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Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation
Processing, University of Ghana, P.O. Box AE 1, Atomic-Accra, Ghana.
2
Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission,
P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Ghana.
3
Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi,
Ghana.
4
Bayer S. A. Representative Office West and Central Africa. 6, Motorway Extension, KA PMB 177,
Airport-Accra, Ghana.
Authors contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors HMA and JKA designed the
study, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author GYPK reviewed the
experimental design and all drafts of the manuscript. Authors EKQ, HAD and FLS managed the
analyses of the study. Author MMS identified the plants. Authors HMA and JKA performed the
statistical analyses and did the literature search. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJEA/2015/12306
Editor(s):
(1) Juan Yan, Sichuan Agricultural University, China.
(2) Daniele De Wrachien, State University of Milan, Italy.
Reviewers:
(1) Klra Kosov, Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Crop Quality, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic.
(2) Anonymous, Mindanao State University-General Santos, Philippines.
(3) Anonymous, University of Prishtina, Republic of Kosova.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=692&id=2&aid=6333
th
ABSTRACT
Aims: Twenty nine (29) local and exotic lines (accessions), of okra (Abelmoschus spp L.) were
evaluated for variation in phenotypic traits.
Study Design: They were laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four
replications and evaluated based on 13 quantitative characters.
Place and Duration of Study: Research farm of the Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: jnckay@gmail.com;
Research Institute (BNARI), Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC), Department of Nuclear
Agriculture and Radiation Processing, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University
of Ghana, between June 2011 and July 2012.
Methodology: The accessions were grown in the field, each on a subplot measuring 3.5 m x 2.5 m,
with seeds sown at a spacing of 0.70 m x 0.50 m. Data were collected using the International Plant
Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) Descriptor List for okra.
Results: The accessions exhibited significant variation in all quantitative traits studied. Block
coefficients of variation were extremely low, implying that results obtained are reliable and
repeatable over replications. Cluster analysis based on Canberra, Furthest Neighbour Similarity
Matrix grouped the accessions into two major clusters and subsequently into four sub-clusters, with
no duplications, based on the characters studied. Seven pairs of quantitative traits were positive
and significantly correlated (P 0.05) while three were highly significantly associated (P 0.01).
The highest correlation (r = 0.95) was between number of days to 50% flowering (NDFl) and
number of days to 50% fruiting (NDFr).
Conclusion: The pattern of clustering showed some degree of association between quantitative
characters and geographic origin of the collections. Five Principal Components (PCs) accounted for
78.51% of the total variance, with PC1 recording 32.44%. Different traits contributed differently to
total genetic variance.
1. INTRODUCTION
Production
and
consumption
of
okra
(Abelmoschus spp L. Moench) is widespread
across West Africa [1,2,3], where all vegetative
and reproductive parts as well as the fresh fruits
are used variously for food preparation [2,4].
Minor applications are found in folk medicine and
industry [3,5].
In Ghana, the vegetable is accepted for
consumption in all regions. It is cultivated as a
garden or commercial crop [6]. Intense cultivation
is found in peri-urban areas to meet an evergrowing urban population, with targeted exports
from elite farmers. Selection of varieties for
cultivation is, therefore, based on end-user
preference and adaptation to local agro-ecology.
Currently, genotypes available include many
locally adapted landraces as well as some exotic
lines selected to meet specifications of export
destinations in Europe and America. On-going
breeding work in okra is limited [7,2]. Hence,
characterisation
of
these
genotypes
is
incomplete.
Characterisation based on phenotypic traits is not
easily reproducible particularly, since these traits
are influenced largely by environmental variations
[8]. In addition, it requires a large tract of land
and/or greenhouse space in which to grow large
populations of plants, making it labour intensive
and difficult to manage [8,9].However, the tool
has remained useful as a necessary first step
218
Brong Ahafo
1
3
Central
Eastern
Greater
Accra
Upper East
1
2
Western
Volta
Accession
Agric short fruit, Agric
type I, Asante type II,
Asontem-ASR, Debo,
Kortebortor-ASR
Asontem-BAR,
Asontem-NV.,
Kortebortor-BAR,
Nkran Nkuruma, YejiLocal
Cape
Amanfrom, DKA,
Asontem-ER
Asontem-GAR, Atomic,
Clemson spineless,
Cs-Legon, Labadi,
Legon fingers, Volta,
Indiana
Mamolega, Mapelega,
Wune mana
Juaboso
Akrave, Kpeve
219
based
on
13
4. CONCLUSION
The 29 accessions of okra (Abelmoschus spp L.
Moench) exhibited great diversity in the 13
quantitative traits studied. Cluster analysis
220
MPH
59.00opqr
76.05jk
47.05rs
82.85ghij
116.33bc
83.70ghij
89.75fghi
128.53b
90.08fghi
113.40cd
48.40qrs
102.53def
44.38s
64.75lmno
77.7ijkl
60.70nopq
71.0jklmn
94.75efg
qrs
48.50
99.28ef
56.68pqrs
92.55efgh
72.63jklm
62.13nop
62.40nop
170.78a
79.5hijk
62.13nop
103.95cde
**
ns
11.9
1.3
MNI
17.00e
18.00c
19.00a
17.87c
18.00c
17.00e
15.87g
18.00c
13.67j
18.00c
16.00g
15.02h
15.00h
14.37i
18.93a
2.00m
17.00e
17.50d
n
11.23
18.50b
12.32l
18.00c
16.00g
16.46f
13.16k
19.00a
17.00e
13.00k
16.78e
**
ns
1.1
0.3
FFN
6.00o
9.00l
9.00l
13.00g
9.00l
17.00d
9.00l
13.00g
10.25j
16.00e
15.00f
11.75h
8.00m
7.00n
7.00n
17.00n
10.00k
18.00c
n
7.00
19.00b
8.00m
11.00i
11.00i
7.00n
10.25j
23.00a
11.00i
6.00o
8.00m
**
ns
1.5
0.3
TNLP
13.75kl
11.0mn
27.00c
26.00c
16.00hij
21.00d
13.75kl
14.50jk
17.00fgh
12.50lm
16.00hij
13.75kl
10.25n
20.75d
18.75ef
21.50d
12.50lm
26.75c
ghi
16.50
13.75kl
17.25fghi
18.50ef
29.00b
12.75l
18.00fg
20.00de
15.75ij
16.75ghi
34.00a
**
ns
6 .1
1.7
STB
7.80jk
8.10hi
9.30e
10.53b
8.15gh
7.55k
5.25q
9.85c
6.38 lm
9.00f
6.25mn
5.93op
5.75p
8.40g
5.93op
8.90f
7.85ij
8.10hi
cd
9.80
11.03a
7.55k
8.78f
6.35lmn
6.15mno
6.08no
9.98c
6.55l
6.30lmn
9.55de
**
**
2.6
1.0
NDG
52.50jkl
54.25fg
89.75c
89.00c
53.00ijk
51.25mn
55.00f
51.25mn
51.00mn
52.00klm
53.75gh
53.75gh
42.75q
51.5lmn
51.25mn
125.00a
39.25r
53.30hij
n
50.75
92.00b
55.00f
51.00mn
51.00mn
49.00o
47.25p
53.50ghi
53.00ijk
59.00e
78.00d
**
ns
2.1
0.2
FFPN
7.00ijk
10.25bcd
7.50hijk
13.50a
9.25cdefg
7.0 0ijk
8.00fghij
11.75ab
7.75ghij
8.0fghij
5.50kl
9.5cdefg
8.50efghij
7.00ijk
6.50jk
7.50hijk
8.80defghi
8.00fghij
fghij
8.00
9.75bcdef
9.00defghi
7.75ghij
8.80defghi
8.80defghi
8.00fghij
10.75bc
10.00bcde
4.25l
8.25fghij
**
**
16.7
6.3
NDFl
46.50h
47.00g
80.00c
71.50d
47.00g
41.00m
42.00l
47.00g
44.00k
39.00o
49.00f
38.50p
37.00q
40.00n
47.00g
115.00a
32.00r
47.00g
l
42.00
82.00b
36.75q
40.00n
45.00j
45.00j
32.00r
50.00e
47.00g
49.00f
39.00o
**
**
16.7
6.3
NDFr
12.00c
12.00c
10.00f
10.50e
9.50g
12.00c
8.00i
8.00i
12.00c
8.00i
9.00h
11.75cd
8.00i
10.00f
11.50d
15.00a
10.00f
10.25ef
c
12.00
8.00i
12.00c
13.00b
10.00f
10.00f
10.00f
6.00j
12.00c
10.00f
10.00f
**
ns
1.3
0.3
TNFP
8.00ghi
10.00ghi
15.00de
21.50bc
16.25de
23.25ab
15.50de
17.50de
17.00de
14.25ef
16.50de
18.25cd
14.75def
17.00de
15.25de
10.25gh
16.25de
14.50ef
hi
6.70
25.25a
11.25fg
7.50hi
17.75de
8.25ghi
6.50i
23.50ab
17.50de
6.50i
18.25cd
**
ns
18.0
2.9
NFPH
27.00hi
42.25d
21.75lm
30.50g
21.50lm
58.25a
15.75n
11.00o
26.00ij
22.00l
24.25k
52.50b
16.50n
21.50lm
28.00h
52.50b
21.50lm
44.50c
l
22.50
57.50a
15.00n
28.25h
25.00jk
12.00o
20.25m
40.50e
51.50b
7.00p
37.25f
**
ns
18.0
2.9
NSPF
23.75o
27.75mn
31.75ij
51.00b
22.75op
46.00c
33.00h
21.25pq
37.00f
41.25e
27.25n
43.00d
18.25r
37.00f
31.75hi
31.50ijk
29.00lm
46.25c
kl
30.00
28.5lmn
35.00g
37.00f
37.50f
20.00q
38.00f
18.25r
31.25jk
12.25s
63.00a
**
ns
3.6
0.5
TSW
48.12q
58.98g
48.63p
56.02i
50.81n
63.54e
41.32w
53.92j
52.45l
64.41d
45.50s
59.03g
43.24v
56.33hi
53.24k
43.73u
51.87m
46.71r
l
52.75
53.83j
44.86t
46.71r
74.95a
67.37c
56.41h
69.43b
33.92x
50.23o
62.14f
**
ns
0.5
0.1
ns indicates non significance at the p 0.05 level, * indicates significance at the p 0.05 level and ** indicates high significance at p 0.01 level. LoS = level of significance, BE = block efficiency, TCV =
treatment co-efficient of variation, BCV = block co-efficient of variation and Mean represent average of the individual characters measured for all accessions under consideration. MPH = Maximum plant height,
MNI = Maximum number of internodes, FFN = First flowering node, TNLP = Total Number of Leaves per Plant, NSPF = Number of Seeds per Fruit, STB = Stem Diameter at Base, TNFP = Total Number of
Fruits per Plant, NDG = Number of Days to 50% Germination, FFPN = First Fruit Producing Node, NDFl = Number of Days to 50% Flowering, NDFr = Number of Days to 50% Fruiting, TSW = 1000 seed weight,
NFPH = Number of fresh Fruits per Plant per Harvest
221
Mean
27.97
32.79
8.31
10.89
16.03
78.5
49.34
59.21
10.31
18.31
14.93
7.86
53.47
Median
12
20
8
11
16
60.55
47
53
10
13
8
6.2
67.38
Range
7-59
12-63
5-14
6-23
11-19
41.43-162.93
32-115
39-125
6-15
11-34
7-25
5.3-11.10
33.93-74.96
SD
13.89
10.81
1.68
4.23
2.28
26.16
16.94
17.9
2.19
5.55
5.09
1.59
8.95
CV
49.66
32.97
20.22
38.84
14.22
33.32
34.33
30.23
21.24
30.31
34.09
20.23
16.74
Number of accessions
10
10
Accessions of Okra
Cs-Legon, Debo, Legon fingers, Atomic, Akrave, Kpeve,
Indiana, Asontem-ASR, Clemson spineless, Agric type I
Kortebortor-ASR, Agric short fruit, Mamolega, Wune mana,
DKA
Mapelega, Labadi, Asante type II, Asontem-BAR, Cape,
Asontem-ER, Volta, Juaboso, Asontem NV., Asontem-GAR
Yeji-Local, Amanfrom, Kortebortor-BAR, Nkran Nkuruma
222
NDG
NDFl
NDFr
MPH
MNI
FFN
TNLP
TSW
NSPF
STB
NFPH
TNFP
-0.24
-0.19
-0.03
-0.08
-0.13
-0.22
-0.07
-0.03
-0.03
0.11
-0.28
-0.02
0.95**
-0.05
0.05
0.05
0.43
-0.17
-0.13
0.44
-0.10
0.14
-0.05
-0.03
-0.03
0.01
0.57*
-0.13
0.08
0.50*
-0.05
0.14
0.01
0.42
0.62*
0.12
0.39
0.34
0.36
0.45
0.44
0.14
0.53*
0.12
0.18
0.14
0.33
0.42
0.47
0.27
0.15
0.30
0.36
0.37
0.71**
0.68**
0.20
0.29
0.57*
0.46
0.26
0.41
0.00
0.30
0.16
0.21
0.24
-0.06
0.24
0.60*
0.46
0.29
0.22
0.29
0.14
0.64*
0.10
0.30
FFPN
PC1
0.203819*
0.111969
0.14188
-0.09528
0.35933*
0.318568*
0.389668*
0.14729
0.29276*
0.32356*
0.28419*
0.39654*
0.29013*
4.22
32.44
32.44
PC2
0.153724*
-0.56337
-0.57211
0.17753*
0.21348*
0.09009
0.16413*
0.08145
0.11885
0.1805*
-0.3141
0.0471
-0.2554
2.57
19.78
52.23
PC3
-0.44768
0.184005*
0.02661
-0.05589
-0.05857
-0.43818
0.22046*
0.34392*
0.41954*
0.08216
-0.44695
0.09077
0.09383
1.26
9.68
61.90
PC4
-0.41751
-0.07344
0.07007
0.36608*
0.14673
0.41697*
-0.16218
0.59379*
-0.14524
-0.26811
0.11124
0.03341
-0.02465
1.09
8.45
70.35
PC5
-0.02082
-0.08673
-0.10149
-0.78663
-0.14057
0.11012
-0.04067
0.27169*
-0.04057
-0.20185
0.07890
0.26771*
-0.36787
1.06
8.15
78.51
* Values bolded and asterisked made substantial contribution to total variance in the respective axes. Maximum and least
discriminating power (eigen value), maximum and least percentage variance and maximum cumulative percentage variance
values are bolded
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to all Technicians,
especially Mr. Samson Laar, of the Nuclear
Agricultural
Research
Centre
of
the
Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research
Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission for
their assistance with the field work.
223
10.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have
interests exist.
declared
that
no
competing
11.
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_________________________________________________________________________________
2015 Amoatey et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=692&id=2&aid=6333
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