Ez;nraypfspd; tpUj;jp (Evolution of Micro Processors)

Model(intel)

Model(Motorola)

8088

Year

MHZ

TRANSISTORS

1979

8mhz

2900

6800

1979

8mhz

6800

80186

6810

1982

6mhz

5500

1982

20mhz

29000

1982

20mhz

1982

20mhz

134000

80188
-

68820

80286
80386

68050

1984

40mhz

190000

80486

68040

1990

60mhz

1180000

p.mmx

Power pc

1997

166-200mhz

2000

1.2ghz

7.5m

PII
PIII

2001

1.8-3.8ghz

9.5m

PIV

2004

1.6-2.333ghz

42m

Power pc

2006

3.2ghz

52m

Core 2 dual

2006

1.6-2.333ghz

151m

Core 2 due

2006

1ghz-2.6ghz

291m

Core i7

2008

2.66-3.2ghz

730m

Ez; nrayp xd;wpd; tpguf;$w;W (specification of CPU)

fzdpapd; cpu MdJ fzdpapd; ,ju ghfq;fSf;fhf mwpTWj;jy;> juT, epidtf tpyhrk; Nghd;w
rkpf;iQfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL Kbe;jTld; cupa ,lq;fSf;F ,f; rkpf;iQfis
fhtpr; nfy;yf;$ba ngsjPf fUtpfNs bus vdg;gLk;.
fzdp jha;gyifapy; gpujhdkhf 3busfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1) juT g]; (Data bus):bus

,JthFk; mjhtJ epidtfj;jpypUe;J gjpaPf;fSf;F (register) juTfis mDg;Gjy; gpd;du; gjpapapy;
xU ,lj;jpypUe;J fzdpapDs; ,d;DnkhU ,lj;jpw;F juTfis nfhz;L nry;y gad;gLk;

,Ue;J epidtfj;Jf;F juTfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;, Cs;sPl;L fUtpfspypUe;J juTfis epidtfj;Jf;F

nfhz;L tUjy; mNj Neuk; epidtfj;jpypUe;J ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfSf;F mj;juTfis toq;Fjy;.

2) Kftup g];(Address bus)

fzpdpapd; epidtfj;jpy; juTfshdJ rpwpa rpwpa myFfshf (cluster) gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
epidtf
gFjpfspNyNa Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j xt;nthU rpwpa gFjpfSf;Fk; xt;nthU tpyhrKk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
,e;j tpyhrq;fis epidtfj;jpypUe;J register f;F Njitg;gLk;NghJ fhtpr;nry;fpd;w busNa ,JthFk;

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3) fl;Lg;ghl;L bus (control bus)

,J
CPU tpypUe;J
fzpdpapd;
,jug;ghfq;fSf;fhd
nry;tjw;fhfntd;W cs;s busfNs ,JthFk;.

nraw;ghl;L

mwpTWj;jy;fspid

fhtpr;

fzpdpapd; fl;likg;gpd; tpUj;jpapid tpgupj;jy; (Explores the evolution of computer architecture)

fbfhuk; clock
Xt;nthU fzpdpAk; Mff;Fiwe;jJ xU clock ia itj;jpUf;Fk;

xU juT mirtpidfdpg;gPl;L eltbf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifahd clock

cycle Njitg;gLk;.
vy;yh nraw;ghLfspYk; Ntfj;ij clock apid frequency Na jPu;khdpf;Fk;. ,J hz apy;
mstplg;gLk;. vkJ fzpdpia ngWj;j tiu ,J Mhz, Ghz fspy; msf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghJthf fzpdpapd; clock vd;gJ cpu tpd; clock Na Fwpf;Fk;. (master clock)
bus fSk; clock itj;jpUf;Fk; Mdhy; Ntfk; Fiwe;jJ.
ngJthf fzpdpapd; nraw;ghLfshdJ master clock apd; signal apdhNa fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Register MdJ Gjp juit Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Kjy; clock MdJ rkpf;iQapid jUk; tiu
fhj;jpUf;fk;.
700Mhz vdgJ xU nrf;fd; ,w;fhf mjDila Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fwpf;Fk;.

Von Neumann architecture (Von Neumann fl;likg;G )

ENIAC fzpdpapd; nraw;ghnlhd;W Rje;jpukhd ntspaPl;bw;F ngUk; jilahf ,Ue;jNjhL 1 f;F
Nkw;gl;l epGzu;fspd; iffspNyNa jq;fpapUe;jJ. ,e;j epiyapiid Nghf;f Jhon Von Neuman vDk;
tpQ;Qhdpapdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj Von Neumann fl;likg;G MFk;.
,J Nrkpf;fg;gl;l fl;lis njhFjpapd; vz;zf;fU vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.( stored programme control

concept).

Vnddpy; ,e;j vz;zf;fUit nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba fzpdpfspy; mwpTWj;jy;> jufTis

itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iw nrw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xU CPU Tk;, gpuj;jpNafkhd xU epidTf fl;likg;Gk;
Ngzg;gLtjpdhNyahFk;.

Von Neumann fl;likg;gpw;F Vw;g fzpdpahdJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;.

xU gpujhd epidtfk; ,J juT mwpTWj;jy;fis Nrkpj;J itj;jpUf;Fk;.
xU ALU ,J binary data f;fis nraw;gLj;jty;yJ.
Control unit ,J epidtfj;jpy; cs;s mwpTWj;jy;fis thrpj;J mjw;Nfw;g nraw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;sty;yJ.
Input, output cgfuzq;fs; ,J cu tpdhy; ,af;fg;gLk;

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,jd; fl;likg;G glkhdJ

ikaKiw top myF(Central
Processing Unit)
fl;Lg;ghl;L myF
(CONTROL UNIT)

vz;fzpj
ju;f;f myF
(ALU)

cs;sPl;L
rhjdq;fs;
INPUT DEVICES

Kjd;ik epidtfk;
MAIN MEMORY
(MAIN STORAGE)
PRIMARY STORAGE

ntspaPl;L
rhjdq;fs;
OUTPUT DEVICES

Jizj; Njf;fk;
AUXILIARY STORAGE
(BACKING STORAGE)
SECONDARY STORAGE

NkYk; Von Neuman fl;likg;ghdJ xU gq;fplg;gl;l epidtfj;ij mwpTWj;jy;> juTf;fhf itj;jpUg;gNjhL

xU juT bus, Kftup bus apid processorw;Fk; epidtfj;jpw;FkpilNa
mwpTWj;jYk; juTk; tupir Kiwg;gb nfhz;L tug;gLk;.

itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

,q;F

,f;fl;likg;Gld; njhlu;Gila ghfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfisAk; gpd;tUkhW Nehf;fyhk;.

kj;jpa nrw;ghl;L myF

Central processing unit (CPU)

,J fzpdpapd; mbg;gil nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;;.

epuypd; mwpTWj;jypid fetches, decodes, kw;Wk; execute gz;Zk;.
,J 3 ghfq;fisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF Arithmetic &Logical unit (ALU)
,J xU data bus %yk; register kw;Wk; epidtfj;Jld; njhlu;G gl;bUf;Fk;.
,J fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f uPjpahd nraw;ghlfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
,jDila nraw;ghLfs; fl;Lg;ghl;L myfpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

mbf;fb Register apid ghjpg;Gwr; nra;Ak; (Over flow, Carry)

fl;Lg;ghl;L myF
Control unit (cu)
,J KOf;fzdpapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kfhikahsuhf nraw;gLthu;.
Counter register kw;Wk; status register y; cs;s ngWkjpf;Nfw;g vd;d eltbf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpid jPu;khdpf;Fk;.
CPUtpd; ghfq;fs; tupir Kiwahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s rkpf;iQfis mDg;Gk;.

gjpapf;fy; (Registers)
CPU tpdhy; gad;gLj;jjf;f dataf;fs,; mwpTWj;jy;fs; ,jpy; itj;jpUf;fg;glbUf;Fk;.
D-Flip Flop apdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
epidtfk; Memory
,J nra;epuypiaAk; juitAk; itj;jpUf;Fk;.
xU epiyahd bit mstpy; juTfs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. -word(8>16>32>64)

xt;nthU word ck; jdpj;Jtkhd tpyhrj;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

me;j word apid ve;j xOq;F KiwapYk; mile;J nfhs;s KbAk;. (Random Access
Memory)
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 epidtf tpyhrkhdJ milahsk; ,lg;glhj KO vz;zpdhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;jg;gLk;.

(unsigned integer)
tpyhrk; ,Lk; KiwahdJ.
---Byte thupahf tpyhrkplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
----Word thupahf tpyhrkplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
Fetch execute cycle / tl;lk;
CPU

Memory
ALU

MAR

Decode
Register

IR

PC

MDR

CPU - central processing unit

MAR Memory address register
MDR memory data register
IR instruction register
PC programme counter
ALU Arithmetic logical unit
mwpTWj;jiy nfhz;Ltuy; (Instruction fetch)
Programme counter (PC) apy; cs;s KftupahdJ memory address register(MAR) apy; itf;fg;gLk;.
MAR Kftupapy; cs;s mwpTWj;jyhdJ Memory Data Register apd; Clhf (MDR)
Nrkpg;gfj;jpypUe;J thrpf;fg;gl;L instruction register apy; (IR) itf;fg;gLk;.

Instruction execute
gpd;du; instruction Decoder MdJ IR apy; cs;s mwTWj;jiy Muha;e;J mt; mwpTWj;jypdhy;
toq;fg;gl;l tplaj;jpid
nrad;Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rkpf;iQfis ,ju ghfq;fSf;F mDg;Gk;
,J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fyhk;.
1) ALU MdJ epidtfk; register apy; cs;s operand (+,-,/,>,%,<,>) fis thrpf;Fk;.
2) ALU tpy; cs;s Rw;Wf;fis (circuit) cupa fzpj kw;w fzpg;gpl;L eltbf;iffSf;fhf
jahu; nra;jy;.
3) juT ngWkjpfis fzpdpapd; epidtfk; register apy; Nrkpj;jy;.
4) PC apd; ngWkjpapid khw;wy;.
xU CPU tpd; Rw;whdJ vg;nghOJk; fetch, Decode, execute, fetch, decode, execute................ vd;W fhzg;gLk;.

xt;nthU Rw;wpd; Muk;gj;jpNyAk; address bus ,d; ngWkjpahdJ programme counter w;F
toq;fg;gLk;.
gpd;du; CPU thdJ mwpTWj;jypid gpujhd epidtfj;jpypUe;J (Cache and / or pipeline) data
bus %yk; ngw;W Instruction Register w;F toq;Ffpd;wJ.

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