I.

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Education
continues

in

is

school.

process
Socrates

that

starts

defines

at

home

education

as

and
the

means of bringing out of the ideas of universal validity

which are latent in the mind of every man. Plato says that
education is the capacity to feel pleasure and pain at the
right moment. It develops in the body and in the soul of
the pupil all the beauty and all the perfection which he is
capable of. Aristotle states that education is the creation
of a sound mind in a sound body. It develops man's faculty,
especially his mind so that he may be able to enjoy the
contemplation

of

supreme

truth,

goodness

and

beauty

of

which perfect happiness essentially consists. Rousseau says

that education of man commences at his birth; before he can
speak, before he can understand he is already instructed.
Experience is the forerunner of the perfect and Heinrich
Pestalozzi reveals that education is natural harmonious and
progressive development of man's innate powers. Through the
definition of these western philosophers, we can connote

that education may simply be defined as a further learning

process.

The hows of life represent curiosity and eagerness of

individual. Each of us wants to acquire a broader scope and
deeper understanding of everything. The basic of how to
hear, to see, to touch, to smell and to taste are mere
examples of education.

Education is essential for everyone. It is the level

of

education

recognition.
personally

that
It

and

is

helps

people

indispensable

socially.

These

earn
part

respect
of

life

and
both

things

can

be

achieved

order

for

us

to

through learning or education.

Education

is

established

in

gain

knowledge which will become our armour in the future. Its

both the fuel of the economy and the antidote to bigotry,
aggression, and fear. The concept of human capital implies
that education improves
effective

agency.

It

health
proposes

because
that

it

education's

increases
positive

effects extend beyond jobs and earnings. Through education,

individuals

gain

the

ability

to

be

effective

agents

in

their

own

lives.

Education

improves

physical

and

mental

functioning and self-reported health because it enhances a

sense of personal control that encourages and enables a
healthy lifestyle.

To

have

an

educational

attainment

is

an

important

issue to focus on because its charge is so rewarding. What

could be more gratifying than educating children? A college
education is now held up as the necessary achievement of a
successful person. It has to be the best college education.
Why? College is so great that one will succeed with it.
Plenty of very successful people have got along just fine
in this world without a college education.

Education

can

be

acquired

through

entering

an

institution, off-campus training, or experiences. But as a

student, it would be more effective and more efficient to
enter in an institution to achieved better understanding or
learning to be applying on such actual environment of your
profession.

According to Wikipedia, a school is an institution designed

for

the

teaching

of

students

(or

"pupils")

under

the

direction

of

teachers.

Most

countries

have

systems

formal education, which is commonly compulsory.

of

In these

systems, students progress through a series of schools.

The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in
the Regional section below) but generally include primary
school

for

teenagers

young
who

children

have

and

completed

secondary
primary

school

education.

for
An

institution where higher education is taught is commonly

called a university college or university.

In addition to these core schools, students in a given

country may also attend schools before and after primary
and secondary education. Kindergarten or pre-school provide
some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3
5).University, vocational

school, college or seminary may

be available after secondary school. A school may also be

dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of
economics

or

school

of

dance. Alternative

schools may

provide non-traditional curriculum and methods.

There are also non-government schools, called private

schools.

Private

schools

may

be

required

when

the

government does not supply adequate, or special education.

Other

private

schools

can

also

Christian, Hawzas, Yeshivas,

and

be

religious,

others;

or

such

schools

as
that

have a higher standard of education or seek to foster other

personal

achievements.

Schools

for

adults

include

institutions of corporate training, military education and

training and business schools.
wikipedia.org/wiki/School, September 2012, para. 1-3

Historian

of

education David

Tyack has

argued

that

from an historical perspective, the purpose of schooling

has been tied to social and economic needs (Tyack, 1988).
More recently, some sociologists have argued that schools
exist primarily to serve a practical credentialing function
in

society

(Labaree,

1997).

Expanding

on

the

pragmatic

purpose of school, deMarrais and LeCompte (1995) outlined

four major purposes of schooling that include:

intellectual

purposes

such

as

the

development

of

assimilation

of

mathematical and reading skills;

political

purposes

such

as

the

immigrants;

economic purposes such as job preparation; and

Social

purposes

such

as

the

development

of

social

and moral responsibility.

Tyack,
history

D.

B.

of

(1988).
compulsory

Ways

of

seeing:

schooling.

In

An

essay

R.

on

M.

the

Jaeger

(Ed.), Complementary methods for research in education (pp.

24-59).Washington,

DC:

American

Educational

Research

Association., Labaree, D. F. (1997). How to succeed in

school

without

University

really

Press.,

learning.

deMarrais,

K.

New
B.,

Haven,

CT:

&LeCompte,

Yale
M.

D.

(1995). The way schools work: A sociological analysis of

education (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman Publishers.

Focusing on what David Tyacks purposes of schooling,

specifically on economic purposes such as job preparation
and social purposes, we could say that its another home
for the development of other skills and talents and

it

provides students to become competent not only on local

perspective but also globally. Its purpose also is to find
out what students are naturally good at. It would involve
an education system that takes its fundamental cues from
the students themselves, even at primary school age, and

then

uses teacher

facilitate

the

skills as

mentors

strengthening

preparation

includes

organization

such

as

the

of

to

nurture

and

innate

talent.

Job

characteristics

skills

which

involve

earn

in

social

an

skills

like communication skills and learning skills. Developments

in

society

and

economy

require

that

educational

systems

equip young people with new skills and competencies, which

allow

them

to

socialisation
development

benefit
and

under

to
a

from

the

emerging

contribute
system

new

actively

where

the

to

main

forms

of

economic
asset

is

knowledge. These skills and competencies are often referred

to as 21st century skills and competencies, to indicate
that they are more related to the needs of the emerging
models of economic and social development than with those
of the past century, which were suited to an industrial
mode of production.

Skills and competencies can be measured through the

performance of the students as developed by their mentors
and

by

themselves.

Study

habits

of

individual

give

big

impact on developing competencies because of the knowledge

gained and skills can be achieved through experiences or
interaction on social and economic environment. A skill is

the learned ability to carry out a task with pre-determined

results
both.

often

In

within

other

According

to

words

given

the

Wikipedia,

into domain-general

amount

abilities
Skills

and

of time, energy,
that

can

one

often

domain-specific

or

possesses.
be

divided

skills.

For

example, in the domain of work, some general skills would

include

time

management, teamwork and leadership, self-

motivation and others, whereas domain-specific skills would

be useful only for a certain job. Skill usually requires
certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the
level of skill being shown and used. Competencies of each
student define how far an individual can go, influence and
contribute knowledge on different areas through his skills.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill,n.d., para. 1

Skills and competencies can be improved through a job

preparation. Job preparation is a process for testing the
ability of an individual acquired before and at the same
time

gives

certain

enhancement

institution.

to

the

Thats

things
why,

we

learned

Philippines

in

college

educational curriculum includes off campus training or onthe-job-training.

Training

is

the

acquisition

of

knowledge,

skills,

and

competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or

practical
useful

skills

and

competencies.

improving

one's

performance.
provides

It

the

technology

knowledge

that

relate

Training

has

specific

capability,
forms

the

backbone

(also

capacity,
core

of

known

of

specific
goals

of

productivity

and

apprenticeships

and

content
as

to

at

institutes

of

colleges

or

technical

polytechnics). In addition to the basic training required

for a trade, occupation or profession, observers of the
labor-market
training

recognize

beyond

as

initial

of

2008

the

need

qualifications:

to

to

continue
maintain,

upgrade and update skills throughout working. People within

many professions and occupations may refer to this sort of
training as professional development. Involvement to the
real world of your profession is important because actual
work

is

different

from

class

room

set-up

and

it

is

obviously better for a student to be exposed to this type

of activity for a better learning. To establish a link
between classroom theory and professional practice and to
reinforce the use of academic skills, most of the colleges
and

universities,

especially

those

which

prepare

the

10

students with some specific professional skills, include

on-the-job-training or internship on their curriculum.

Students perform on the job training after completing

all

theoretical

subjects

or

courses

and

during

the

transition from academic career to corporate career when

they

work

to

their

chosen

corporate

field

for

short

period of time to earn some real world experience. On the

job training is one method by which students is given a
chance to apply the theories and computations that they
have learned from the school. It helps the students to
acquire
actual

relevant
work

knowledge

setting.

and

skills

Colleges

and

by

performing

universities

in

require

their students to undergo such training within a specific

number of hours as part of the curriculum.

For

the

students,

an

on

the

job

training

or

internship program provides opportunities to go through for

future enhancement of their skills and capabilities through
rigid

training

and

experiencing

the

actual

environment.

Learning while working on the job make the students acquire

skills and bringing up their level of competencies. On the
job training has been established to maintain and upgrade

11

individuals

skills

and

competencies.

In

effect,

the

workplace becomes the development venue or training ground

for students as trainees to learn more about their chosen
field and practice what he has adopted from the academy.
One

of

these

academies

that

integrate

training

in

the

curriculum is the Our Lady of the Pillar College Cauayan

Campus. But before any other on the job training, mentors
or instructors inside the campus do teach in a way that
would fit to students. Professors are the instrument of the
school

to

be

the

bridge

of

giving

the

knowledge

to

be

applied on future actual work setting. Professors enlighten

the mind of the students to realize what to acquire before
going

to

the

first

time

practical

application

in

experiencing the real world through on the job training.

They give big contributions to students who will undergo
this activity because they give the theoretical part or
some applications of it which is needed before going an on
the job training. It also gives a big factor in the
development of individuals competence because they nurture
and

facilitate

skills.

the

strengthening

of

their

talents

and

12

Around

Cauayan

universities

had

City,

evolved

different

to

mold

colleges

every

and

individuals

intellect. As the locale of this study, Our Lady of the

Pillar College Cauayan, specifically, Bachelor of Science
in Accounting Technology is still improving the curriculum
that

suits

to

the

competitive

to

other

believed

that

process

by

needs

of

the

colleges

students

consulting

can
and

and

better

students

to

be

universities.
expedite

collaborating

more
It

is

the

learning

with

others,

especially to their instructors. Instructors in Bachelor of

Science
method

in
in

Accounting
giving

the

Technology
students

do

different

different

teaching

skills

and

providing them to become competent nationwide. A teaching

method comprises

the

principles

and

methods

used

for instruction. Commonly used teaching methods used to the

Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology include class
participation, demonstration, recitation, memorization, or
combinations of these. The choice of teaching method or
methods to be used depends largely on the information or
skill that is being taught, and it may also be influenced
by the aptitude and enthusiasm of the students. Explaining,
or lecturing, is one of the processes of teaching by the
instructor of Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology

13

students which is giving spoken explanations of the subject

that is to be learned. Lecturing is often accompanied by
visual

aids

problem.

to

help

Explaining

students

may

meet

visualize
the

needs

an
of

object

or

auditory

or

visual learning preferences but often fails to meet the

needs of individuals with other learning process.

Demonstrating
through

examples

is
or

another

process

experiments.

For

of

teaching

example,

them

science

teacher may teach an idea by performing an experiment for

students.
through

demonstration

combination

reasoning.

of

may

be

visual

Demonstrations

used

to

evidence

are

prove
and

similar

fact

associated

to

written

storytelling and examples in that they allow students to

personally

relate

Memorization
impersonal
conveyed

of

to
list

experience,
through

the
of

presented
facts

whereas

the

demonstration,

is

information.

detached

same

and

information,

becomes

personally

relatable. Demonstrations help to raise student interest

and

reinforce

memory

retention

because

they

provide

connections between facts and real-world applications of

those facts. Lectures, on the other hand, are often geared
more towards factual presentation than connective learning.

14

Another way is collaboration which allows students to

actively

participate

in

the

learning

process

by

talking

with each other and listening to other points of view.

Collaboration

establishes

personal

connection

between

students and the topic of study and it helps students think

in

less

personally

biased

way.

Group

projects

and

discussions are examples of this teaching method. Teachers

may employ collaboration to assess student's abilities to
work

as

team,

leadership

skills,

or

presentation

abilities. Collaborative discussions can take a variety of

forms, such as fishbowl discussions. After some preparation
and with clearly defined roles, a discussion may constitute
most

of

lesson,

with

the

teacher

only

giving

short

feedback at the end or in the following lesson.

Another process in their teaching method is through

learning by teaching, students assume the role of teacher
and teach their peers. Students who teach others as a group
or as individuals must study and understand a topic well
enough

to

participate

teach
in

it
the

to

their

teaching

peers.

By

process,

having
they

students

gain

self-

confidence and strengthen their speaking and communication

skills.

15

But

these

different

methods

depend

on

how

students

appreciate it and its preference. What may be suit to other

will not be suit to everyone. Assessing them through this
study will answer the questions how is the level/status of
individuals skills and competencies to other universities
or colleges since Cauayan City is now rapidly growing in
terms of its industry or economy? and Is development or
enhancement
Bachelor

individuals

of

Science

skills

in

and

Accounting

competence
Technology

by

the

effective

before on the job training deployment?

Conceptual Framework

Most of the job demands, national or local, require

the

two

basic

applicant:

characteristics

the

skills

and

to

be

possessed

competencies.

consideration

relates

to

the

definition

skills

competence

and

how

and

they

An
of

by

each

important
the

relate

to

terms
each

other. One useful distinction between the two is provided

by the OECDs DeSeCo project: A competence is more than
just knowledge or skills. It involves the ability to meet
complex demands, by drawing on and mobilising psychosocial
resources (including skills and attitudes) in a particular

16

context.

The

European

Commissions

Cedefop

glossary

(Cedefop, 2008) defines a skill as follows: the ability to

perform tasks and solve problems, while a competence is the
ability to apply learning outcomes adequately in a defined
context

(education,

work,

personal

or

professional

development).
oecd.org/pisa/35070367.pdf,

n.d.,

page

4,

euskillspanorama.cedefop.europa.eu/Glossary,

para.2,

n.d.,

para.

23, 55

BASIC JOB DEMANDS

REQUIREMENTS

COMPETENCIES

SKILLS

As

shown

in

the

graph,

competence

is

therefore

broader concept that may actually comprise skills (as well

as attitudes, knowledge, etc.) A competence is not limited

17

to

cognitive

elements

concepts

or

aspects

(involving

(involving

knowledge);

interpersonal

it

also

technical

attributes

(e.g.

the

use

of

encompasses
skills)

social

functional

as

or

theory,

well

as

organizational

skills) and ethical values.

In

this

section

we

present

framework

for

conceptualising competencies discussed in this study; they

can

be

thought

of

in

terms

of

three

dimensions:

information, communication and ethics and social impact.

i) Information dimension

Information
accessing,

dimension

evaluating,

environments.

At

the

requires

and
same

new

organising
time,

in

skills

for

information
societies

in

where

knowledge has a central value it is not enough to be able

to process and organize information, but also to be able to
model and transform it to create new knowledge or to use it
as a source for new ideas. Typical skills in this dimension
are

research

and

problem

solving

skills

as

they

both

involve at some point defining, searching for, evaluating,

18

selecting,

organizing,

analyzing,

and

interpreting

information.
ii) Communication dimension

Communication

plays

an

important

role

in

the

preparation of students to be not only lifelong learners,

but also members of a larger community with voice and a
sense of responsibility to others. Young people need to
have the ability to communicate exchange, criticize, and
present

information

suggests

that

it

and
must

possibilities

of

development

skills

of

ideas.

strengthen

communication
of

Research
and

and

coordination

in

this

field

increase
reinforce

and

the
the

collaboration

between peers.

iii) Ethics and social impact dimension

Global

competent

involves

ethical

challenges,

so

skills and competencies related to ethics and social impact

are

also

important

for

the

workers

and

citizens.This

dimension implies that a person or a certain employee must

know the things behind its decision making.

19

COMPETENCIES
COMMUNICATION
(COMMUNICATION SKILL)

INFORMATION
(LEARNING SKILL)

SOURCE

ETHICS AND SOCIAL

(LEADERSHIP SKILL)

SOCIAL
IMPACT

SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY

PRODUCT
COLLABORATION
AND VIRTUAL
INTERACTION

EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION

As shown on the graph, information composes of two

dimensions.

Information

as

source:

searching,

selecting,

evaluating and organising information. Once the information

has

been

found,

it

is

fundamental

that

the

student

be

capable of evaluating how valuable and useful the source

and its contents are for the task. Examples of skills and
competencies
information
literacy.

belonging
literacy,

to
research

this
and

sub-dimension
inquiry

and

are
media

20

Information

as

product:

the

restructuring

and

modelling of information and the development of own ideas

(knowledge).This sub-dimension consists of what a student
can

do

in

information

once

it

has

been

collected

and

organized. He or she can transform and develop information

in a variety of ways to understand it better, communicate
it more effectively to others, and develop interpretations
or ones own ideas on the basis of a question, issue or
task to be solved.

The process of developing ones own

ideas is a key, as it encourages students to develop their

own

thinking.

Skills

that

belong

mostly

to

this

sub-

dimension are creativity and innovation, problem solving

and decision making.

Under

the

communication

dimension,

there

are

two

dimensions: Effective communication and Collaboration and

Virtual Interaction.

Effective
information

and

communication
knowledge

applies
is

when

complete,

work
sharing

with
and

transmitting the results or outputs of information is very

important for the impact of this work. In fact, this is a
critical stage in the process that requires analytical work

21

in

itself,

including

processing,

transforming,

and

formatting information and reflecting about the best way to

present an idea to a particular audience. On the other
hand,

practical

skills

are

needed

to

communicate

effectively; these are linked to the use of the adequate

available tools, use of correct language, and all other
aspects that take the context into account to achieve an
effective

communication.

Information

and

media

literacy,

critical thinking and communication are skills that belong

to this sub-dimension.

Collaboration and virtual interaction are working with

each other to do a task and to achieve shared goals.
a recursive process

where

two

or

more

people

It is
or

organizations work together to realize shared goals. These

methods specifically aim to increase the success of teams
as

they

engage

in

collaborative problem

solving.

These

methods specifically aim to increase the success of teams

as they engage in collaborative problem solving.

Under the ethics and social dimensions, there are two

sub

dimensions

social impact.

involve,

the

social

responsibility

and

22

Social

responsibility

implies

that

individuals

actions may have an impact on society at large, both in a

positive sense (i.e. there is a responsibility to act), but
also in a negative one (i.e. responsibility to refrain from
certain

actions).

Critical

thinking,

responsibility

and

decision making are skills that are related to this subdimension.

Social impact dimension refers to the development of a

consciousness about the challenges in the new digital age.
For example, there is consensus that the huge impact of
computer literacy on social life is a matter that young
people

should

reflect

upon,

considering

the

social,

economic, and cultural implications for the individual and

the

society.

These

skills

and

competencies

are

often

referred to as digital citizenship. The impact of young

people actions on the environment is another area that
requires reflection and skills and competencies related to
this also belong to this sub-dimension.

23

Paradigm of the Study

Input
1.) Profile of
the Bachelor of
Science in
Accounting
Technology 4
Students
(Trainee) in
terms of
Age
Gender
Civil Status
School Name
Type of school
during high
school
2.) Profile of
the Faculty of
Bachelor of
Science in
Accounting
Technology 4
Students in
terms of
Age
Gender
Civil Status
Subject Handling
Length of
Service
3.) Bachelor of
Science in
Accounting
Technology on
the job
training Program

Process

Output

Assessment
of the
Bachelor of
Science in
Accounting
Technology 4

of Academic
Year 2014 2015 in
terms of
their
skills
before on
the job
training

deployment
as judgment
by
themselves
and faculty

Feedback

Improved
Skills

24

The paradigm shows the flow of the research study. It

indicates the input, the process and the output of the
study.

The

input

consists

of

the

determination

of

the

different respondents age, gender, civil status, subject

handling and length of service. The process consists of the
assessment

of

Technology

the
of

Bachelor

OLPCC

as

of

Science

perceived

by

in

Accounting

themselves

and

faculty. The output is the possible outcome of the study.

It

may

represent

the

present

condition

of

individuals

skills and competence.

Statement of the Problem

The intention of this study is to determine the status

of the skills of the fourth year Bachelor of Science in
Accounting Technology students of Our Lady of the Pillar
College Cauayan for school year 2014 2015 before on
the job training deployment.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1.

What

is

the

profile

of

the

Bachelor

Accounting Technology 4 students in terms of:

of

Science

in

25

a. Age
b. Gender
c. Civil Status
d. Type of school during high school

2.

What

is

the

profile

of

the

teacher

of

Bachelor

of

Science in Accounting Technology 4 students in terms of:

a. Age
b. Gender
c. Civil Status
d. Subject Handling
e. Length of Service

3. What is the assessment of the Bachelor of Science in

Accounting Technology 4 students in terms of their skills
as perceived by them?

4. What is the assessment of the Bachelor of Science in

Accounting Technology 4 faculty in terms of their skills as
perceived by them?

5. Is there a significant difference on the assessment of

the students and faculty regarding their skills?

26

Hypothesis of the Study

Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the

degree level of skills possessed by the Bachelor of Science
in Accounting Technology 4 students before on the job
training deployment as both perceived by the faculty and by
themselves.

Significance of the Study

This study has been envisioned by the researchers as

significant to:

Researchers. This study is beneficial on the part of the

researchers because it broadens their knowledge about the
skills of Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology 4
students before on the job training deployment.

Future
could

Researchers.
make

use

of

They

will

be

the

result

benefited

of

this

because

study

as

they
their

reference for their research and studies. It may become

supplements
reference.

of

other

studies

or

serve

as

supplementary

27

Teachers. This will help the teachers to know about the

issue in terms of the skills of the Bachelor of Science in
Accounting

Technology

students

so

that

they

can

make

alternative way to solve for it.

Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology 4 Students.

This

study

will

be

most

beneficial

to

the

Bachelor

of

Science in Accounting Technology 4 students because they

will

know

how

teachers

assess

them

in

terms

of

their

skills. This will help them if theyre going to improve or

develop something.

School.

This

study

will

benefit

the

school

as

to

its

performance in keeping the students as competitive in other

schools.

Dean. This study will benefit also the dean of a certain

college in order to provide better development that suits
to the 1students.

28

Curriculum Planners. This study will benefit the curriculum

planners

in

order

to

help

the

students

improve

through

developing or enhancing their schedule.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was conducted to assess the Bachelor of

Science in Accounting Technology 4 students of OLPCC in
terms of their skills as perceived by the faculty and by
them. Skills as general term will not go beyond to the
scope of leadership, communication and information which
are the dimensions of competencies.

The
Science

respondents
in

of

Accounting

this

study

Technology

were
-

32

Bachelor

students

and

of
7

teachers at the College of Accountancy of OLPCC.

The accuracy of the information gathered depends on

the

responses

of

the

respondents

standardized questionnaires.

through

the

use

of

29

Definition of Terms

In order to facilitate better understanding of words

and phrases used in the study, the following are defined
theoretically or operationally.

On the Job Training. It is part of college curriculum

that aims to train and orient students about their work and
their future career.

Fishbowl Conversation.It is a form of dialog that can be

used when discussing topics within large groups.

CEDEFOP.

It

Developpement

stands
de

la

for

Centre

Formation

Europeen

Professionnelle

pour

le

(European

Centre for the Development of Vocational Training).

(DeSeCo).

It

stands

for

Definition

and

Selection

of

Competencies.

Competence. A competence is more than just knowledge or

skills. It involves the ability to meet complex demands, by
drawing on and mobilising psychosocial resources (including

30

skills and attitudes) in a particular context, competence

is the ability to apply learning outcomes adequately in a
defined context (education, work, personal or professional
development).

Skill.

It

problems.

is

the

ability

to

perform

tasks

and

solve