Quay wall design in the future

Port seminar 2007 UNESCO-I H E Delft

Ass. Prof. Ir J.G. de Gijt
April 25, 2007
1

Vermelding onderdeel organisatie

Contents

Present situation
Future requirements
Design methods
Innovative solutions
Conclusions and recommendations

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Present situation

Experience based design

Determined by local experience
Empirical design methods
Need for new solutions

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Ship developments

35

350.000

30

300.000

25

250.000

20

200.000

15

150.000

10

100.000

50.000

0
1891 1900 '10

'20

'30

'40

'50

'60

'70

'80

'90

load capacity
(dead weight tons)

Depth
(metres)

Development of water depth

and retaining height

Development of the
dimensions of ships

2000 '10

Years
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Container ships

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Latest container vessel

Length;470m,width:60m,draught:16m

470m

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Future situation

Fast change in cargo handling methods

Increase in container transport : possible bigger ships
Need for flexibility
Use of new materials
Other designs

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Design mehods
Deterministic approach:Overall safety concept
Probabilistic approach: statistical input of data
Available design codes

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Codes

There is a multitude of codes:

Dutch NEN
German DIN
BS 6349
Eurocode
etc
Concrete, steel, geocode; no integrated quay
structure code

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1993

2005

Sheetpile walls Dutch

Quay walls Dutch & English!

Probabilistic level 1

Probabilistic level 1

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10

Future quay wall designs (1)

Sunction anchored quay wall with tension winches

Kabel
Tensionwinch

Zuiganker

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11

Future quay wall designs (2)

Jacket type structure flexible

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12

Future quay wall designs (3)

Synthetic block quay wall

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13

Future quay wall designs (4)

Composite structure ,synthetics and steel

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Frozen quay wall (5)

24.0m
Isolation mantle
+4.00

27.0m

N.A.P.

Frozen soil

Contract depth -19.65

Bottom depth -20.65

Construction depth -23.00

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Quay wall with double handling

facilities (6)
Neues Bild.BMP

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OceanBricks (7)

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Peoples business
structural engineer
designer
specialist
project engineer
lawyer
financial engineer
Mechanical Chemical Emotional The lawyer
man
man
man
In the past one person had all the expertise. Presently for every
discipline a specialist will be employed.
Threads:
Lack of overview / Increased insecurity
/Lack of communication.
Team work required & A means of communication
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Probabilistic design
full load and strength distribution is
used
the probability of failure can be
quantified: Overlap of both curves
e.g. 5%

probability

Deterministic, traditional design:

strength > load
usually: strength = * load
where: = safety factor e.g.
1.65

probability

Probabilistic vs. deterministic design

load
strength

load

strength

probability of failure
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Faulttree L-shaped
quay wall

In h e t w e rk
g e s to rt b e to n

P re fa b
L -e le m e n te n
K adem uur
c o n s tru c tie
fa a lt

S te e n b e s to rtin g

V e rp la a ts in g e n
te g ro o t

D ra a g k ra c h t
bodem
o n v o ld o e n d e

T o ta le
s ta b ilite it
o n v o ld o e n d e

G ro n d w a te rs tro m in g
te g ro o t

O p w a a rts e
s tro m in g s d ru k
te g ro o t

O v e rig e
o o rz a k e n

M o m e n te n
e v e n w ic h t
v o ld o e t n ie t

A fs c h u iv in g

H eave

K adem uur
c o n s tru c tie
b e z w ijk t

B ovenbouw
b e z w ijk t

P ip in g

V o o rw a n d
b e z w ijk t

V lo e r
b e z w ijk t

O v e rig e
o o rz a k e n

V e rb in d in g e n
b e z w ijk e n
(g ro n d s p o e lt u it)

O n d e rb o u w
b e z w ijk t

O n d e rw a n d
b e z w ijk t

P ennant
b e z w ijk t

B is h o p

B ij " o v e rig e o o rz a k e n " k a n w o rd e n g e d a c h t a a n o n tg ro n d in g e n , a a n v a rin g e n , e tc .

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Costs aspects
One berth for container ship 500 m: 20-25
miljoen
5 container cranes
75-100
miljoen
1 container ship
200-300
miljoen
Quay wall costs 10 -15% of container ship

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Conclusions and recommendations

Constructing a fault tree helps communication
Design codes are conservative and kills innovation
Technically optimal does not mean that it is optimal in
relation to the whole project

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