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ABSTRACT
OPERATION
To describe the operation of the new push-pull converter, both modes of operation, boost and buck, will be ascussed separately. A simplified circuit schematic of the
Boost-Buck Push-Pull Converter is shown in Figure 1.
The circuit consists of a Push-Pull converter with an inductor placed between the input source and the PushPull center tap. The Boost-Buck Inductor is referred to
as an inductor, rather than a transformer, since most of its
characteristics in both operational modes are that of an
inductor. The primary to secondary turns ratios (N) of
both magnetics, the Boost-Buck Inductor and the PushPull Transformer, are the same.
N
D3
IPl
BOOST-BUCK
INDUCTOR
N:l
g-f
D'
PWM-1
INPUT
SOURCE
vo
D2
PWM-2
303
BUCK OPERATION
The converter will operate in the Buck Mode when the
input voltage is greater than NVo. Operating in this
mode, switches Q1 and Q2 will be run at less than 50%
duty-cycle and 180" out-of-phase with each other, as
shown in figure 2. This means that there will be two segments of time in each cycle in which both Q1 and Q2 will
be in the off state. This is typical of the Push-Pull converter.
Referring to figure 2, the discussion of the buck mode
operation begins at time to when Q1 turns on and Q2 is
off. With Q1 on, current Ipl flows through transformer
winding P1 and inductor winding P3. The Boost-Buck
Inductor stores energy due to a VIN-NVO voltage across
it, and the primary current Ip1 begins to ramp up through
winding P3. The current Ipl through winding P1 causes
a secondary current to flow in winding S2 via transformer action. This secondary current flows out to the load
through diode D2. At time tl, Q1 turns off, Ipl falls to
zero and D2 stops conducting. The energy stored in the
boost-buck inductor during the time Q1 was on now discharges as a current flow through the secondary winding
S3 and out to the load through diode D3. The magnitude
of the current is NIpl. At time t2, Q2 switches on while
Q1 remains off. Now primary current Ip2 flows through
windings P2 and P3. The current through winding P2
causes a secondary current to flow in winding S1 via
transformer action. This secondary current flows out to
the load through diode D 1. Ip2 begins to ramp up through
the boost-buck inductor winding P3 and again energy is
v,
PWM-1
2avIN
N
(3)
where
a = Duty Cycle of one switch (bn/T)
Vo = Output Voltage
VIN= Input voltage
N = Turns Ratio (of both transformers)
PWM-2
BOOST-BUCK
INDUCTOR
VOLTAGE
PRIMARY
CURRENT
(IP1 + In)
OUTPUT
CURRENT
304
BOOST-BUCK
INWCTOR
BOOST OPERATION
The Push-Pull converter will operate in the Boost Mode
when the input voltage is less than NVo. In Boost mode
the duty-cycle of both switches is increased to greater
than 50%. This means that Q1 and Q2 will be on at the
same time for portions of the switch period (T). The
switch period (T) and the delay time (T/z) are kept
constant for both the boost and buck operational modes.
Typical PWM-1 and PWM-2 gate drive signals are
shown in Figure 3.
V 1 N - ~ ~ j [ " '
D2
Energy is now transferred to the secondary via transformer action. The magnitude of this energy is equal to
the input voltage (Vin) plus the energy stored in the
Boost-Buck Inductor. During this portion of the switch
period, the voltage polarity on winding P3 reverses at a
magnitude of NVCJ-VIN and current begins to ramp
down. Diode D2 is forward biased and provides current
flow from secondary winding S2 to the output load. At
time t2, Q2 turns back on while Q l remains in the on
state. Again, equal but opposite fluxes are developed in
the transformer and both primary windings, P1 and P2,
form a short to ground. The Boost-Buck Inductor stores
input energy, and no energy is transferred to the outputs.
At time t3, Q1 turns off while Q2 remains on. With Q1
off, Ipl stops flowing through winding PI and the flux
cancellation across the transformer primaries ceases.
Energy is now transferred to the secondarythrough diode
D1. Again, the magnitude of this energy is equal to the
input voltage (Vin) plus the energy stored in the BoostBuck Inductor. During this portion of the switch period,
the voltage polarity on winding P3 reverses and current
begins to ramp down. This completesthe switchingperiod. This cycle is repeatedat time t4 at a constant frequency ( l / ~ ) .The turn-on times of Q1 and Q2 (to and t2, respectively) are always a constant half-period apart, just
as in the buck mode of operation.
From this description and the waveforms of Figure 3, the
Push-Pull converter in this mode of does act as a Boost
converter by storing excess input energy in an inductor
during the switch on times (b,) and transferring this
stored energy plus Vin to the output during the switch off
times (toff). Additionally, while operating in this mode,
the converter exhibits continuous input current and discontinuous output current, just like a boost converter. It
should be noted that winding S3 and diode D3 do not
supply current to the load during boost operation.
Since the integral of the Boost-Buck inductor voltage
over one time period (T) must be zero, the equation for
the inductor voltage is,
*'/e:
,
to
tl
tz t3
14
bntonbnh
BOOST- BUC
INDUCTOR
VOLTAGE
PRIMARY
CURRENT
OUTPUT
CURRENT
305
1.25
1 .oo
Y0
2
Using (4),(S), and (6) the input to output transfer characteristic for Boost mode operation is
v,
CONDITIONS:
Vout = 3 5 DC
~
N = 1 (tums ratios)
2toff(wO - VpJ)
(4)
Variable toffcan be expressed in terms of T and ton as,
T
(5)
toff = 3 - ton
2V&OII
'IN
2(1
0.50
0.25
(7)
- a)N
0.75
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BOOST-BUCK TRANSITION
The novel aspect of this converter is that it exhibits the
transfer characteristics of two different power converter
topologies, boost and buck, by changing only the duty
cycle of the power switches Ql and Q2. Using both the
boost and buck modes, operation over very large input
voltage swings are achievable. Depending on the type of
control method used, transitioning between the two
modes is smooth and unnoticeable to down stream circuitry. Part of this can be seen graphically by plotting
both transfer equations (equations 3 and 7) on the same
axis. Duty-Cycle verses Input Voltage for both modes
is shown in figure 5 . Both transfer characteristics converge at the 50% duty cycle point. This allows for a
smooth transfer from one mode to the other.
PWM-1
+vo
BOOSTBUCK
INDUCTOR
-vo
306
WEINBERG'S CONVERTER
A.H. Weinberg developed apower converter in the 1970s
PWM-1
.
)
L1
Weinberg's converter, shown in Figure 7, as the converter described herein is based on a push-pull converter.
Additionally, Weinberg uses a tapped inductor in the
Push-Pull centertap. The inductor tap ratio and transformer turns ratio are equal.
Vnr-N(Vo-yln)
INDUCTOR
VOLTAGE
PRIMARY
CURRENT
307
,,
...
!
REFERENCES
1. A.H. Weinberg, "A Boost Regulator With A New
Energy-Transfer Principle," Proceedings of
308