ph]
TL = Loaad Torque
TL = WR
R* 9.81 Nm
m
Where,
W = Load
L
on enngine
R = Raadius of brake drum
m
Mechaanical Effiiciency, Mech
M
= BP/IP
B
Where, Inndicated Power,
P
IP = BP + FP
P
5

SAMPLE GRAPH
RESULT
Frictional power of the engine = .. W
Mechanical efficiency =...................%
INFERENCE

3. DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF
PARALLEL FLOW AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT
EXCHANGER
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD),
effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient for parallel and counter flow
heat exchanger.
EQUIPMENT:
1. The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger.
2. The hot fluid namely hot water is obtained from the Geyser (heater
capacity 3 kW), it flows through the inner tube.
3. The cold fluid i.e. cold water can be admitted at any one of the ends
enabling the heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow or as a counter flow
exchanger.
4. Rotameters are used for measuring flow rate of cold and hot water.
5. This can be adjusted by operating the different valves provided.
6. Temperature of the fluid can be measured using thermocouples with
digital display indicator. The outer tube is provided with insulation to
minimize the heat loss to the surroundings.
Specimen material - Copper Tube
Size of specimen- diameter 12.5mm, length -1500mm
Outer shell material G I
Size of outer shell diameter- 40 mm
BASICS:
LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (LMTD): LMTD
LMTD = (2 1)/ ln(2/ 1) 0C

where, 1 = Thi -Tci, and
2 = Tho. -Tco for parallel flow heat exchanger
1 = Tho -Tci , and
2 = Thi, -Tco for counter flow heat exchanger
This is defined as that temperature difference which, if constant, would give the
same rate of heat transfer as usually occurs under variable conditions of
temperature difference.
7

PRECAUTION:
Switch ON the heater only after starting water supply.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the unit panel.
2. Start the flow of cold water through the annulus and maintain the
exchanger as counter flow or parallel flow.
3. Switch ON the geyser provided on the panel & allow water to flow
through the inner tube by regulating the valve.
4. Adjust the flow rate of hot water and cold water by using rotameters &
valves.
5. Keep the flow rate same till steady state conditions are reached.
6. Note down the temperatures on hot and cold water sides. Also note the
flow rate.
7. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates and for different
temperatures. The same method is followed for parallel flow also.
OBSERVATIONS:
SI. No Hot
water
flow
rate
cc/s
Cold
water
flow
rate
cc/s
Temperature
of cold water
in C
Temperature
of hot water in
C
Tci
Thi
Tco
Tho
Parallel
flow
Counter
flow
CALCULATION:
Heat transfer from hot water Qh = mcph (Thi Tho) W
where mh - mass flow rate of hot water kg/s.
Cph - Specific heat of hot water = 4186.8 J/kgK

Heat gain by the cold fluid Qc = mCpc (Tco Tci) W

where
me - Mass flow rate of cold fluid, kg/s
Cpc - Specific heat of cold fluid=4186.8 J/kgK
Q = (Qh + Qc ) /2 W
LMTD = (2 1)/ ln(2/ 1) 0C
Where
1 = Thi -Tci, and

2 = Tho. -Tco for parallel flow heat exchanger
1 = Tho -Tci , and
2 = Thi, -Tco for counter flow heat exchanger
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area of inner tube
U0 = Q / A0 LMTD W/m2 K
m2
where, Area, A0 = d0L
d0 - Outer diameter of the tube = 0.0125 m
L - length of the tube
= 1.5 m
Effectiveness, = ( Thi Tho) / ( Thi - Tci ) if ch < cc
Effectiveness, = ( Tco Tci) / ( Thi - Tci ) if cc < ch
This is applicable for both parallel and counter flow heat exchanger.
RESULT:
INFERENCE:

4. DETERMINATION OF COP OF THE REFRIGERATION

TEST RIG
AIM
To determine the actual, theoretical and relative COP of refrigerating plant.
APPARATUS
The given Refrigeration Test Rig with refrigerant R-132.
a) Digital indicator
b) compressor
c) condenser
d) Expansion device
e) evaporator
f) waterchiller
THEORY
The system works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
Theoretical COP = Refrigeration effect
= (h1-h4)
Work done
(h2-h4)
Where,
h1 = Enthalpy corresponding to P1, and T1, kJ/kg
P1 and T1- Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at inlet of
compressor.
P2 and T2- Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at exit of compressor.
T3 -Temperature of Refrigerant at the exit of condenser.
Actual COP = Heat removed
Actual workdone
Heat removed = mCp dT
m- mass of water taken in the chiller in kg
Cp - specific heat of water
dt - drop in temperature of water
Actual work input = V x I
V- Voltage
I - Current
Relative COP = Actual COP
Theoretical COP
PROCEDURE
1)
2)
Fill the chiller with water

Switch- On the power
10

3)
Start the system by switching on the thermostat by opening the
corresponding valves depending on solenoid and thermostatic expansion
valve or capillary expansion device.
4)
Note down the initial energy meter reading El.
5)
RecordT1, T2, T3, T4, P1, P 2 , V,I and Rotameter reading.
6)
Note down the initial temperature of water Ti.
7)
After 30 minutes note down the energy meter reading E2 and
Temperature of chilled water Tf.
OBSERVATION
Diameter of steel vessel (chiller) d = 0.27 m
Length of the water column l =
Initial Voltage Current Pressure Pressur Temp Temp
Temp
temp
V
I
at inlet e in the
at
at
at
of
condens inlet
(volt)
(A)
of the
outlet
outlet
water
of the
compress er P2
of the of the
in
or P1
(psi)
compr compre conden
chiller
(psi)
ser
essor ssor T2
0
0
Ti ( C)
( C)
T3(0C)
T1
(0C)
Temp Final
at
temp
outlet
of
of the water
expan in the
sion chiller
valve Tf (0C)
T4
0
( C)
Calculations
Actual COP, COP (act) = Heat removed
Actual workdone
Heat removed Q = mCp dT
m- mass of water taken in the chiller in kg = V
where = density of water = 1000 kg/m3
V = volume of water in the chiller in m3 = /4*d2*l
Cp - specific heat of water = 4.182 kJ/kgK
dt - drop in temperature of water in K = Ti- Tf
Actual work input = V x I
V- Voltage
I - Current
11

Theoretical COP = Refrigeration effect

= (h1-h4)
Work done
(h2-h4)
Where,
h1 = Enthalpy corresponding to P1, and T1, kJ/kg from p-H chart.
P1 and T1- Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at inlet of
compressor.
P2 and T2- Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at exit of compressor.
T3 -Temperature of Refrigerant at the exit of condenser.
Relative COP = Actual COP
Theoretical COP
Result
Theoretical COP of refrigerator
=
Actual COP of refrigerator
=
Relative COP refrigerator
=
Inference
Blockdiagramofvapourcompressioncycle
Condenser
Expansion
Device
Compressor
Evaporator
2P3
41
EntropyEnthalpy
12

5. MORSE TEST ON 4 CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM
To determine the frictional horse power in each cylinder of a 4 cylinder petrol
engine. Also determine the indicated power and mechanical efficiency of the
engine.
ENGINE DETAILS
Brake Power = 7.36 KW
Rated Speed = 1500 rpm
Stroke length = 75 mm
Bore diameter = 68mm
Radius of dynamometer wheel = 0.125 m
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Cylinder cut-off arrangement
Maximum brake power; B.Pmax = 2NT/60 Watts.
Where B.Pmax = 7.36 KW = 7360 Watts,
R = radius of the dynamometer wheel = 0.125 m
PROCEDURE
Calculate the load to be applied on the eddy current dynamometer for the
maximum output. Take the following precautions before starting the engine.
1. Check the fuel level.
The test is conducted at constant speed with constant fuel supply (the throttle
valve is not adjusted). Start the engine using self starter. Engage the engine with
dynamometer using the clutch. Allow the engine to run for a few minutes at the
rated speed (1500rpm) to attain steady conditions. The engine is loaded to about
13

50% of the maximum load and throttle valve is adjusted to maintain constant
speed.
Now the voltage to the spark plug of 1st cylinder is cut-off and now the engine
is running on the expense of 2nd and 3rd cylinders. The speed is maintained
constant by reducing load and the load is noted. Close the circuit of 1st cylinder
and the 2nd cylinder is short circuited. Repeat the procedures for other cylinders
and note the load on the dynamometer on each case. After completion of the
experiment, bring the engine to no load conditions and stop the engine by
switching off ignition key. Maintain cooling water circulation for some more
time.
FORMULAE
Brake power, 1st cylinder cut-off = 2NT/60 Watts
Where N= speed = 1500 rpm
T = WR* 9.81 Nm
B.P = ...........................Watts
Indicated power of 1st cylinder;
I.P. 1 = B.P. total B.P. 1st cylinder cut-off
Brake power, 2nd cylinder cut-off = 2NT/60 Watts
T = WR* 9.81 Nm
14

B.P = ...........................Watts
Indicated power of 2nd cylinder;
I.P. 2 = B.P. total B.P. 2nd cylinder cut-off
Brake power, 3rd cylinder cut-off = 2NT/60 Watts
T = WR* 9.81 Nm
B.P = ...........................Watts
Indicated power of 3rd cylinder;
I.P. 3 = B.P. total B.P. 3rd cylinder cut-off
Indicated power of 4th cylinder;
I.P. 4 = B.P. total B.P. 4th cylinder cut-off
Total indicated power;
I.P. total = I.P. 1 + I.P. 2 + I.P. 3
Mechanical efficiency;
Mech = B.P. total X 100
I.P. total
RESULT
Total indicated power = .. W
Mechanical efficiency =...................%
INFERENCE
15

6. LOAD TEST ON 4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE

AIM
To determine the total fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption, brake mean
effective pressure and brake thermal efficiency of the petrol engine at various
loads and to plot the following graphs.
Brake power output Vs T.F.C
Brake power output Vs S.F.C
Brake power output Vs B.M.E.P
Brake power output Vs Br.Th.efficiency
ENGINE DETAILS
Brake Power = 7.36 KW
Rated Speed = 1500 rpm
Stroke length = 75 mm
Bore diameter = 68mm
Radius of dynamometer wheel = 0.125 m
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Stopwatch
PROCEDURE
Calculate the load to be applied on the eddy current dynamometer for the
maximum output. Take the following precautions before starting the engine.
1. Check the fuel level.
Start the engine using self starter. Engage the engine with dynamometer using
the clutch. Allow the engine to run for a few minutes at the rated speed
(1500rpm) to attain steady conditions. Observe time for 10cc fuel consumption.
Now load the engine keeping the speed constant. Again wait for a few minutes
to attain steady conditions at that load. Observe time for 10cc fuel consumption
and actual load acting on the engine. Repeat the procedure for six different
loads (from no load to full load). Care must be taken not to overload the engine.
16

After completion of the experiment, bring the engine to no load conditions

before stopping. Maintain cooling water circulation for some more time.
OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

Maximum brake power; B.Pmax = 2NT/60 Watts.
Where B.Pmax = 7.36 KW = 7360 Watts,
R = radius of the dynamometer wheel = 0.125 m
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (SET NO....)
Brake power output; B.P = 2NT/60 Watts
T = WR* 9.81 Nm
B.P = ...........................Watts
Total fuel consumption; T.F.C = (10/t)*(3600/1000)*0.75 Kg /hr
Where t = time for 10cc fuel consumption =.................sec
17

0.75 = sp. weight of petrol

T.F.C = ............................. Kg/hr
Specific fuel consumption; S.F.C = T.F.C/ B.P Kg/W hr
Where T.F.C = Total fuel consumption in Kg/hr
B.P = Brake power in Watts
S.F.C =.............................. Kg/W hr
Brake mean effective pressure; B.M.E.P = (B.P*60)/ LA(N/2)*n in N/m2
Where B.P = brake power in watts
L = stroke length = 0.75 m
D = diameter of the cylinder (bore) = 0.68m
A = area of the cylinder in m2 = /4* D2
N = speed = 1500 rpm (N/2 is because of four stroke engine)
n = no: of cylinders = 3Nos
B.M.E.P =.......................... in N/m2
Brake thermal efficiency; Br.th. = (B.P*3600)/(T.F.C*C.V) X 100 %
Where T.F.C = total fuel consumption in Kg/hr
C.V = calorific value of petrol = 43.5 J/Kg K
B.P = brake power in Watts
Br.Th. =...............................%
RESULT
Maximum brake thermal efficiency =...................%
INFERENCE
18

7. LOAD TEST ON TWO STAGE AIRCOMPRESSOR.

AIM
To conduct load test on the two stage reciprocating air compressor and to
determine the volumetric
efficiency and isometric efficiency at various delivery pressure. Also plot the
following graphs.
Delivery pressure Vs Volumetric efficiency.
Delivery pressure Vs Isothermal efficiency.
TEST RIG DETAILS:
Working pressure = 12 kgf/cm2.
Motor power = 3HP
Low pressure cylinder bore diameter, D1 = 90mm.
High pressure cylinder bore diameter, D2 = 63mm.
Stroke length L = 89.5mm
Speed, Nc = 925rpm
Diameter of orifice, d = 0.015m
Coefficient of discharge of the orifice meter, Cd = 0.6
Energy meter constant, K = 1200 impulse/kwh.
Number of impulse on energy meter, n = 10
THEORY:
During the downward motion of the piston the pressure inside the cylinder falls
below the atmospheric pressure and the inlet valve is opened due to this
pressure difference. The air is sucked into the cylinder until the piston reaches
the BDC (Bottom dead centre). As the piston starts moving upwards the inlet
valve closed and the pressure starts building up continuously until the pressure
inside the cylinder is above the pressure of the receiver. Then the delivery valve
opens and the air is delivered during the remaining upward motion of the piston
to the receiver.
At the end of the delivery stoke, small volume of high pressure air left in the
clearness space. The high pressure left in the clearness space expands as the
piston moves downwards and the pressure of the air falls, until the pressure is
just below the atmosphere and then the inlet valve opens and fresh air is sucked
in and whole process will repeat.
19

The suction, compression and delivery of air take place within two strokes of
the piston or one revolution of the crankshaft. The compression of air from
initial pressure to the final pressure in more than one cylinder is known as
multistage compression.
DESCRIPTION:
The compressor basically consists of an electric motor (prime mover), two
cylinders namely HP cylinder and LP cylinder. The system is intercooled.
Pressure gauges are provided at the both of the HP cylinder and LP cylinder
outlets to read the pressures. The AC motor gives input power to the
compressor.
APPARATUS
Manometer, Digital rpm indicator, stopwatch
PROCEDURE:
1. The water present if any in the receiver is drained out using the drainage
cock.
2. The outlet valve of the receiver is kept open to facilitate starting and then the
motor is switched on.
3. When the compressor reaches its normal speed the outlet valve of the receiver
is closed and the compressor is allowed to build the required pressure.
4. When the pressure reaches the desired valve, the outlet valve is adjusted so
that the delivery pressure remains constant at that pressure. At this point
manometer reading, speed of the motor and energy meter readings is noted
down.
5. The experiment is repeated for different values of pressures and the above set
of reading are noted down.
After completing the experiment, switch of the motor and release the air from
the receiver.
20

FORMULAE:
1) Initial pressure, P1 = Atmospheric pressure = 1,01,325 N/m2 .
2) Final pressure, P2 = (Gauge pressure x 10 5 ) + Atmospheric pressure
N/m2
Where gauge pressure = Pressure gauge reading in Kgf/cm2.
3) Actual volume of air intake per second , Va = Cd A 2gha
Where Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice meter = 0.60
A = Area of orifice = d2/4 m2.
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
ha= Head difference in terms of air column in meters.
= h x (density of water /density of air at RTP.)
Where, h = Difference in level of water in manometer in meters.
Density of water w = 1000 Kgf/m3.
Density of air at RTP a = 1.293 X 273 / (273 +t ) Kgf/m3.
Where t = Room temperature in 0C.
21

4) Theoretical air intake per second, Vth = /4 x D12 x L x Nc / 60.

Where D1 = Diameter of low pressure cylinder in metres.
L = Stroke length in metres
Nc= Speed of the compressor in rpm.
5) Volumetric efficiency , vol = (Va / Vth ) x 100 %
Where Va = Actual volume of air delivered in m3/s.
Vth = Theoretical air intake in m3/s.
6) Input power , P = (3600 x n) / (K x t) kw
Where , K = Energy meter constant = 200 rev/kwh.
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc.
t = Time taken for n revolution of energy meter disc.
Assuming transmission and mechanical losses as 20 %. i.e. Total Input = 0.8 P
7) Isothermal work done = P1 V1 loge P2 /P1 x 10 -3 kJ/s
Where P1 = initial pressure or atmospheric pressure in N/ m2 .
P2 = final pressure in N/ m2.
V1 = Va = Actual air intake in m3/s.
8) Isothermal efficiency , iso= (Isothermal work done ) / ( Total Input) x
100 %.
RESULT
1) Maximum Volumetric efficiency of the compressor.
2) Maximum Isothermal efficiency of the compressor.
INFERENCE
22

8. PERFORMANCE TEST ON BLOWER
AIM:To conduct and evaluate the performance test on the blower by plotting the
following performance curve:
a) Total head Vs discharge
b) Efficiency Vs discharge
c) Input Vs discharge
SPECIFICATIONS
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Power (P)
:
Speed (N)
:
Pipe Diameter
:
Throat Diameter
:
Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) :
Impeller Diameter
:
Motor
:
h) Delivery Size
i) Inlet Diameter
7.5HP or 5.5KW
2900rpm
125mm
75mm
0.6
500mm
7.5hp or 5.5kw, AC,3phase,440V,
50Hz, Squirrel cage Induction
125x80mm
200mm
:
:
APPARATUS REQUIRED
a) Centrifugal Air blower test rig
b) Stop watch
c) Tachometer
PRINCIPLE
The main components of air blower are the impeller and the diffuser. The fresh
air enters into the eye of the of impeller. Because of the high rotational speed of
the impeller, the air contained in the rotational passage is subjected to
centrifugal force which causes air to flow radially outwards. All the mechanical
energy driving the impeller is transmitted to fluid stream in the impeller, where
it is converted into kinetic energy with a slight pressure rise. Blower is used to
discharge higher volume of air at a lower pressure it is used in blast furnace,
cupolas, air conditioning plant, etc.
23

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

Sl
No
Manometer
Reading
(m)
Venturimeter
reading
h
1
h
2
h
1
h
2
h1
h2
h1
h2
Time
for
5 pulse
on e/m
t
Head
causing
flow
h1
Disch
arge
Q
Velo
city
of air
v
Static
pressu
re
head
Hs
Dyna
mic
head
Hd
Tota
l
head
H
Power
output
Po
Power
input
Pi
Effic
iency
sec
m3/s
m/s
FORMULA USED
Atmospheric pressure (Pa)
Diameter of pipe (d1)
Diameter of throat (d2)
= 1.013 x 105 N/m2

= 125mm
= 75mm
Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = 0.6

a) Static Head (Hs)
Hs =(hsx w)/ a
(m)
Where , hs = Static pressure manometer

w=density of water ,1000
a =density of air ,1.18
(m)
(Kg/m3)
(Kg/m3)
b) Head causing flow

Ha = (Hwx w)/ a
(m)
24

Where, Hw = Veturimeter reading
(m)
w = density of water ,1000
(Kg/m3)
a = density of air ,1.18
(Kg/m3)
mercury = density of mercury
(Kg/m3)
c) Discharge (Q)
Q=
(m3/sec)
Where, Cd =Co-efficient of discharge, 0.6

a1 =Area of cross-section of pipe
(m2)
=0.012
a2 =Area of cross-section of throat
(m2)
=0.004
g = Acceleration due to gravity
(m/s2)
=9.81
Ha = Head causing flow
d) Velocity of air in pipe (V)
(m/s)
V=
(m3/s)
Where, Q = Discharge
A = Area of cross-section of pipe
(m2)
e) Dynamic Head (Hd)

Hd =
(m)
f) Total Head (H)

H = Hs+Hd+Z
(m)
Where, Z= Datum height from suction to delivery (m)
=1
25

g) Power output (Po)

Po = axgxQxH
Where, a = Density of air =1.18
g = Accelaration due to gravity =9.81
Q= Discharge
H = total head
h) Power input (Pi)
(w)
(kg/m3)
(m/s2)
(m)
(m)
(w)
Pi =
Where, n = no of pulse on energy meter

m = motor efficiency = 85
(%)
t = Time for 5 pulse of energy meter
(sec)
k = Energy meter constant ,1600 pulse/KWH
i) Efficiency ( )
=
100
(%)
PRECAUTIONS
The following precautions were taken before starting the test
a) Check the test rig is under no load
b) Check the level of water in the manometer
PROCEDURE
a) Start the blower at no load condition by keeping the delivery valve closed
position
b) Open the delivery valve in full open condition
c) Take the manometer readings and the time taken for n number of pulses
of energy meter
d) Repeat the experiments by closing the delivery valvegradually
e) Finally take the reading at closed condition of delivery valve
f) Close the delivery valve and switch off the blower
26

RESULT
The following graph are plotted :
a) Total head Vs discharge
b) Efficiency Vs discharge
c) Input Vs discharge
Maximum efficiency obtained :
Maximum output :
Maximum value of air discharge :
INFERENCE
The efficiency increases gradually with increase in discharge
The input power increases
Gradually with increase in discharge
The head decreases
Gradually with increase in discharge
27

9. HEAT BALANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER

DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To study the variation of heat losses with load and to plot heat balance chart.
TEST RIG DETAILS
BP of the engine
Bore diameter of the engine
Stroke length of the engine
Speed of the engine
Orifice diameter
= 6HP
= 6 x 736 W
= 114.3mm.
= 139.7mm.
= 650rpm.
= 20 mm
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Stop watch
PROCEDURE
Calculate load to be applied on the engine corresponding to the maximum
output. Take all necessary precautions before starting the engine.
Open the cooling water supply valve to the engine and dynamometer. Start the
engine by cranking. Allow the engine to run for few minutes at no load to attain
steady conditions. After this condition reached, note the following readings.
1. Load (Kg)
2. Time for 10cc fuel consumption (s).
3. Manometer reading (m of H2o).
4. Time for 10 litres of water circulation through the engine jacket (s).
5. Temperature of exhaust gas (0C).
6. Inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water (0C).
Now change the load to full load. Allow the engine to run for few minutes to
attain steady condition and note the above set of readings.
After completion of experiment, bring the engine back to no load condition and
then stop.
28

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATION

Sl
No
Load
Applied
Speed
of the
Engine
Time taken
for 10cc of
fuel
consumption
Cooling
water
flow rate
Manometer
Readings
Temperature
of cooling
water
Temperat
ure of
exhaust
gas
t4
t
kg
r.p.m.
Temperat
ure of
inlet air
sec
m3/s
h1
h2
t1
t2
t3
cm
cm

Brake power, BP = (2NT)/60. Watt
Where,
N = Speed of the engine in rpm.
T = Torque on the brake drum in Nm
= (W1 W2) R x 9.81Nm.
W1 = weight on hanger + hanger weight in kg.
W2 = spring balance reading in kg.
R = Radius of brake drum + thickness of rope in meters.
FORMULAE
1. Brake power output
Brake power output = Wmax X N/ 2.71 Watts
Where N = speed = 1500 rpm
Wmax = load applied on the engine = .................Kg
2. Heat input
Heat input = T.F.C X CV Watts
Where T.F.C = Total Fuel Consumption = 10 X 3600 X 0.83 Kg/hr
29

t X 1000
CV = Calorific value of diesel = 45.2 X 106 J/Kg
Heat input may be taken as 100%
3. Heat carried away by cooling water
Heat carried away by cooling water = m CP T Watts
Where m = mass flow rate of cooling water in Kg/s [for 10 Ltrs of water]
m = 10/t Kg/s
Where t = time for 10 ltrs of water circulation
CP = Specific heat of water at constant pressure = 4.186 X 103 J/Kg K
T = (T1-T2) = difference of inlet and outlet cooling water temperature in K
% of heat loss through cooling water =
Heat carried away by cooling water x100%
Heat Input
4. Heat loss through exhaust gas
Heat carried away by exhaust gas = m CP T Watts
Where m = mass flow rate of exhaust gas in Kg/s
m = mass flow rate of fuel in Kg/s + mass flow rate of air in Kg/s
Mass flow rate of fuel = T.F.C/3600 Kg/s
Mass flow rate of air = Volume of air in m3/s (Va) X density of air at RTP (a)
Volume of air in m3/s (Va) = Cd .a. 2gha m3/s
Where Cd = 0.62
A = area of orifice = d2 /4 m2
D = diameter of orifice = mm
ha = Manometric head of air column = hw w/a m of air
hw = Manometer difference of water column
w = density of water = 1000 kg/m3
a = density of air at R.T.P = 1.293 X 273 Kg/m3
273+t
t = Ambient temperature
CP = specific heat of exhaust gas = 1.005 X 103 J/KgK
T = (T1-T2) = difference of exhaust gas and room temperature in K
% of heat loss through exhaust gas = Heat loss through exhaust gas X 100%
Heat input
30

5. Unaccounted heat loss (radiation and other losses)

Unaccounted heat loss = heat input (work output + cooling water loss+
exhaust gas loss) watts
RESULT
Heat equivalent of brake power
Heat carried away by cooling water
Heat carried away by exhaust gas
Unaccounted heat loss
Energy Input
=
=
=
=
= 100 %
INFERENCE
31


ME09 608 (P) - Thermal Lab II

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

1. COOLING CURVE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER

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1. Maximum load calculation

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

2. RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER

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lower speed is noted

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Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

LMTD = (2 1)/ ln(2/ 1) 0C

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

Heat gain by the cold fluid Qc = mCpc (Tco Tci) W

1 = Thi -Tci, and

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

4. DETERMINATION OF COP OF THE REFRIGERATION

Fill the chiller with water

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

Theoretical COP = Refrigeration effect

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5. MORSE TEST ON 4 CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

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Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

6. LOAD TEST ON 4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE

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After completion of the experiment, bring the engine to no load conditions

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION

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0.75 = sp. weight of petrol

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7. LOAD TEST ON TWO STAGE AIRCOMPRESSOR.

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4) Theoretical air intake per second, Vth = /4 x D12 x L x Nc / 60.

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8. PERFORMANCE TEST ON BLOWER

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OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

= 1.013 x 105 N/m2

Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = 0.6

Where , hs = Static pressure manometer

b) Head causing flow

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Where, Hw = Veturimeter reading

w = density of water ,1000

a = density of air ,1.18

mercury = density of mercury

Where, Cd =Co-efficient of discharge, 0.6

e) Dynamic Head (Hd)

f) Total Head (H)

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g) Power output (Po)

Where, n = no of pulse on energy meter

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Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad