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Experiment No: 4

Date:23-Oct-2013

MODAL ANALYSIS

AIM: To determine the dynamic characteristics of a structure by identifying its


natural frequencies, damping ratios and its associated mode shapes.

APPARATUS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Test specimen
Impulse Hammer
Accelerometers
Adhesives
FFT Analyzer
LMS Data Acquisition System

ABSTRACT:
The objective of the experiment is to determine the dynamic characteristics of a
structure. This can be done by giving a known value of impact force to the structure
with the help of impact hammer and the responses are measured with the help of
data acquisition system and analyzed using FFT.

THEORY:
The goal of modal analysis in structural mechanics is to determine the natural
mode shapes and frequencies of an object or structure during free vibration.
It is common to use the finite element method (FEM) to perform this analysis
because, like other calculations using the FEM, the object being analyzed can
have arbitrary shape and the results of the calculations are acceptable. The
types of equations which arise from modal analysis are those seen in Eigen
systems. The physical interpretation of the Eigen values and eigenvectors
which come from solving the system are that they represent the frequencies
and corresponding mode shapes.
Sometimes, the only desired modes are the lowest frequencies because they
can be the most prominent modes at which the object will vibrate, dominating
all the higher frequency modes.

Modal analysis, or more accurately experimental modal analysis, is the field of


measuring and analysing the dynamic response of structures and or fluids when
excited by an input.
Examples would include measuring the vibration of a car's body when it is
attached to an electromagnetic shaker, or the noise pattern in a room when
excited by a loudspeaker.
Typical excitation signals can be classed as impulse, broadband, swept sine,
chirp, etc. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.
The excitation and response analysis is based on Maxwells Reciprocal Theorem.
Based on this either the excitation may be given at chosen locations &
acceleration values measured at fixed location (Rowing Force), or vice versa
excitation at fixed location and accelerometer moved to different locations
(Rowing Response).
The analysis of the signals typically relies on Fourier analysis. The resulting
transfer function will show one or more resonances, whose characteristic mass,
frequency and damping can be estimated from the measurements.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

f(t)
x(t)

m
k

X ( )
H ( )
F ( )

The quantity H () is known a Frequency Response Function (FRF) of the


system, which is the ratio of Fourier transform of response to the
Fourier transform of excitation

PROCEDURE:
1. Structure is mounted according to boundary condition (ground or free free
condition).
2. Excitation locations are noted.
3. The response locations for placing the accelerometers are marked.
4. The accelerometers and the impact hammer are connected to DAQ and proper
checks are made.
5. All the FRFs are saved and model imported.
6. Frequency peaks are searched with respect to Driving Point FRF to get the
natural frequency.
7. Damping is calculated using half Power Bandwidth method.
8. All Modal Vectors on the experimental model are mapped to get the mode
shapes at all natural frequencies.

RESULT TABLE:
Mode No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Natural Freq.(n)
164.7
212.2
255.1
287.8
451.9
601.7
675.5
771.8
832.9
883.8

Damping
0.38
0.46
0.56
0.43
0.65
0.41
0.76
0.80
0.90
1.06

CONCLUSION:
The natural frequencies and the corresponding damping of the PCB test specimen is
found from Modal Analysis which gives its dynamic behavioral characteristics.

Candidates Signature

:________________

Marks Obtained out of 10:________________


Signature of Examiner

:________________

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