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Assumptions;
Only sandstone A and sandstone B compacts linearly and simultaneously at the same
rate
Compactions only occur on pore volume i.e. grains does not compact. Thus, under
compaction, grain volume does not change.
Calculation of volumes;
SANDSTONE A
Thickness: Thickness of Sandstone A
Area:
SANDSTONE B
Thickness: Thickness of Sandstone B
Area:
Compaction trend;
As the compaction is in linear trend, we can estimate the compaction rate on a year to year
basis;
Time (year)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Compaction (%)
0
1.25
2.5
3.75
5
6.25
7.5
8.75
10
Compaction - time
Compaction (%)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Time (year)
35
40
45
New pore volume, Vp(5): New bulk volume, Vb(5) Grain volume, Vg
New porosity, : (New pore volume, Vp(5)) / (New bulk volume, Vb(5))
Time (year)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Compaction (%)
New Pore
New
volume, Vp(i)
porosity,
3
(km )
SS A
SS B
SS A
SS B
SS A SS B
1.25
19.75
29.625
4.25
6.105 0.215 0.206
2.5
19.5
29.25
4
5.73
0.205 0.196
3.75
19.25
28.875
3.75
5.355 0.195 0.185
5
19
28.5
3.5
4.98
0.184 0.175
6.25
18.75
28.125
3.25
4.605 0.173 0.164
7.5
18.5
27.75
3
4.23
0.162 0.152
8.75
18.25
27.375
2.75
3.855 0.151 0.141
10
18
27
2.5
3.48
0.139 0.129
Table 2: Values for volumetric changes in reservoir due to compaction
The equation should suit the available data as both Sandstone A and B have porosity values
lower than 37%.
Assumptions;
Isotropic rock
Rock is fluid-saturated
The method is empirical
High enough effective pressure to be at terminal velocity
Where;
Brine water has a density of 1.029 g cm-3 and Bulk modulus of 2.33 x 1010 dynes cm-2
(Dvorkin 2008). The shear modulus, of any fluid is 0 as fluids are not shearable.
Substituting the values into the equation above gives the V fl of brine water in Sandstone B;
For an oil with API value of 30, its corresponding value of density shall be 0.876 g cm-3. On
the other hand, the bulk modulus of oil, Kfl would be roughly around 1x1010 dynes cm-2 (Chen
at al 1991). Similar to water, oil has a shear modulus of 0.
Again, in order to calculate the P-wave of the oil, substitute these values into the equation.
Once all values of Vo, Vfl and are obtained, the P-wave velocity can be easily calculated.
Refering to the Raymer-Hunt-Gardner equation, all parameters are fixed except for the
porosity value. Thus from the porosity variations calculated in a 5 years interval above, we
can observe the pattern of P-wave velocity change in both Sandstone A and B.
(
(
)
)
Time (year)
SS A
SS B
3749.85
3912.40
10
3829.93
3990.04
15
3913.31
4070.92
20
4000.14
4155.23
25
4090.62
4243.16
30
4184.96
4334.90
35
4283.37
4430.68
40
4386.08
4530.72
Table 3: Calculated values for new P-wave velocity with time variation
Vp versus time
5000
4500
4000
Vp (m/s)
3500
3000
2500
2000
Sandstone A
1500
Sandstone B
1000
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (year)
REFERENCES
1. Rock physics handbook
2. Dvorkin (Henris)
3. T Chen, DC Lawton & F Peterson, 1991, Physical parameter estimation for sandstone
reservoirs, CREWES Research Report, 19, 3.