F6-Psychrometrics 340133815

Energy Efficient Building Design
College of Architecture
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago
Psychrometrics
Psychrometric Chart
Relative Humidities RH%

100%
80%
70%
49.4
Enthalpies
H btu/lb
0.030
46.5
0.028
85
Not to Scale
Numbers and Values
are approximate
0.026
60%
43.7
0.024
Humidity
Ratios
W lbs/lb
38.6
0.022
34.0
80
0.020
Grains/lb
W * 7000
50%
31.0
26.4
75
Wet Bulb Temps
65 WB oF
70
0.018
126
0.016
112
0.014
98
0.012
84
0.010
70
0.008
56
0.006
42
0.004
28
0.002
14
0.000
23,3
40%
Dew Point Temps

65 DP oF
65
17.6
60
30%
13.0
55
40
8.8
45
20%
35
25
10%
15
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
65 DB F
Dry Bulb Temps F
Psychrometric Parameters
DB
WB
DP
RH
Dry Bulb Temp (o F)

Wet Bulb Temp ( o F)
Dew Point Temp ( o F)
Relative Humidity (%)
H
W
V
D
Enthalpy (btu/lb : btu per 1 lb of air)

Humidity Ratio (lbs/lb : lbs per 1 lb of air)
Specific Volume (ft3/lb : ft3 per 1 lb of air)
Density (lbs/ft3 : lbs per 1 ft3 of air) = 1/V
Figure
Dry Bulb (DB) temperature is the temperature of air as registered by an ordinary (mercury)
thermometer. DB temp is indicative of the sensible heat content of the air.
Wet Bulb (WB) temperature is the temperature of air as registered by a thermometer whose
temperature sensing bulb is covered by a material (cloth) soaked in water and exposed to a rapidly
moving current of air. The evaporation of the moisture surrounding the bulb cools the air. WB
temp is indicative of the total heat (sum of both sensible heat and latent heat) content of the air.
Dew Point (DP) temperature is the temperature at which condensation of moisture begins when
the air is cooled by removing sensible heat only. DP temp is indicative of the moisture content
and latent heat in the air. It is the best indicator of comfort conditions.
Humidity Ratio (W) is the weight (lbs) of water vapor per unit weight (1 lb) of dry air. It is the
moisture content of the air and it is indicative of the latent heat content of the air.
Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)
F6 - 1
Saturated Air contains the maximum possible moisture (water vapor or steam) that the air can
hold at a given DB temp. This maximum moisture content increases with increasing temperature.
Relative Humidity (RH) is the ratio of the actual water vapor pressure at a given DB temp to the
water vapor pressure of the air if the air was saturated at the same DB temp. RH is a ratio of water
vapor pressures and not a ratio of moisture contents. However, it is very close to the ratio of
moisture contents and the difference is about 2%.
Dry Bulb (DB) Temp
Relative Humidity (RH)
70 % RH
70o WB
70o DP
All points on
this line are at
70o Dry Bulb
Temp
All points on
this line are at
70% Relative
Humidity
70 DB
DB
Wet Bulb (WB) Temp

o
70 WB
All points on
this line are at
70o Wet Bulb
Temp
DB
Enthalpy (H)
34.2
70o WB
DB
Dew Point (DP) Temp
All points on
this line are
at 34.2 btu/lb
Enthalpy
DB
Humidity Ratio (H)
0.0157 W
o
70 DP
70 DP
All points on this line
are at 70o Dew Point
Temp
All points on this line

are at 0.0157 lbs/lb
Humidity Ratio
DB
DB
Figure
Degree of Saturation (DS) is the ratio of moisture content (or humidity ratio) of the air at a given
DB temp to the moisture content (humidity ratio) of the saturated air at the same DB temp. For
HVAC design and for all everyday practical purposes, Relative Humidity (RH) and Degree of
Saturation (DS) can be considered to be almost the same.
F6 - 2
Degree of Saturation (DS)
100% RH
DS = W / Ws
80% RH
Actual Humidity Ratio
DS = Humidity Ratio at 100% RH
0.0223
W @ 100% RH = Ws = 100%
0.0176
DS = 0.0176 / 0.0223 = 78.9%
0.0110
DS = 0.0110 / 0.0223 = 49.3%
0.0042
DS = 0.0042 / 0.0223 = 18.8%
0.0000
DS = 0%
50% RH
= W / Ws
20% RH
80 DB
DB
Figure
H
RH
WB
DP
H
WB
RH
DP
DB
Outdoor Air
DB
DP =
67.0
W=
0.014
Indoor Air
DP =
55.5
W=
0.009
DB =
95.0
RH =
40.0
H=
38.6
DB =
75.0
RH =
50.0
H=
28.3
WB =
75.0
V=
14.27
D=
0.0701
WB =
62.5
V=
13.30
D=
0.0752
Note:
DB reduced from 95o F to 75o F , WB reduced from 75o F to 62.5o F and DP reduced from 67o F to 55.5o F
H reduced from 38.6 btu/lb to 28.3 btu/lb (17%) and W reduced from 0.014 lbs/lb to 0.009 lbs/lb (35%)
RH increased from 40% to 50% but both the heat content H and the moisture content were reduced
RH is not a good indicator of comfort air conditions and most people cannot relate to WB, H and W
So a good indicator of comfort weather conditions (weather forecasts) is DB Temp and DP Temp
Summer indoor design DP temp is about 55o F so conditions around or below 55o F DP are comfortable
Figure
Figure ? shows typical summer outdoor air conditions for a location such as Chicago and the
desirable indoor air design conditions in summer. Note that the outdoor RH is 40% but the indoor
RH is higher at 50%. All other psychrometric parameters (DB, WB, DP, W and H) of the indoor
air is less than that of the outdoor air. Both the heat content (H) and moisture content (W) were
removed by cooling the outdoor air.
F6 - 3
Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) or Loss (SHL) is the heat gained or lost by a substance (solid, liquid
or gas, in this case air and water vapor mixture) without a change in state from solid to liquid or
liquid to gas. There is a change in DB temp only.
Latent Heat Gain (LHG) or Loss (LHL) is the heat gained or lost that changes the state of a
substance (in this case the water vapor part only of the air and water vapor mixture) from solid to
liquid or liquid to gas (in this case the water vapor part of the air and water vapor mixture).
Total Heat Gain (THG) or Loss (THL) is the sum of the sensible and latent heat gained or lost.
Enthalpy (H) or heat content is the total heat contained in the air and water vapor mixture. In
English (IP) units the heat content of the air is measured from 0 oF and the heat content of the
water vapor is measured from 32 oF which is the freezing point of water at standard pressure. So
the enthalpy of dry air below 0 oF is a negative value. The enthalpy of moisture below 32 oF is not
a factor since most of it will have condensed and then frozen out as ice from the air. In metric (SI)
units the enthalpy of both the dry air and water vapor is measured from 0 oC.
Sensible Heat Gain (SHG)
Latent Heat Gain (LHG)
SHG = H2 - H1
Total Heat Gain (THG)
LHG = H3 - H2
THG = H3 - H1
H3
W
H2
H3
W
H2
H1
H1
DB
DB
DB
Figure
Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) is the ratio of Sensible Heat removed (applies mainly to cooling
processes) to the Total Heat removed. SHF = SH/TH.
Enthalpy Deviation. The enthalpy values shown on the psychrometric chart are at saturation
(100% RH and DB = WB = DP). The constant enthalpy value lines are assumed to be along the
constant WB temp lines. Theoretically there is a very slight deviation between the constant
enthalpy and WB lines that can be ignored in HVAC process calculations.
Figure ? shows a heating and humidification process. The heating is by a heating coil which could
be electric resistance or a coil of tubes with hot water or steam passing through it. In practice the
humidification process includes some sensible heat gain of the dry air by the steam also. Dehumidification is usually done by a cooling coil with chilled water passing through its tubes. The
F6 - 4
sensible heat and latent heat removal occurs simultaneous as the air temperature approaches the
saturation temperature of the. It does not occur separately as shown in the figure.
Latent heat removal can also be done by passing the moist air through desiccant material
substances that will absorb the moisture from the air. The desiccant material has to be replaced
routinely after it has absorbed all it can and is completely soaked with water. The air passing
through such a dehumidifier can pick up some of the desiccant material contaminating the supply
air to the space. So for this reason desiccant dehumidification is used mainly in industrial air
conditioning.
Heating and Humidification
Sensible Heat Gain (SHG)
Latent Heat Gain (LHG)
50% RH
0.0210
Heating
Coil
SHG
1
20o F
DB =
100%
RH =
7 btu
H=
W = 0.005 lbs
3
LHG
100% RH
0.0005
SHG
1
20
5% RH
100
DB
Steam
Humidifier
LHG
2
3
100o F
100o F
5%
50%
26.5
47.5 btu
0.005 lbs 0.0210 lbs
Cooling and De-Humidification

W
Sensible Heat Loss (SHL)

Latent Heat Loss (LHL)
50% RH
0.0210
1
LHL
2
100% RH
50
0.0076
SHG
100
DB
Cooling
Coil
SHL & LHL
2
1
DB = 100o F
RH =
50%
H=
47.5 btu
W = 0.0210 lbs
3
100o F
50%
47.5 btu
0.0210 lbs
Figure
Specific Volume (V) and Density (D)
Specific Volume (V) ft3/lb

Density (D) lbs/ft3
0.0300
14.5
0.0205
14.0
Specific
Volume
Lines
0.0135
13.5
35
Density (D) is the mass of unit volume

of air. Ex. 0.075 lbs/ft3
0.0075
13.0
12.5
15
Specific Volume (V) is the volume of

of unit mass of air. Ex. 14 ft3 per lb
55
75
95
0.0040
D = 1 / V and V = 1 / D
0.0000
The values of density are not shown

on the psychrometric chart. It is 1 / V
115
F6 - 5
Notes
Given any two psychrometric conditions, all the other psychrometric conditions can be read off
the chart or calculated with equations that relate them to each other.
In practice outdoor air conditions are given as Dry Bulb (DB) and Wet Bulb (WB) temperatures
and the desired indoor air design conditions are given as Dry Bulb (DB) temperature and Relative
Humidity (RH).
If the WB is known then the Enthalpy (H) is known (and vice versa) and a second condition is not
required. The constant value WB and H lines on the psychrometric chart are the same.
If the Dew Point (DP) is known then the Humidity Ratio (W) is known (and vice versa) and a
second condition is not required. The constant value DP and W lines on the psychrometric chart
are the same.
At 100% RH, DB = WB = DP. DP is calculated from DB and WB.
Weather data from the National Climatic Data Center show DB (measured with a normal mercury
thermometer) and WB (measured with a sling thermometer) temperatures. RH measurement
methods (using a hygrometer) are approximate. Barometric Pressure (BP or P) of the atmosphere
is measured with a barometer. Evaporative cooling towers are selection is based on WB.
DP together with DB is the best indication of weather and comfort air conditions.
The terms DB and WB are used in HVAC applications. When the temperature is given without
any qualifying indication such as DB, WB or DB, it is assumed to be DB.
Gas Laws: Examples
1. A given mass of dry air occupies 2100 ft3 and it's temp is 45 F. What is the volume of the air
after it is heated to 125 F.
T1 = 460 + 45 = 505 K , V1 = 2100 ft3 , T2 = 460 + 125 = 585 K
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2. Since pressure is not given assume P1 = P2 (cancels out)
V2 = V1T2/T1 = 2100*585/505 = 2432.7 ft3
2. What is the volume of 100 lbs of dry air at 120 F and 5.3 pounds per square inch gauge (psig).
Only one set of conditions is given. However the properties of standard air are known and this can
always be used as the second set of conditions. They are 70 F temperature, atmospheric pressure
of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) and volume of 13.34 ft3/lb.
T1 = 460 + 70 = 530 K , P1 = 14.7 , V1 = 13.34. P1V1/T1 = 0.37.
T2 = 460 + 120 = 580 K , P2 = 5.3 psig + 14.7 = 20 psia.
PiV1/T1 = 0.37 = P2V2/T2 = 20V2/580. V2 = 580*0.37/20 = 10.73 ft3 for 1 lb of air
Volume of 100 lbs of air at 120 F and 5.3 psig = 1073 ft3.
F6 - 6
Psychrometrics - Examples
1
Dry Bulb
DB
30
107
95
75
105
91
87
99
Wet Bulb
WB
26
85
75
59.5
66
79
69
63
Dew Point
DP
21
78.5
67
49
37
75
60
34
Rel Hum
RH
60
41
40
40
10
60
40
10
Hum Rat
0.0020
0.0211
0.0141
0.0074
0.0048
0.0188
0.0112
0.0040
Enthalpy
9.4
49.4
38.6
26.3
30.7
42.8
33.2
28.6
Sp. Vol
12.2
14.9
14.3
13.65
14.3
14.25
14.0
14.2
Density
0.082
0.067
0.070
0.073
0.070
0.070
0.071
0.070
1. Room-1 is at 80 DB and 50 RH. Room-2 is at 70 DB and 90 RH. Which room has the higher
heat content?
2. Air at 65 DB is saturated. What is the DP, WB, RH, H, and W
Q1
Q2
H2 > H1
W
Saturated M oisture Line

100% RH
H(2) = 32.4
At 65 DB & 100% RH
H(1) = 31.6
(2) 70 DB, 90% RH
WB = DP = 65
65 DP
(1) 80 DB, 50% RH

65 WB
DB
65 DB
DB
3. A room is at 80 DB and 50 RH. An air-conditioning unit starts to cool the air. At what temp
will the moisture in the air start to condense? What is the initial and final enthalpies and
humidity ratios?
Q3
Q3
W
Moisture starts to
W
H(1) = 31.6
condense at 59 F
H(2) = 26.4
(2) 59 DB, 100% RH
(1) 80 DB, 50% RH
(2) 59 DB, 100% RH
(1) 80 DB, 50% RH

W(1) = W(2) = 0.011
DB
DB
F6 - 7
4. 100 lbs of air at 80 DB and 50 RH is cooled to 50 DB. How much (1) heat was removed, and
(2) moisture was removed?
H1 at 80 DB, 50% RH = 31.6, H2 at 50 DB, 100% RH = 20.3, H1 H2 = 11.3 btu/lb
Heat removed from 100 lbs = 100 * (H1 H2) = 1130 btu
W1 at 80 DB, 50% RH = 0.011, W2 at 50 DB, 100% RH = 0.0076, W1 W2 = 0.0034 lbs/lb
Moisture removed from 100 lbs = 100 * (W1 W2) = 0.34 lbs
5. 1000 ft3 of air (density 0.075 lbs/ft3) at 80 DB and 50 RH was cooled to 50 WB. How much
(1) sensible heat (2) latent heat (3) total heat, and (4) moisture was removed?
Q5
H1 = 31.6
SH/lb removed = H2 - H3 = 26.4 - 20.4 = 6 btu/lb

W
H2 = 26.4
LH/lb removed = H1 - H2 = 31.6 - 26.4 = 5.2 btu/lb

TH/lb removed = H1 - H3 = 11.2 btu/lb
or TH = SH + LH = 6 + 5.2 = 11.2 btu/lb
H3 = 20.4
Moisture removed = W1 - W3 = 0.011 - 0.0076 = 0.0034
(2) 59 DB, 100% RH
(1) 80 DB, 50% RH

LH
W1 = 0.011 = W2
(3) 50 DB, 100% RH
Mass of air = volume * density =

1000 ft3 * 0.075 lbs/ft3 = 75 lbs
SH
W3 = 0.0076
SH removed = 75 * 6 = 450 btu
LH removed = 75 * 5.2 = 390 btu
Total Heat removed = 75 * 11.2 = 840 btu
50
59
80 DB
Moisture removed = 75 * 0.0034 = 0.255 lbs
6. 2000 cfm of outside air (OA) at 100 DB and 85 WB is mixed with 8000 cfm of return air (RA)
at 75 DB and 40 RH. Calculate mixed air (MA) weight, DB, WB, DP, RH, W, H? Air density =
0.075 lbs/ft3.
When different quantities of two identical fluids (liquids or gases) but at different conditions are
mixed (added together) then the new quantity is the sum of the two quantities. Example, 10 lbs of
water added to 5 lbs of water is 15 lbs of water. 2000 cfm (cubic feet per minute or ft3/min) of
OA when mixed with 8000 cfm of RA adds up to 10,000 cfm of MA. The mass of these volumes
of air is volume x density. OA = 2000 * 0.075 = 150 lbs, RA = 8000 * 0.075 = 600 lbs, MA =
10000 * 0.075 = 750 lbs = OA + RA.
The mixed air condition is the weighted average of the conditions of the two fluids that were
mixed. You can find the weighted average by using the weights or volumes of OA and RA since
they are in the same proportion. Example, 2000 cfm of OA at 95 DB when mixed with 8000 cfm
of RA at 75 DB produces MA = 100*(2000/10000) + 75*(8000/10000) = 80 DB.
OA: DB = 100 oF, WB = 85oF. RH = 55%, H = 49.4 btu/lb, DP = 80.8oF, W = 0.0229 lbs/lb.
WB = 60oF, H = 26.4 btu/lb, DP = 49.5oF, W = 0.0075 lbs/lb.
RA: DB = 75oF, RH = 40%.
Mixed Air (MA):
DB = 0.2*100 + 0.8*75 = 80oF,
WB = 0.2*85 + 0.8*60 = 65oF
o
RH = 0.2*55 + 0.8*40 = 43%
DP = 0.2*81 + 0.8*50 = 56.2 F,
H = 0.2*49.4 + 0.8*26.4 = 31 btu/lb
W = 0.2*0.0229 + 0.8*0.0075 = 0.010
F6 - 8
7. In Q6, the mixed air is cooled to 50 DP. How much (1) sensible heat (2) latent heat (3) total
heat, and (4) moisture was removed?
The dew point (DP) of the mixed air is 56.2oF. So the mixed air reaches 100% RH (saturated)
when it is cooled to 56.2oF DB. Additional cooling occurs along the saturated line (100% RH
line). At DP = 50oF, DB = 50oF, WB = 50oF, RH = 100%, H = 20.3 btu/lb, W = 0.0076 lbs/lb.
Using Equations
MA mass = 10000 ft3 * 0.075 lbs/ft3 = 750 lbs. Specific heat of air = 0.241 btu/lb.oF.
SH removed = Mair * sp.ht. * (T1 T2) = 750 * 0.241 * (80 50) = 5422 btu
Latent Heat of condensation or vaporization of water at 50oF = 1065 btu/lb
LH removed = Mair * (W1 W2) * 1065 = 750 * (0.0107 0.0076*) * 1065 = 2478 btu
Moisture removed = Mair * (W1 W2) = 2.325 lbs
Total Heat removed = SH + LH = 5422 + 2478 = = 7900 btu
Using Psychrometric Chart
Q7
H1 = 31
SH/lb removed = H2 - H3 = 27.4 - 20.4 = 7 btu/lb

W
H2 = 27.4
LH/lb removed = H1 - H2 = 31.0 - 27.4 = 3.6 btu/lb

TH/lb removed = H1 - H3 = 10.6 btu/lb
or TH = SH + LH = 7 + 3.6 = 10.6 btu/lb
H3 = 20.4
Mixed Air at
(2) 56.2 DB, 100% RH
Moisture removed = W1 - W3 = 0.0107 - 0.0076 = 0.0031
(1) 80 DB, 65 WB, 43% RH

LH
W1 = 0.0107 = W2
(3) 50 DB, 100% RH
Mass of air = volume * density =

10000 ft3 * 0.075 lbs/ft3 = 750 lbs
SH
W3 = 0.0076
SH removed = 750 * 7 = 5250 btu
LH removed = 750 * 3.6 = 2700 btu
Total Heat removed = 750 * 10.6 = 7950 btu
50
59
80 DB
Moisture removed = 750 * 0.0031 = 2.325 lbs
8. In Q7 the cooed air at 50 DP is reheated to 55 DB. How much (1) sensible heat (2) latent heat
(3) total heat, and (4) moisture was added?
(1) SH added = Mair * sp.ht * (T1 T2) = 750 lbs * 0.241 * (55 50) = 903 btu
(2) LH added = 0
(3) TH added = SH = 903 btu
(4) Moisture added = 0
F6 - 9
9. 2000 cfm of outside air at 10 DB is mixed with 8000 cfm of return air at 75 DB and 40% RH.
The mixed air is heated to 110 DB and then humidified to 45% RH. How much
(1) heat, and (2) moisture was added? What is the final WB, DP, W, H?
RH = 100%, H = 3.8 btu/lb, DP = 10oF, W = 0.0001 lbs/lb.
OA: DB = 10 oF, WB = 10oF.
o
RA: DB = 75 F, RH = 40%. WB = 60oF, H = 26.4 btu/lb, DP = 49oF, W = 0.0074 lbs/lb.
Mixed Air (MA):
DB = 0.2*10 + 0.8*75 = 62oF,
WB = 0.2*10 + 0.8*60 = 50oF
o
RH (from chart at 60 DB, 50 WB) = 50%
DP = 0.2*10 + 0.8*49 = 41 F,
H = 0.2*3.8 + 0.8*26.4 = 21.9 btu/lb
W = 0.2*0.0001 + 0.8*0.0074 = 0.006
Heat (sensible) added = 10,000 ft3/min * 0.075 lbs/ft3 * 0.241 * (110 62) = 8676 btu
Moisture (latent) added:
Mixed air DB = 62oF and W = 0.006 lbs/lb.
MA is heated to 110oF but no moisture added, so W = 0.006 (RH goes down from 50% to 10%)
Air at 110 DB, 10% RH & 0.006 W is humidified to 45% RH. W increased to 0.0256.
Moisture (latent heat) added = 10,000 ft3 * 0.075 lbs/ft3 * (0.0256 0.006) * 1030 = 1,514 btu/lb.
Latent heat of vaporization or condensation at 110oF is 1030 btu per lb of moisture. Note that at
50oF it was 1065 btu/lb
At 110 DB and 45% RH (from chart): DP = 84oF. WB and H are off the chart.
10. In Q9, the heated and humidified mixed air is supplied into a room of volume 100' x 100' x 10'
and at 75 DB and 40% RH. Wall-U = 0.2, Roof-U = 0.15, Glass-U = 1.0. 50% of the
gross wall area is glass window. Outside Air (OA) at 10oF DB and 10oF WB infiltration
into the room is 0.6 Air Changes per Hour (ACH). Specific heat of air and water vapor are
0.241 and 0.45. Latent heat of condensation / evaporation at 110oF DB is 1030 btu/lb.
What is the new room DB, WB, DP, RH, W, H at the end of one hour?
H at 110 DB and 45% RH is not on the psychrometric chart so calculate it.
Amount of moisture per lb of air = 0.0256 (from chart)
Amount of dry air per lb of air = 1 0.0256 = 0.9744
H btu/lb of dry air (M*spht*DT) = 0.9744 lbs * 0.241 * (110 0) = 25.83 btu/lb
H btu/lb of moisture = 0.0256 lbs * 0.45 * (110 -32) + 0.0256 * 1030 = 0.9 + 26.4 = 27.3 btu/lb
H btu/lb of air (dry & moisture) = 25.8 + 27.3 = 53.1 btu/lb
Total amount of Supply Air (SA) = 10,000 ft3/min * 0.075 lbs/ft3 = 75 lbs/min = 4500 lbs/hr.
DB = 110oF, DP = 84oF, W = 0.0256 lbs/lb, H = 53.1 btu/lb
Room Air (RA) = 100 x 100 x 10 = 100,000 ft3 = 100,000 * 0.075 lbs/ft3 * 60 = 450,000 lbs at
DB = 75oF, RH = 40%, WB = 60oF, DP = 50oF, H = 26.5 btu/lb, W = 0.0076 lbs/lb.
Outside Air (OA) = 2000 ft3/min (9,500 /lbs/hr) at DB = 10oF, H = 3.8 btu/lb, W = 0.0001 lbs/lb.
Infiltration Air (IA) = 0.6 ACH = 0.6* 100,000 ft3 / 60 = 1,000 ft3/min = 4500 lbs/hr.
CFM = ACH * VOL / 60
F6 - 10
Outside Air at RH = 100%

DB = WB = DP = 10oF
H = 3.8 btu/lb
W = 0.0001 lbs/lb
Infiltration = 6 ACH
0.6*100000/60 =
1000 ft3 = 4500 lbs/hr
DB = WB = 10oF
H = 3.8 btu/lb
W = 0.0001 lbs/lb
Heating Coil
10,000 ft3/min (45,000 lbs/hr)
o
at 110 F DB, 40% RH
Displaced Air =
10,000 + 1,000 =
11,000 ft3/min =
49,500 lbs/hr
ROOM
100,000 ft3
450,000 lbs
DB = 75, RH = 50
Heat loss
envelope
(HL) through
1,201,500 btu/hr
DB = 75oF
RH = 50%
WB = 60oF
H = 26.4 btu/lb
W = 0.0074 lbs/lb
OA
10 DB
100 RH
Humidifier
MA
62 DB
50 WB
SA
110 DB
45 RH
RA
75 DB
50 RH
ROOM
When air enters the a room, an equal amount is displaced from the room
1,000 ft3 of Infiltation Air mixes with 99,000 ft3 of Room Air, New RA =
DB = 0.01*10 + 0.99*75 = 74.35
WB = 0.01*10 + 0.99*60 = 59.5
Infiltration Heat Loss = 4500 lbs/hr * 0,241 * (75 - 10) = 70,500 btu/hr
Heat Loss
RH = 45
Roof-U = 0.15, Wall-U = 0.20, Glass-U = 1.0. Roof- A = 100*100 = 100,000.
Wall+Glass-A = 100*10*4 = 4,000. Wall-A = 2,000, Glass-A = 2,000.
A*U = 100000*0.15 + 2000*0.20 + 2000*1.0 = 17,400
DT = 75 - 10 = 65 Conduction Heat Loss (HL) = 17,400 * 65 = 1,131,000 btu/hr
Total = Conduction + Infiltration = 1,201,500 btu/hr
The heat loss (sensible) from the room is 1,201,500 btu/hr. The drop in DB (DT) is:
450,000 * 0.241 * DT = 1,201,500, DT = 11. DB = 75 - 11 = 64oF. W = 0.007
From Chart ( DB = 64oF, W = 0.007 lbs/lb), WB = 55oF, RH = 55%, H = 23.2 btu/lb
Infiltration
IA
W = 0.0256
Room at
75 DB, 40 RH
W = 0.0074
W = 0.0001
10 DB
75 DB
110 DB
10,000 ft3 of SA 110 DB, 0.0256 W is mixed with 90,000 ft3 of RA 64 DB, 0.007 W
DB = 0.1*110 + 0.9*64 = 68.6.
So 10,000 ft3/min at 110 DB is not enough.
Increasing the Supply Air quantity (based on cooling load) will increase System and Duct Sizes
and also Fan Energy consumption. Increasing the Supply Air Temperature above 110oF will be
uncomfortable when it reaches the occupants. Climates with winter design temperatures below
30oF require a separate heating system. The heating source can be hot water, steam, electric
resistance or gas. It could even be coal or wood fireplaces.
The envelope of the building analyzed above had Wall-U = 0.2, Roof-U = 0.15 and Glass-U = 1.0
(1/8 single glass). ASHRAE Standard 90.1 for Chicago is Wall-U = 0.084, Roof-U = 0.065 and
Glass-U = 0.46 for 40% to 50% glass. The typical U-value for coated inch double glass is about
0.32. Using these envelope U-values, the building may not require a supplemental heating system.
The U-values of the envelope must be such that the inside surface temps are reasonably high. It is
possible to have the space air temp maintained at 75oF but the inside surface temp of the 1/8 inch
single glass come close to the outside air temp. There is now radiant heat transfer from the
occupants to the cold envelope inside surfaces. This is not comfort. So even with an efficient
envelope, there has to be warm air supply (usually linear strip diffusers in the ceiling along the
perimeter) to maintain the envelope surfaces, particularly the glass, at acceptable temps. To do
this. baseboard radiation or radiant ceiling panels along the perimeter are used.
F6 - 11
11. A classroom space is 100 x 100 x 10.

Room Air (RA) must be maintained at 75oF DB and 50% RH.
Outdoor Air (OA) condition is 95oF DB and 60% RH.
Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) through the walls, windows and roof is 89,500 btu/hr.
Summer infiltration through the envelope is 0.1 air changes per hour (ACH).
Lighting density is 2.0 watts/ft2
Receptacle (equipment connected to wall sockets) density is 1.0 watts/ft2
ASHRAE-Standard 62-2001 occupancy density for a classroom is 20 ft2/Person
ASHRAE-Standard 62-2001 occupancy ventilation air is 15 cfm (ft3/min) per person.
Sensibe Heat Gain (SHG) by each person is 250 btu/hr.
Latent Heat Gain (LHG) by each person is 200 btu/hr.
LHG (evaporation / condensation) at 95oF is 1,040 btu/lb
LHG (evaporation / condensation) at 55oF is 1,060 btu/lb
The air must be supplied at 55oF so that air reaching occupants is close to 75oF.
Calculate:
(1) Room Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) and Latent Heat Gain (LHG).
(2) Supply Air (SA) quantity CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute or ft3/min) at 55oF to offset the
Room Sensible Heat Gain (SHG).
(3) Supply Air (SA) moisture content to offset the Room Latent Heat Gain (LHG).
(4) Total cooling (including ventilation) load across cooling coil in tons refrigeration.
The heat and moisture content in the Supply Air must be less than the required Room Air heat and
moisture content by the amount of the SHG and LHG in the room.
Air density is 0.075 lbs/ft3, air specific heat is 0.241 btu/lb.oF and there are 60 minutes in an hour.
To convert CFM * 4.5 = lbs/hr. (ft3/min * 0.075 lbs/ft3 * 60 min/hr = lbs/hr).
Heat gain or loss is Mass (lbs or lbs/hr) * spht * DT where DT is the change in temperature.
The factor 1075 is latent heat of condensation for water vapor at 32oF. This is a safe high value.
Room SHG and LHG
Room Area (A) = 100 * 100 = 10,000 ft2. Room Volume (V) = 10,000 ft2 * 10 = 100,000 ft3.
Number of people = 10,000 ft2 / 20 ft2/Person = 500 People
SHG from People = 500 P * 250 btu/hr per person = 125,000 btu/hr.
LHG from People = 500 P * 200 btu/hr per person = 100,000 btu/hr.
SHG from Lights = 10,000 ft2 * 2.0 w/ft2 * 3.41 btu/watt = 68,200 btu/hr.
SHG from Receptacles = 10,000 ft2 * 1.0 w/ft2 * 3.41 btu/watt = 34,100 btu/hr.
SHG through envelope = 89,500 btu/hr.
Infiltration = 0.1 ACH = 0.1 * Volume = 0.1 * 100,000 = 10,000 ft3/hour = 166 ft3/min (CFM).
Infiltration mass = 10,000 ft3/hr * 0.075 lbs/ft3 = 1,000 lbs/hr.
OA: DB = 95oF, RH = 60%, WB = 83oF, DP = 79oF, H = 47.1 btu/lb, W = 0.0218 lbs/lb.
RA: DB = 75oF, RH = 50%, WB = 63oF, DP = 55oF, H = 28.3 btu/lb, W = 0.0093 lbs/lb.
SHG (infltr) = (166 ft3/min * 4.5) lbs/hr * 0.241 (spht) * (95 75) = 7,223 btu/hr.
LHG (infltr) = (166 ft3/min * 4.5) lbs/hr * 1040 * (0.0218 0.0093) = 97,400 btuhr.
Total Room SHG = 125,000 + 68,200 + 34,100 + 89,500 + 7,200 = 324,000 btuhr
Total Room LHG = 100,000 + 97,400 = 197,400 btu/hr.
F6 - 12
Supply Air CFM * 0.075 * 60) lbs/hr * 0.241 * (T-room T-supply) = Room Sensible Heat Gain.
Supply Air CFM = SHG / (1.08 * (Tr Ts) ) = 324,000 / (1.08 * (75 55) = 15,000 ft3/min.
Supply Air CFM per square foot of floor area = 15,000 ft3/min / 10,000 ft2 = 1.5 CFM/ft2
Space Area (A) = 100 * 100 = 10,000 ft2. Volume = 10,000 ft2 * 10 ft = 100,000 ft3.
Occupancy is 20 ft2/Person. No. of People = 10,000 ft2 / 20 = 500 People.
Outdoor Air CFM = 500 People * 15 cfm/Person = 7,500 ft3/min. Ratio = 7500/15000 = 0.5.
Return Air CFM = SA OA = 15,000 7,500 = 7,500. Ratio = 7500/15000 = 0.5.
OA: DB = 95oF, RH = 60%, WB = 83oF, DP = 79oF, H = 47.1 btu/lb, W = 0.0218 lbs/lb
RA: DB = 75oF, RH = 50%, WB = 63oF, DP = 55oF, H = 28.3 btu/lb, W = 0.0093 lbs/lb
Mixed Air (MA)
WB = 0. 5 * 83 + 0.5 * 63 = 73oF
DB = 0.5 * 95 + 0.5 * 75 = 85oF.
H = 0. 5 * 47.1 + 0.5 * 28.3 = 37.7 btu/lb.
W = 0.5 * 0.0218 + 0.5 * 0.0093 = 0.015 lbs/lb.
DP = 68oF (from psychrometric chart).
The Mixed Air (or Cooling Coil entering air) at 85oF DB and 68oF DP has to be cooled to 55oF
DB (Cooling Coil leaving Air). Since 55oF DB leaving air is less than 68oF DP entering air, the
leaving air is saturated. So leaving air is saturated (RH = 100%) and WB = DP = DB = 55oF.
Cooling Coil leaving air H = 23.2 btu/lb and W = 0.0091 lbs/lb to offset Room Sensible Heat Gain
(SHG). But the leaving air at DP = 55oF and W = 0.0091 lbs may not be enough to offset the
Room Latent Heat Gain (LHG). So determine the required W and DB to offset LHG.
The Room Latent Heat Gain(LHG) is = 197,400 btu/hr
(CFM * 4.5) * (W-room W-supply) * 1060 = Room Latent Heat Gain. W-supply is unknown.
CFM has been calculated as 15,000 ft3. The factor 4.5 converts cfm to lbs/hr.
The factor 1060 is the latent heat of condensation for water vapor at about 55oF to 45oF.
67,500 lbs/hr * (0.0093 Ws) * 1060 = 197,400 btu/hr. 362.5 * (0.0093 Ws) = 1
3.37 362.5*Ws = 1. Ws = 2.37/362.5 = 0.0066 lbs/lb. At Ws = 0.0066 and RH = 100%, the DB
= WB = DP = 47oF. So the mixed air has to be cooled to 47oF and then reheated to 55oF.
Required cooling coil leaving air condition is:
DB = WB = DP = 47oF, RH = 100%, W = 0.0066, H = 18.7
Cooling Coil Load =
15,000 ft3/min * 4.5 * (H-entg H-lvg) = 15000 * 4.5 * (37.7 18.7) = 1,282,500 btu/hr.
1 Ton cooling = 12,000 btu/hr. Cooling Load Tons = 1,282,500 / 12,000 = 107 tons.
SH cooling = 15,000 * 4.5 * 0.241 * (85 47) = 615,600
LH cooling = 15,000 * 4.5 * 1060 * (0.015 0.0066) = 601,020.
TH cooling = SH + LH = 1,216,620
The air leaving the cooling coil at 47oF must be reheated to 55oF.
Re-Heat load = 15,000 ft3/min* 4.5 * spht * (55 47) = 67,500*0.241*8 = 130,140 btu/hr.
F6 - 13
Notes:
Cooling Coil (CC) Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) and CC Bypass Factor (BF) were not considered
in the previous case. BF is a ratio of the quantity of air that passes through the coil without
coming into contact with the coil cooling or heating surface to the quantity of air that is cooled by
the coil surface. BF = 0.2 means that 20% of the air passing through the coil was not heated or
cooled. ADP is the coil (average contact surface) temperature. If the ADP is 55oF and BF = 0
(100% efficiency), the air can be cooled to 55oF. If the BF = 0.2, ADP = 55oF and the coil
entering DB is 85oF, the average temperature of the air leaving the coil will not reach 55oF. It is
going to be approximately 55 + BF * (85 55) = 61oF. So to get an coil leaving air temperature of
55oF with a coil BF of 0.2, the ADP has to be about 50oF.
A coil is made up of tubes through which passes Hot Water (HW) for heating or Chilled Water
(CHW) for cooling. There is heat transfer from the HW or CHW to the air passing over it. The
tubes do not provide enough surface area to transfer heat from the HW or CHW to the air. To
increase the surface area of the coil, fins (typically aluminum) are attached to the tubes (typically
copper). The greater the number of rows of tubes (varies from 1 to 10) and fins per inch (varies
from 6 to 14) the greater the amount of surface are between air and water. The greater the number
of tubes the greater the water pressure drop (PD) and subsequently pump horsepower required.
The greater the number of tubes and fins per inch the greater the air pressure drop (PD) and
subsequently fan horsepower required.
Coil
COILS : HW or CHW Flow through Copper Tubes
Tube
Fin
2 Rows
of Tubes
Single Row
HW or
of Tubes
CHW
Air IN
Air OUT
Water OUT
Air passes over Copper tubes and Aluminum Fins
Water IN
In the example the Cooling Coil (CC) Entering Air Temp (EAT) is 85oF and the required Leaving
Air Temp (LAT) was 55oF but this had to be lowered to 47oF in order to remove enough moisture
to offset the room LHG. So the coil ADP has to be less than 47oF. If the coil ADP = 44oF, then
what is the coil BF?
BF = ( LAT ADP ) / ( EAT ADP ) = (47-44)/(85-44) = 0.075. The coil is 92.5% efficient.
This requires a high number of rows and fins per inch (FPI).
For a pressurized office building with 1 person per 150 ft2 and no infiltration, the room LHG due
to people is low and the percent outdoor air is usually between 10% and 20%. Unless there are
internal processes (kitchenettes, etc) that add latent heat, a cooling supply air of 55oF is usually
adequate to remove the room LHG and no reheat is required. The coil ADP in such a case is
usually about 53oF.
F6 - 14
12. An office space is 100 x 100 x 10.

Room Air (RA) must be maintained at 75oF DB and 50% RH.
Outdoor Air (OA) condition is 95oF DB and 60% RH.
Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) through the walls, windows and roof is 89,500 btu/hr.
Summer infiltration is zero air changes per hour (building is pressurized)
Lighting density is 2.0 watts/ft2
Receptacle (equipment connected to wall sockets) density is 1.0 watts/ft2
ASHRAE-Standard 62-2001 occupancy density for a classroom is 143 ft2/Person
ASHRAE-Standard 62-2001 occupancy ventilation air is 20 cfm (ft3/min) per person.
Sensibe Heat Gain (SHG) by each person is 250 btu/hr.
Latent Heat Gain (LHG) by each person is 200 btu/hr.
Use LHG (evaporation / condensation) of 1075 btu/lb for all air temperatures
The air must be supplied at 55oF so that air reaching occupants is close to 75oF.
Calculate:
(1) Room Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) and Latent Heat Gain (LHG).
(2) Supply Air (SA) quantity CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute or ft3/min) at 55oF to offset the
Room Sensible Heat Gain (SHG).
(3) Supply Air (SA) moisture content to offset the Room Latent Heat Gain (LHG).
(4) Total cooling (including ventilation) load across cooling coil in tons refrigeration.
(5) Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) given Bypass Factor (BF) = 0.2
Room Area (A) = 100 * 100 = 10,000 ft2. Room Volume (V) = 10,000 ft2 * 10 = 100,000 ft3.
Number of people = 10,000 ft2 / 143 ft2/Person = 70 People
SHG from People = 70 P * 250 btu/hr per person = 17,500 btu/hr.
LHG from People = 70 P * 200 btu/hr per person = 14,000 btu/hr.
SHG from Lights = 10,000 ft2 * 2.0 w/ft2 * 3.41 btu/watt = 68,200 btu/hr.
SHG from Receptacles = 10,000 ft2 * 1.0 w/ft2 * 3.41 btu/watt = 34,100 btu/hr.
SHG through envelope = 89,500 btu/hr. Infiltration = 0. SHG (infltr) = 0. LHG (infltr) = 0
Total Room SHG = 17,500 + 68,200 + 34,100 + 89,500 = 209,300 btuhr
Total Room LHG = 14,000 btu/hr.
Supply Air CFM = SHG / (1.08 * (Tr Ts) ) = 209,300 / (1.08 * (75 55) = 9,690 ft3/min.
Supply Air CFM per square foot of floor area = 9,700 ft3/min / 10,000 ft2 = 0.97 CFM/ft2
Outdoor Air CFM = 70 People * 20 cfm/Person = 1,400 ft3/min. Ratio = 1400/9690 = 0.14.
Return Air CFM = SA OA = 9,690 1,400 = 8,290. Ratio = 8290/9690 = 0.86.
OA: DB = 95oF, RH = 60%, WB = 83oF, DP = 79oF, H = 47.1 btu/lb, W = 0.0218 lbs/lb
RA: DB = 75oF, RH = 50%, WB = 63oF, DP = 55oF, H = 28.3 btu/lb, W = 0.0093 lbs/lb
Mixed Air (MA)
DB = 0.14 * 95 + 0.86 * 75 = 77.8oF.
WB = 0. 14 * 83 + 0.86 * 63 = 65.8oF
H = 0. 14 * 47.1 + 0.86 * 28.3 = 30.9 btu/lb. DP = 61oF (from psychrometric chart).
W = 0.14 * 0.0218 + 0.86 * 0.0093 = 0.0112 lbs/lb.
F6 - 15
Leaving air is saturated (RH = 100%) and WB = DP = DB = 55oF. Cooling Coil leaving air H =
23.2 btu/lb and W = 0.0091 lbs/lb.
Check if leaving air at DP = 55oF and W = 0.0091 lbs is not be enough to offset the Room Latent
Heat Gain (LHG). So determine the required W and DB to offset LHG.
The Room Latent Heat Gain(LHG) is = 14,000 btu/hr
(CFM * 4.5) * (W-room W-supply) * 1075 = Room LHG.
The factor 1075 is latent heat of condensation for water vapor at 32oF. This is a safe high value.
CFM * 4840 * (W-room W-supply) = LHG. W-supply is unknown. CFM is 9,690 ft3.
9690 * 4840 * (0.0093 Ws) = 14,000 btu/hr. 3350 * (0.0093 Ws) = 1
31.15 3350*Ws = 1. Ws = 30.15/3350 = 0.0089 lbs/lb. At Ws = 0.0089 and RH = 100%, the
DB = WB = DP = 55oF. So CC-LAT DB = 55oF ( = WB = DP) is just right for dehumidifying.
Required cooling coil leaving air condition is:
DB = WB = DP = 55oF, RH = 100%, W = 0.0093, H = 23.3
Cooling Coil Load =
9690 ft3/min * 4.5 * (H-entg H-lvg) = 9690 * 4.5 * (37.7 23.3) = 627,910 btu/hr.
Cooling Load Tons = 627,910 / 12,000 = 52 tons.
SH cooling = 9690 * 1.08 * (85 55) = 313,956
LH cooling = 9690 * 4840 * (0.015 0.0093) = 281,398.
TH cooling = SH + LH = 595,354
Bypass Factor (BF) = 0.2 = (Coil leaving DB ADP ) / (Coil entering DB ADP) =
(55 ADP) / (85 ADP) = 0.2.
55 ADP = 0.2*85 - 0.2*ADP
55 17 = ADP -0.2*ADP.
ADP = 47.5oF
F6 - 16

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Energy Efficient Building Design

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Relative Humidities RH%

Dew Point Temps

Dry Bulb Temps F

Dry Bulb Temp (o F)

Enthalpy (btu/lb : btu per 1 lb of air)

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Dry Bulb (DB) Temp

Relative Humidity (RH)

Wet Bulb (WB) Temp

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Humidity Ratio (H)

All points on this line

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Degree of Saturation (DS)

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Actual Humidity Ratio

DS = Humidity Ratio at 100% RH

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DS = 0.0110 / 0.0223 = 49.3%

DS = 0.0042 / 0.0223 = 18.8%

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Latent Heat Gain (LHG)

Total Heat Gain (THG)

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Cooling and De-Humidification

Sensible Heat Loss (SHL)

Specific Volume (V) ft3/lb

Density (D) is the mass of unit volume

Specific Volume (V) is the volume of

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

The values of density are not shown

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Saturated M oisture Line

(2) 70 DB, 90% RH

(1) 80 DB, 50% RH

(1) 80 DB, 50% RH

(2) 59 DB, 100% RH

(1) 80 DB, 50% RH

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