Process Heating Requirements Calculations

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING
PROCESS HEATING REQUIREMENTS
DETERMINE APPROPRIATE WATT DENSITY
SELECT TYPE OF HEATERS(S)
DETERMINE PROPER SHEATH MATERIAL
THERMAL SYSTEM DESIGN
FACTORS EFFECTING SYSTEM ACCURACY
COMPONENT PLACEMENT
WORK
SENSOR
Fig. 5a
Fig. 5b
B
B
Fig. 5c
C
Fig. 5d
TEMPERATURE
AT THE WORK
HEATER
Initial Start-up
Steady State
Cold Material added
Change in Ambient
Temperature or
Conditions
SELECTION OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL
1T: Heat Losses From Uninsulated Metal Surfaces

80
1000
WATTS PER SQUARE FOOT
A
900
60
800
40
700
20
3T: Heat Losses From Oil and Parafin Surfaces

1000
900
GUIDES FOR
ESTIMATING HEAT LOSSES
700
600
500
400
300
200
0
60
600
800
100
140
180
100
500
70 100
200
300
400
500
600
TEMPERATURE OF OIL OR PARAFFIN (F)

400
4T: Heat Losses From Water Surfaces

300
1600
ABlack Body
BOxidized Steel
COxidized Brass
DOxidized Nickel
EOxidized Aluminum
100
1500
1400
S.
40
%
60
%
1 F REL
0%
RE .P
A
RE
LA .S. TIVE
HU
LA
TIV 40
%
MID
TI
E
IT Y
HU REL
VE
AT
MI
HU
IVE
DI
MI
TY
HU
DI
M ID
TY
ITY
200
1300
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900 1000
1200
TEMPERATURE (F)
Radiant and convection heat losses are combined. Based upon 70F ambient.
For horizontal bottom surface, use 12 figure from graph.
1100
1000
130
600
500
400
F.
P.
S.
100
300
90
120
110
700
P.
140
800
F.
150
160
900
F.
P.
S.
170
2T: Heat Losses From Insulated Surfaces
T
1"
80
200
70
100
K
IC
TH
"
2
K
HIC
3" T
60
50
40
30
50
80
100 110 120
130
140
150 160 170
180 190
200
210
TEMPERATURE OF WATER (F)
HICK
4" T
20
90
5T: Heat Losses From Molten Metal Surfaces (Lead,

Babbit, Type Metal, Tin, etc.)
10
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1200
1000
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (T)

Radiant and convection heat losses are combined. Based upon 70F ambient temperature
with ceramic fiber insulation.For horizontal bottom surface, use 12 of figure from graph.
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
300
400
500
600
700
TEMPERATURE (F)
800
900
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
11T:Thermal Conductivity of Various Substances

The following is a listing of the ratios of how fast heat is conducted through each material. The information is useful
as a comparison of one substance to another. Large numbers indicate greater conductivity characteristics.*
Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0568
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . .480.0
Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . .44.2
Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0389
Asbestos, paper . . . . . . .0.6
Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . .17.7
Blotting paper . . . . . . . . .0.15
Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204.0
Brick, aluminum . . . . . . . .2.0
Brick, building . . . . . . . . .1.5
Brick, carborundum . . . .23.0
Brick, fire . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1
Brick, graphite . . . . . . . .25.0
Brick, magnesia . . . . . . . .7.1
Brick, silica . . . . . . . . . . .2.0
Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . .222.0
Carbon gas . . . . . . . . .130.0
Carbon graphite . . . . . .290.0
Carbon dioxide . . . . . . . .0.0307
Carbon monoxide . . . . . .0.0499
Carborundum . . . . . . . . .0.50
Cardboard . . . . . . . . . . . .0.50
Cement, portland . . . . . . .0.17
Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.28
Charcoal, powdered . . . .0.22
Clinkers, small . . . . . . . . .1.1
Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.30
Coke, powdered . . . . . . .0.44
Concrete, cinder . . . . . . .0.81
Concrete, stone . . . . . . . .2.2
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . .918.0
Cotton wool . . . . . . . . . . .0.043
Cotton batting, loose . . . .0.11
Cotton batting, packed . . .0.072
Earth, average . . . . . . . . .4.0
Eiderdown, loose . . . . . . .0.108
Eiderdown, packed . . . . .0.045
Feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.16
Felt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.22
Fiber, red . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1
Flannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.035
German silver . . . . . . . .80.0
Glass, crown . . . . . . . . . .2.5
Glass, flint . . . . . . . . . . . .2.0
Gold, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700.0
Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5
Gutta percha . . . . . . . . . .0.48
Gypsum . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1
Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.15
Hair cloth, felt . . . . . . . . .0.042
Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.339
Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.087
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . .0.327
* Expressed in gramcalories/second/square centimeter/centimeter/C
Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9
Iron, pure . . . . . . . . . . .161.0
Iron, cast . . . . . . . . . . .109.0
Iron, wrought . . . . . . . .144.0
Lamp black . . . . . . . . . . .0.07
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.0
Leather, cowhide . . . . . . .0.42
Leather, chamois . . . . . . .0.15
Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.29
Linen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.21
Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3
Magnesium, carb . . . . . . .0.23
Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4
Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . .19.7
Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.86
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . .142.0
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0524
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0563
Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.31
Paraffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.62
Pasteboard . . . . . . . . . . .0.45
Plaster of Paris . . . . . . . .0.42
Plaster, mortar . . . . . . . . .1.3
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . .170.0
Plumbago . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0
Poplox (Na2Si03) . . . . . .0.13
Porcelain . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3
Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . .0.39
Pumice stone . . . . . . . . .0.43
Quartz, pr. to axis . . . . .30.0
Quartz, perp. to axis . .160.0
Rubber, hard . . . . . . . . . .0.43
Rubber, Para . . . . . . . . . .0.38
Sand, dry . . . . . . . . . . . .0.86
Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5
Sawdust . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.14
Silica, fused . . . . . . . . . .2.55
Silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.13
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . .974.0
Slate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8
Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.60
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115.0
Terra Cotta . . . . . . . . . . .2.3
Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155.0
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6
Wood, fir, with grain . . . . .0.30
Wood, fir, cross grain . . . .0.09
Wool, sheep . . . . . . . . . .0.14
Wool, mineral . . . . . . . . .0.11
Wool, steel . . . . . . . . . . .0.20
Woolen, loose, wadding . .0.12
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265.0
SHEATH TEMPERATURES
RELATIVE TO WATT DENSITY
6
FP
S
FP
S
4
FP
1F S
ST
PS
IL
LA
IR
15T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements

Operating at 800 to 1400F Sheath
Temperature for Various Temperatures in
Distributed Air Velocity of 4 Fps.
40
20
10
400
200
600
800
1000
1200
1200F
TUBULAR ELEMENT
WATTS PER SQUARE INCH
30
1400F
40
30
1000F
20
10
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
850F
800F
600F
400F
200F
600
400
800 850* 1000
TEMPERATURE OF AIR (F)
200
1400
SHEATH TEMPERATURE (F)
1200
12T: Sheath Temperature of Tubular Elements at

Various Watt Densities in Free or Forced Air
at 80F.
1400
*FINNED TUBULAR HEATER LIMIT (STEEL SHEATH AND FINS)
13T: Sheath Temperatures of Tubular Elements

Clamped to a Surface at Various Ambient
Temperatures and Watt Densities
SHEATH TEMP
1000F
SHEATH
TEMP 800F
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100
0
30
14
0F
00
800
F
750
F
600
F
20
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
400
F
200
F
10
1400
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F)

200
Sheath
Temperature at
+
Temperature
Process (Work)
2
1400F
30
1200F
20
1000F
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
900F
800F
10
600F
400F
200F
200
400
800 900* 1000

600
1200
1400
FINNED TUBULAR HEATER

TUBULAR ELEMENT

40
600 750* 800

1000
1200
1400

12
00
F
40
TUBULAR ELEMENT
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE =
400
14
00
F
100
0F
30
20
10
8 00
F
700
F
60
0F
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
40
0F
20
0
F
200
400
600 700* 800

1000
1200
1400
FINNED TUBULAR
10
TUBULAR ELEMENT
20
1 20
40
SHEATH TEMP
1200F
FINNED TUBULAR
SHEATH TEMPERATURE
1400F
40
30

Operating at 800 to1400F Sheath
18T: Sheath Temperature of HD Strip Heaters

Clamped to a Surface at Various Ambient
Temperatures and Watt Densities1
21T: Allowable Watt Density of Finned HD Strip

Heaters to Produce 600 to 700F Sheath
Temperatures at Various Ambient
Temperatures and Air Velocities2
22
1200F
16
1000F
14
900F
12
)
(F
10
32
1100F
RE
TU
RA
PE
M
TE
18
TH
EA
SH
20
800F
700F
600F
24
4 F.P.
S.
1 F.P.S
. OR S
TILL
AIR
20
16
12
8
4
500F
16
F.P
.S.
9 F.
P.S
.
28
100
200
300
400
500
600

200
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Sheath
Temperature at
+
Temperature
Process (Work)
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE =
WATTS PER SQUARE IN
19T: Allowable Watt Density of HD Strip Heaters to

Produce 700F Sheath Temperatures at
Various Ambient Temperatures and
Air Velocities2
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
16 F.
P.S.
9 F.P
.S.
4 F.P
.S.
1 F . P .S
.
OR ST
ILL A
IR
22T: Allowable Watt Density of Finned HD Strip

Heaters to Produce 800 to 900F Sheath
Temperatures at Various Ambient
Temperatures and Air Velocities1,2
32
100
4 F.P.S
.
28
1 F.P.S. OR
24
9 F.
P.S
.
16
F.P
.S.
STILL A
IR
20
16
12
8
4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
20T: Allowable Watt Density of HD Strip Heaters to

Produce 1000F Sheath Temperatures at
Various Ambient Temperatures and Air
Velocities. Use Stainless Steel Sheath
Material2
26
16
F.P
.S.
9 F.P
.S.
4 F.P
,S,
24
20
18
1F.P.S
16
. OR
STIL
L AI
R
8
4
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1. Use stainless steel materials (and fins) over 750F sheath temperatures.
2. Where element spacing is close, use 80% of values.
22A: Sheath Temperature vs Cold End . 25 Diameter Tubular

.
.
.
.
. in in. in . in q. in
.
.
s
/sq q sq sq
W /s W/ W/ 1 W/
55 44 W 33 22
1
450
350
250
900
800
550
150
AMBIENT - 70F
50
0
1"
22D: Sheath Temperature vs Cold End

.475/.490 Diameter Tubular
. . .
.
.
. in . in . in . in
. in
/sq sq sq sq
/sq
W W/ W/ W/
W
55 44 33 22
11
650
2"
3"
4"
5"
700
600
500
400
300
6"
200
COLD END LENGTH
AMBIENT - 70F
100
22B: Sheath Temperature vs Cold End .312 Diameter Tubular
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
COLD END LENGTH
. . .
.
.
. in . in . in . in q. in
s
/sq sq q q
W W/ W/s W/s W/
55 44 33 22
11
650
550
450
350
22E: Sheath Temperature vs Ambient Temperature in a Vacuum

.430 Diameter Tubular
1600
250
150
AMBIENT - 70F
50
0
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
COLD END LENGTH
750
1500
/sq.
33 W
in.
1400
/sq.
in.
22 W
1300
.
1200
. in
sq
/
1W
1100
1000
22C: Sheath Temperature vs Cold End .430 Diameter Tubular
100
200
300
900
700
600
500
400
100
1"
900 1000
Sheath Temperature F
54
AMBIENT - 70F
0
800
60
300
200
500 600 700

AMBIENT (F)
22F: Tubular Heater Sheath Temperatures Operating in Different

ambient temperatures at various watt densities.
2"
3"
4"
COLD END LENGTH
5"
6"
WATT DENSITY (W/sq. in. )
.
.
.
.
. in in. . in . in . in
.
/sq q q sq /sq
W /s W/s W/
W
55 44 W 33 22
11
800
400
48
1600
42
36
30
1400
24
1200
18
1000
12
800
6
0
600
0
160
320
480 640 800 960 1120 1280 1440 1600

WATT DENSITY AND OPERATING

TEMPERATURE GUIDELINES FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS
23T: The information presented is only intended as a guideline. Adjustments may be necessary should variations occur in heat transfer, flow rates and temperatures. The
sheath material and watt density selected must be based upon the specific dynamics of the application. See complete Corrosion Resistance of Sheath Materials (24T).
Maximum
Operating
Temp (F)
Material To
Be Heated
Acid Solutions (Mild)
Acetic
Boric
Carbonic
Chromic
Citric
Fatty Acids
Lactic
Malic
Nitric
Phenol2.4 Disulfonic
Phosphoric
Phosphoric (Aerated)
Proponic
Tannic
Tartaric
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Air
Alcyl Alcohol
Alkaline Solutions
Aluminum Acetate
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate
Ammonia Gas
Ammonium Acetate
Amyl Acetate
Amyl Alcohol
Aniline
Asphalt
Barium Hydroxide
Benzene, liquid
Butyl Acetate
Calcium Bisulfate
Calcium Chloride
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Caustic Soda 2%
10%
75%
Citrus Juices
Degreasing Solution
Dextrose
Dyes & Pigments
Electroplating Baths
Cadmium
Copper
Dilute Cyanide
Potassium Cyanide
Rochelle Cyanide
Sodium Cyanide
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Freon gas
Max.
Watt
Density
(W/sq. in.)
Sheath
Material
Material To
Be Heated
180
257
180
180
180
150
122
122
167
180
180
180
180
167/180
180
180
130
C/F
200
212
122
212
C/F
167
240
212
350
200-500
212
150
225
400
200
160
210
210
180
185
275
212
212
40
40
40
40
23
20
10
10
20
40
23
23
40
23/40
40
10
10
23
23
20
23
4-10
40
10
10
20
5-8
23
23
48
25
25
23
23
20
23
C-20, Quartz
316 S.S.
316 S.S.
316 S.S.
316 S.S.
Quartz
316 S.S.
Quartz
Stainless Steel
Copper
Quartz
316 S.S.
Copper
Incoloy
Incoloy
Copper
Steel
316 S.S.
Copper
Steel
Incoloy
Incoloy
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Steel
316 S.S.
Copper
316 S.S.
316 S.S.
Quartz
Incoloy
Incoloy
Incoloy
Incoloy
Incoloy
316 S.S.
Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
180
180
180
180
180
180
300
180
300
40
40
40
40
40
40
30
10
2-5
Stainless Steel
Quartz
316 S.S.
Quartz
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Steel
Stainless Steel
Steel
10
40
10
40
Fuel Oils
Grades 1 & 2 (distilate)
Grades 4 & 5 (residual)
Grades 6 & bunker C
(residual)
Gasoline
Gelatin; Liquid
Solid
Glycerine
Glycerol
Grease; Liquid
Solid
Hydrazine
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Sulfide
Linseed Oil
Lubrication Oil
SAE 10
SAE 20
SAE 30
SAE 40
SAE 50
Magnesium Chloride
Manganese Sulfate
Methanol gas
Methylchloride
Mineral Oil
C-20, Quartz
Quartz
Molasses
Naptha
Oil Draw Bath
Oils (see specific type)
Paraffin or Wax (liquid state)
Perchloroethylene
Potassium Chlorate
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Hydroxide
Soap, liquid
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Hydride
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Phosphate
Steam, flowing
Sulfur, Molten
Toluene
Trichlorethylene
Turpentine
Vegetable Oil & Shortening
Water (Process)
Maximum
Operating
Temp (F)
Max.
Watt
Density
(W/sq. in.)
Sheath
Material
200
200
23
13
Steel
Steel
160
300
150
150
500
212
212
C/F
C/F
150
8
23
23
5
10
23
23
5
16
50
Steel
Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Incoloy
Incoloy
Steel
Steel
Stainless Steel
Incoloy
316 S.S.
Steel
250
250
250
250
250
212
212
C/F
180
200
400
100
212
600
400
150
200
212
212
160
212
212
140
720
23
23
23
13
13
40
40
20
23
16
4-5
10
23
24
16
23
40
40
23
20
40
40
28
See Caustic
Soda
40
10
5-10
5
10
23
23
20
30
60
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
C-20, Quartz
Quartz
Stainless Steel
Copper
Steel
Steel
Stainless Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
316 S.S.
316 S.S.
Monel
Stainless Steel
Steel
Stainless Steel
Incoloy
212
300
500
700
600
212
150
300
400
212
Quartz
Incoloy
Incoloy
Incoloy
Incoloy
Steel
Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
S.S., Incoloy
Properties of Heat Transfer Oils: Sheath material utilized is typically steel

Material
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Fluid
Sheath
Temperature Temperature
w/in.2
F
F
Caloria HT 43
Dowtherm A
Dowtherm J
Dowtherm LF
Dowtherm G
Dowtherm HT
Marlotherm S
Mobiltherm 603
Multitherm PG-1
Multitherm IG-2
Syltherm XLT
Syltherm 800
Therminol 44
Therminol 55
Therminol 59
Therminol 60
Therminol 75
Therminol LT
Therminol VP-1
UCON 500
C/F Consult Factory
475
725
575
575
675
625
675
550
565
575
475
725
400
560
575
560
675
475
725
475
680
835
650
675
775
700
695
625
640
650
550
800
475
605
650
655
805
650
800
550
12
20
20
20
20
20
12
20
12
20
12
12
12
12
20
20
20
20
20
12
Density
Weight
in
lbs/cu. ft.
Specific
Heat
52.0
66.0
54.1
63.0
68.6
60.6
60.8
53.9
54.2
54.8
52.6
58.7
57.8
55.2
60.6
62.6
68.8
53.7
66.7
64.8
0.43
0.38
0.43
0.40
0.37
0.37
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.40
0.38
0.47
0.46
0.41
0.39
0.38
0.43
0.37
0.47
NOTE: C-20 designates Carpenter Stainless #20
Flash
Point
400
255
145
260
305
374
380
340
440
116
350
405
350
302
310
390
134
255
540
Flammability F
Fire
Auto
Point
Ignition
275
155
280
315
385
500
130
380
438
410
335
320
440
150
280
600
670
1150
806
1020
1150
932
690
700
662
725
705
675
770
835
1000
805
1150
750
Minimum Velocity of Material

Through Elements in Ft./Second
8
16
23
30
w/in.2
w/in.2
w/in.2
w/in.2
1.5
.5
1
.7
.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
.8
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
1
1
2.5
1
2
1.5
1.5
2.5
3
3
2
1.7
2.5
3
2
2.5
2.5
3
2
2.5
2
2
3
2
3
2.5
2.5
3.5
5
5
3
2.3
4
5
3
3.5
3.5
5
3
4
3
3
4
3
4.5
3.5
3.5
5
7
7
4
3
5
7
4
5
5
7
4
5
4
4
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF SHEATH MATERIALS

24T:
PROCESS INFRARED HEATING
5215
459 + F
2897
273 + C
By applying the formula to PVC, based upon 3.5 microns

being the desired wavelength, 1025F (550C) would be the
emitters surface temperature for the best heat transfer to the
process. This principle holds true no matter what the construction of the heat source. An Incoloy tubular heater, the
resistance wire of a quartz heater, an FP Flat Panel heater or
a Black Body Ceramic Infrared heater operating at 842F
(450C) would all have the same peak energy wavelength of
4 microns. Other characteristics such as penetration and
color sensitivity would also be the same.
Other common methods of temperature control in infrared
processes is by varying the voltage input to the elements or
adjusting the amount of on-time versus off-time of the
elements. These are open-loop control systems and usually
require the constant attention of an operator. A closed loop
control system would consist of infrared sensors or
thermocouples attached or integral to the heat source, that
would monitor the temperature of the process or heater,
signal a control which in turn would signal an output device to
deliver current (or turn off) the heat source. For complete
information, see each respective catalog section, the Thermal
System Design section or consult OGDEN.
OGDEN offers a number of choices of heating elements for
infrared applications. The advantages, limitations and
adaptability of each will determine which is most suitable.
For instance, the emissivity/conversion ratio of an Incoloy
sheath tubular heater is about 55%, a quartz heater's is 60%,
an FP Flat Panels is about 80% and the Black Body
Ceramics is over 90%. This indicates that close to all of the
infrared energy produced by the ceramic heater will be
absorbed by the process. This type of efficiency may be the
most important consideration. But the process may require a
heat source with a quick response time. The quartz heater
will likely be chosen, or an expensive retraction system may
be necessary should a line stoppage occur. The Incoloy
sheath tubular heater could be the best selection because of
its ruggedness and ability to be formed to suit spacing or
confinement requirements. An FP Flat Panel heater may be
selected because of the wide area coverage.
Although much technical information is available in this and
other sources, trial and pilot testing are often necessary to
establish if a process is suitable for infrared. The wattage
required, watt density, process time cycle, distance from the
heat source to the material and how well the material
absorbs infrared can perhaps only be determined by this
method. Should any uncertainty exist, contact OGDEN. The
information necessary may already be on file, because
OGDEN has successfully solved scores of infrared heating
problems.
100%
80%
ABSORPTION
26T: Water
60%
40%
20%
WAVE LENGTH (MICRONS)
27T: Aluminum
ALUMINUM: Anodized
Polished
Sandblasted
100%
80%
ABSORPTION
Materials are selective as to the wavelength accepted to

absorb infrared energy. As can be seen on 38T, PVC will
absorb best at 3.5 microns. The wavelength produced by the
heat source is dependent upon the source temperature. It is
possible then to adjust the source temperature and thus the
peak wavelength to match the best spectral absorption rate or
wavelength. The formula is:
2897
5215
C =
-273
F =
-459
Thus, if the element temperature is known and the

wavelength is desired:
SPECTRAL ABSORPTION OF VARIOUS

MATERIALS
60%
40%
20%
WAVELENGTH (MICRONS)
28T: Pure Linen, Cotton and Cellulose Wood

PURE LINEN
COTTON
CELLULOSE WOOD
100%
80%
ABSORPTION
produce uniform radiant distribution. Specific application considerations may require the distance to be adjusted.
60%
40%
WAVELENGTH (MICRONS)
QUICK ESTIMATES FOR WATTAGE REQUIREMENTS

42T: To Heat Steel
Weight
in lbs.
25
50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
50
.06
.12
.25
.37
.50
.65
.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
100
.12
.25
.50
.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
44T: To Heat Water

Temperature Rise (F)
200
300
400
.25
.37
.50
.50
.75
1.00
1.00
1.50
2.00
1.50
2.25
3.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
2.50
3.75
5.00
3.00
4.50
6.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
5.00
7.50
10.00
6.00
9.00
12.00
7.00
10.50
14.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
9.00
13.50
18.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
kw to heat in 1 hour
500
.65
1.25
2.50
3.75
5.00
6.25
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50
25.00
600
.75
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
7.50
9.00
12.00
15.00
18.00
21.00
24.00
27.00
30.00
43T: To Heat Air

Cu.ft./
minute
(scfm)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200

50
1.7
3.3
5.0
6.7
8.3
10.0
11.7
13.3
15.0
16.7
18.3
20
100
3.3
6.7
10.0
13.3
16.7
20.0
23.3
26.7
30.0
33.3
36.7
40
150
5
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35
40
45.0
50
55
60
200 250 300 350 400

6.7
8.3 10.0 11.7 13.3
13.3 16.7 20.0 23.3 26.7
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
26.7 33.3 40.0 46.7 53.3
33.3 41.7 50.0 58.3 66.7
40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
46.7 58.3 70.0 81.7 93.3
53.3 66.7 80.0 93.3 106.7
60.0 75.0 90.0 105.0 120.0
66.7 83.3 100.0 116.7 133.3
73.3 91.7 110.0 128.3 146.7
80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0
kw
Cubic
feet Gallons
.66
5
1.3
10
2.0
13
2.7
20
3.3
25
4.0
30
5.3
40
6.7
50
8.0
60
9.4
70
10.7
80
12.0
90
13.4
100
16.7
125
20.0
150
20
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.6
2.1
2.7
3.3
3.7
4.3
5
5.5
7
8
40
0.5
1.1
1.6
2.2
2.7
3.2
4
5.4
6.4
7.5
8.5
10
11
13
16

60
80
100
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.6
2.1
2.7
2.4
3.2
4
3.2
4.3
5.3
4
5.3
6.7
4.8
6.4
8
6.4
8.5
11
8
10.7
13
9.6
12.8
16
11.2
15
19
13
17
21
14.5
19
24
16
21
27
20
27
33
24
32
40
120
1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
8
9.6
13
16
19
22
26
29
32
40
48
140
1.9
3.7
5.6
7.5
9.3
12
15
19
22
26
30
34
37
47
56
Quick estimates for other volumes

450
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
500
16.7
33.3
50.0
66.7
83.3
100.0
116.7
133.3
150.0
166.7
183.3
200.0
600
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
220.0
240.0
Use the maximum anticipated airflow. Chart 35T and below equations
assume insulated duct (negligible heat loss), 70F inlet air and 14 psia.
For Air:
scfm* x Temperature Rise (F)
kw = ________________________
3000
*Measured at normal temperature and pressure.
For Compressed Air:

scfm** x Density** x Temperature Rise (F)
kw = __________________________________
228
**Measured at heater system inlet temperature and pressure.
gal./hr. x 8.34 x Temperature Rise (F)

kw = _______________________________
3412
kw
x 3412
gal.hr. = _______________________
8.34 x Temperature Rise (F)
45T: To Heat Oil

Cubic
feet
.5
1
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Gallons
3.74
7.48
14.96
22.25
29.9
37.4
74.8
112.5
149.6
187
222.5
252
299
336.5
374
50
.3
.5
1
2
2
3
5
7
9
11
13
16
18
20
22
100
.5
1
1
3
4
4
9
14
18
22
27
31
36
40
45

200
300
400
1
2
2
2
3
4
2
4
6
6
9
12
8
12
16
9
15
20
18
29
40
28
44
60
37
58
80
46
72
100
56
86
120
65
100
139
74
115
158
84
129
178
93
144
197
Add 5% for uninsulated tanks.
Gallons x Temperature Rise (F)

kw = ___________________________
800 x Process Start-up Time (hrs.)
500
3
6
11
16
22
25
52
77
102
127
151
176
201
226
252
Enclosure Surface AreaSquare Feet
DETERMINING WATTAGE
REQUIREMENTS FOR ENCLOSURE HEATERS
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
9
7.5
6
5
4
3
2
670
540
405
335
270
205
135
120
100
80
70
55
40
30
TEMPERATURE RISE FROM MINIMUM EXPECTED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE TO DESIRED ENCLOSURE TEMPERATURE (F)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1340
320
2010
480
2680
640
3350
800
4020
960
4690
1120
130
1075
260
1610
385
2145
515
2680
640
3220
770
3755
900
100
805
195
1210
290
1610
385
2010
480
2415
580
2815
675
80
670
160
1005
240
1340
320
1675
400
2010
480
2345
560
65
540
130
805
195
1075
260
1340
320
1610
385
1880
450
50
405
100
605
145
805
195
1005
240
1210
290
1410
340
35
270
65
405
100
540
130
670
160
805
195
940
225
30
245
60
365
90
485
115
605
145
725
175
845
205
25
200
50
300
75
400
100
500
125
600
150
700
175
20
160
40
245
60
325
80
405
100
485
115
565
135
20
135
35
205
50
270
65
335
80
405
100
470
115
15
110
30
160
55
215
55
270
65
320
80
375
90
10
80
20
120
30
160
40
200
50
240
60
280
70
10
55
15
90
20
110
30
135
35
165
40
190
45
Required wattage Double above values in areas with extreme wind factors.
uninsulated cabinet
insulated cabinet
Match above values from chart to a standard Enclosure Heater. Use multiple heaters where necessary.
KW REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTAINING

TANK TEMPERATURES AGAINST HEAT LOSSES
To use graph, assume a requirement for maintaining a
fluid temperature of 250F in an ambient of 30F in a
tank 12 diameter by 20 long. Chart is based upon still
air.
A. Connect 12 on scale 2 with 20 on scale 6 (line A).
The intersection of this line with scale 4 is the surface
area of the cylindrical portion of the tank (approximately
800 sq. ft.). The intersection of line A with scale 3 is the
tank volume (approximately 17,000 gallons).
B. Draw horizontal line B to scale 1 to determine the

surface area of the tank ends (approximately
225 sq. ft.).
C. Adding A and B is the total surface area of the tank
(1,025 sq. ft.). Connect 1,025 on scale 4 and 220F
(250-30F) on scale 7 with line C. The kw required is
where line C intersects scale 5.
Insulated tank = 35kw
Uninsulated tank = 250kw
See wind velocity correction factor chart below.
A
B
* Based on still air

See Wind Velocity
Correction Chart below.
1. Determine surface heat losses at

still air conditions as per
calculation or chart above.
2. Multiply result by wind correction
factor from above for total heat
loss.
Wind Velocity Correction Factor
3.5
Wind Velocity Effects

On exposed, Bare and
Insulated Surfaces
3.0
WIND VELOCITY
MPF
2.5
2.0
1.5
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
2.5
1.0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Temperature Difference between Exposed Surface and Air F
PROCESS HEATING
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
DETERMINING WATT DENSITY
PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE RATINGS
OF STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL FLANGES
TANK CAPACITIES
VERTICAL CYLINDER
Dia
(in)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Dia
(ft)
0.167
0.250
0.333
0.417
0.500
0.583
0.667
0.750
0.833
0.917
1.000
1.083
1.167
1.250
1.333
1.417
1.500
1.583
1.667
1.750
1.833
1.917
2.000
2.083
2.167
2.250
2.333
2.417
2.500
2.583
2.667
2.750
2.833
2.917
3.000
3.083
3.167
3.250
3.333
3.417
3.500
3.583
3.667
Surface
Area
(sq ft)
9.222
0.049
0.087
0.136
0.196
0.267
0.349
0.442
0.545
0.660
0.785
0.922
1.069
1.227
1.396
1.576
1.767
1.969
2.182
2.405
2.640
2.885
3.142
3.409
3.687
3.976
4.276
4.587
4.909
5.241
5.585
5.940
6.305
6.681
7.069
7.467
7.876
8.296
8.727
9.168
9.621
10.08
10.56
Volume
per 1'
depth
(Gal)
0.163
0.367
0.653
1.020
1.469
1.999
2.611
3.305
4.080
4.937
5.875
6.895
7.997
9.180
10.44
11.79
13.22
14.73
16.32
17.99
19.75
21.58
23.50
25.50
27.58
29.74
31.99
34.31
36.72
39.21
41.78
44.43
47.16
49.98
52.88
55.86
58.92
62.06
65.28
68.58
71.97
75.44
78.99
Dia
(in)
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
108
111
114
117
Dia
(ft)
3.750
3.833
3.917
4.000
4.083
4.167
4.250
4.333
4.417
4.500
4.583
4.667
4.750
4.833
4.917
5.000
5.083
5.167
5.250
5.333
5.417
5.500
5.583
5.667
5.750
5.833
5.917
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
Area
(sq ft)
11.04
11.54
12.05
12.57
13.10
13.64
14.19
14.75
15.32
15.90
16.50
17.10
17.72
18.35
18.99
19.63
20.29
20.97
21.65
22.34
23.04
23.76
24.48
25.22
25.97
26.73
27.49
28.27
30.68
33.18
35.78
38.48
41.28
44.18
47.17
50.27
53.46
56.75
60.13
63.62
67.20
70.88
74.66
Volume
per 1'
depth
(Gal)
82.62
86.33
90.13
94.00
97.96
102.0
106.1
110.3
114.6
119.0
123.4
127.9
132.6
137.3
142.0
146.9
151.8
156.8
161.9
167.1
172.4
177.7
183.2
188.7
194.2
199.9
205.7
211.5
229.5
248.2
267.7
287.9
308.8
330.5
352.9
376.0
399.9
424.5
449.8
475.9
502.7
530.2
558.5
Dia
(in)
120
126
132
138
144
150
156
162
168
174
180
186
192
198
204
210
216
222
228
234
240
246
252
258
264
270
276
282
288
294
300
306
312
318
324
330
447
342
348
354
360
372
384
Dia
(ft)
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
38.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30
31
32
Area
(sq ft)
78.54
86.59
95.03
103.9
113.1
122.7
132.7
143.1
153.9
165.1
176.7
188.7
201.1
213.8
227.0
240.5
254.5
268.8
283.5
298.6
314.2
330.1
346.4
363.1
380.1
397.6
415.5
433.7
452.4
471.4
490.9
510.7
530.9
551.5
572.6
594.0
615.8
637.9
660.5
683.5
706.9
754.8
804.2
Volume
per 1'
depth
(Gal)
587.5
647.7
710.9
777.0
846.0
918.0
992.9
1071
1152
1235
1322
1412
1504
1600
1698
1799
1904
2011
2121
2234
2350
2469
2591
2716
2844
2974
3108
3245
3384
3527
3672
3820
3972
4126
4283
4443
4606
4772
4941
5113
5288
5646
6016
Dia
(in)
396
408
420
432
444
456
468
480
492
504
516
528
540
552
564
576
588
600
624
648
672
696
720
744
768
792
816
840
864
888
912
936
960
984
1008
1032
1056
1080
1104
1128
1152
1176
1200
Dia
(ft)
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
Area
(sq ft)
855.3
907.9
962.1
1018
1075
1134
1195
1257
1320
1385
1452
1521
1590
1662
1735
1810
1886
1963
2124
2290
2463
2642
2827
3019
3217
3421
3632
3848
4072
4301
4536
4778
5027
5281
5542
5809
6082
6362
6648
6940
7238
7543
7854
Volume
per 1'
depth
(Gal)
6398
6792
7197
7614
8043
8484
8936
9400
9976
10364
10863
11374
11897
12432
12978
13536
14106
14688
15887
17132
18425
19764
21151
22584
24065
25592
27167
38788
30457
32173
33935
35745
37601
39505
41455
43453
45497
47589
49728
51913
54146
56425
58752
HORIZONTAL CYLINDER
Contents in gallons per foot of length of tank with flat ends when filled to various depths.
Tank
Dia
(in)
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
120
Depth of Liquid, h (in)

Full
Tank
1.47
5.88
13.22
23.50
36.72
52.88
71.97
94.00
118.97
146.88
117.72
211.51
248.23
287.88
330.48
376.01
424.48
475.89
530.24
587.52
3
0.73
1.15
1.45
1.70
1.91
2.10
2.28
2.45
2.60
2.75
2.88
3.02
3.14
3.26
3.38
3.49
3.60
3.71
3.81
3.91
6
1.47
2.94
3.86
4.59
5.23
5.79
6.31
6.78
7.23
7.64
8.04
8.42
8.78
9.13
9.46
9.78
10.10
10.40
10.70
10.98
9
4.73
6.61
8.05
9.27
10.34
11.31
12.20
13.03
13.82
14.56
15.26
15.93
16.58
17.20
17.80
18.38
18.94
19.49
20.02
12
5.88
9.36
11.75
13.72
15.43
16.97
18.38
19.69
20.91
22.07
23.17
24.22
25.23
26.19
27.13
28.03
28.90
29.75
30.58
15
11.77
15.45
18.36
20.85
23.07
25.10
26.97
28.72
30.36
31.92
33.41
34.84
36.20
37.52
38.80
40.02
41.23
42.39
18
13.22
18.91
23.00
26.44
29.46
32.20
34.72
37.06
39.26
41.35
43.33
45.23
47.05
48.81
50.50
52.13
53.72
55.26
D
21
21.81
27.45
32.02
35.99
39.54
42.79
45.81
48.64
51.32
53.86
56.28
58.61
60.84
62.99
65.08
67.10
69.06
24
23.50
31.49
37.45
42.51
47.00
51.09
54.86
58.39
61.72
64.87
67.87
70.75
73.51
76.17
78.74
81.23
83.65
27
34.81
42.54
48.90
54.46
59.49
64.10
68.40
72.45
76.27
79.91
83.39
86.72
89.94
93.04
96.04
98.95
30
36.72
47.08
55.00
61.81
67.88
73.44
78.59
83.42
87.97
92.30
96.43
100.39
104.20
107.87
111.42
114.86
h
33
50.77
60.66
68.91
76.18
82.77
88.86
94.55
99.90
104.97
109.81
114.44
118.88
123.17
127.31
131.31
36
52.88
65.66
75.63
84.26
92.02
99.13
105.75
111.97
117.85
123.44
128.79
133.92
138.86
143.63
148.24
39
69.69
81.80
92.00
101.07
109.32
116.96
124.11
130.86
137.27
143.39
149.25
154.88
160.32
165.57
42
71.97
87.22
99.29
109.82
119.33
128.09
136.26
143.94
151.22
158.16
164.80
171.18
177.32
183.26
45
91.56
105.94
118.16
129.08
139.06
148.33
157.02
165.24
173.05
180.52
187.69
194.58
201.24
48
94.00
111.75
125.97
138.46
149.79
160.25
170.03
179.26
188.01
196.35
204.35
212.04
219.46
51
116.37
133.06
147.36
160.19
171.96
182.91
193.21
202.96
212.24
221.12
229.65
237.87
54
118.97
139.24
155.65
170.16
183.36
195.58
207.04
217.85
228.13
237.95
247.36
256.42
57
144.13
163.17
179.58
194.37
207.98
220.67
232.62
243.96
254.77
265.12
275.07
60
146.88
169.68
188.34
204.89
220.01
234.05
247.22
259.68
271.54
282.88
293.76
SATURATED STEAM
Thermodynamic Properties Saturated Steam (Values to Nearest Even Digits)
PSIG
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
F
212
216
219
222
224
227
230
232
235
237
240
250
259
267
274
281
287
292
298
303
307
Heat of
Liquid*
180
183
187
190
193
195
298
201
203
206
208
218
227
236
243
250
256
262
267
272
277
BTU/lb.
Latent Heat of
Evaporation
970
968
965
964
962
961
959
957
956
954
952
945
940
934
929
924
920
915
912
908
905
Total Heat
of Steam
1150
1151
1152
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1160
1163
1167
1170
1172
1174
1176
1177
1179
1180
1182
Spec. Vol.
Ft3/lb
Sat. Vapor
27
25
24
22.5
21.0
20.0
19.5
18.5
18.0
17.0
16.5
14.0
12.0
10.5
9.5
8.5
8.0
7.0
6.7
6.2
5.8
PSIG
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
125
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
250
F
312
316
320
324
328
331
335
338
344
350
353
356
361
366
371
375
380
384
388
395
403
406
Heat of
Liquid*
282
286
290
294
298
302
306
309
316
322
325
328
334
339
344
348
353
358
362
370
378
381
BTU/lb.
Latent Heat of
Evaporation
901
898
895
892
889
886
883
881
876
871
868
866
861
857
853
849
845
841
837
830
823
820
Total Heat
of Steam
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1192
1193
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1197
1198
1199
1199
1200
1201
1201
Spec. Vol.
Ft3/lb
Sat. Vapor
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.7
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.9
3.6
3.3
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.75
* Heat content is the number of BTU/lb needed to reach the condition indicated starting with water at 32F.
Saturated steam is pure steam in direct contact with the liquid water
from which it was generated and at a temperature of water at the
existing pressure. For example, saturated steam at 50 PSIG has a
temperature of 298F.
Pressure is commonly expressed either (a) PSIA pounds per square
inch absolute or, (b) PSIG pounds per square inch gauge above
standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 PSIA, thus PSIG is equal to

PSIA minus 14.7 psi.
Latent heat, expressed in BTU per pound, is the amount of heat
needed (absorbed) to convert a pound of boiling water to a pound of
steam. The same amount of heat is liberated when a pound of steam
condenses back to a pound of water. Latent heat varies with
temperature (see table above).
SHEATH MATERIAL COMPOSITION
TERMINAL ENCLOSURE DESCRIPTIONS
STANDARD PIPE DATA
ELECTRICAL DATA
CONVERSION DATA
FORMULAS FOR
DETERMINING GEOMETRIC
AREAS AND VOLUMES
THERMAL SYSTEM GLOSSARY

Abolute ZeroThe lowest theoretical temperature. At absolute zero,
a body would have no molecular motion of heat energy. Absolute
zero is the zero point on the Rankine and Kelvin scale. (-273.15C or
-459.67F)
state transforms to the gaseous state. Commonly refers to the

boiling point of water (100C or 212F at sea level).
ACAlternating Current; an electric current that reverses direction at

regularly occurring intervals.
Bumpless TransferThe smooth, automatic transition from

automatic control (closed loop) to manual control (open Loop). The
control output is maintained during the transfer.
Accuracy
BtuBritish Thermal Unit; the amount of thermal energy required to

raise one pound of water, 1F .
Calibration Accuracythe potential error of a device compared to

a physical constant or agency standard.
Burst Firinga fast cycling control output type (3-32VDC for Ogden
products) used in conjunction with a solid state relay.
Control Accuracymaintaining a process at the desired setting.

The errors or combination of errors in the entire system including
the sensor, control, power, load and design inefficiencies affect
control accuracy.
Calibrationthe process of adjusting an instrument so that the

indication is accurate compared to the actual value.
cfmthe volumetric flow rate of a liquid or gas in cubic feet per
minute.
Display Accuracythe amount of potential error between a

measured value and the controls displayed value.
Caloriethe amount of thermal energy required to raise one gram of

water 1C at15C
Set Point Accuracythe potential error between a measured

value and the control setting
CascadeControl function where the output of one control loop

provides the set point for a second loop, which determines the
control action.
Alarma control condition or function, indicating that the process is a

predetermined amount above or below the set point.
CEA mark that designates compliance with European Union (EU)

requirements for products sold in Europe
Ambient Compensationthe ability of an instrument to compensate

for changes in the ambient temperature so that the changes do not
affect control accuracy.
Celsius(Centigrade) a temperature scale with 0C defined as the

ice point and 100C as the boiling point of water at sea level.
Ambient Temperaturethe temperature of the immediate

surroundings in which equipment is to operate.
Chatterthe rapid cycling of a relay due to too narrow a bandwidth in

the control.
Ampere (amp)the rate of flow of current in a circuit.
Closed Loop Controla control system in which process

temperature changes are detected by a sensor. The feedback from
the sensor allows the control to make adjustments for accurate
system regulation.
Analog Indicationa meter with graduated scale and a pointer that

moves to indicate process condition.
Analog Outputa voltage or current signal that is a continuous
function of the measure parameter.
Analog Set Pointpotentiometer adjustment of the control setting
Anneal-To relieve stress in a metal or glass material by heating to
just below its melting point, then gradually cooling to ambient
temperature. Annealing lowers tensile strength while increasing
flexibility. Tubular heaters are annealed prior to forming.
ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute
Anti-reset Windupa feature in 3 mode (PID) controls which
prevents the integral (automatic rest) circuit from functioning when
the temperature is outside the proportional band.
ASMEAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Cold Junction Compensationa temperature sensitive device that

prevents changes in the ambient temperature from affecting the cold
junction of a thermocouple.
Common Mode Line Filtera device to filter noise signals on both
power lines with respect to ground.
Common Mode Rejection Ratiothe ability of an instrument to
reject interference from a common voltage at the input terminals with
relation to ground. Expressed in dB (decibels).
Conductionthe transfer of heat from one material at a given
temperature to another material at a lower temperature while in direct
contact with each other.
ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials.
Continuity CheckA test that determines whether current flows

throughout the length of a circuit.
Atmospheric Pressure (Standard)Pressure exerted by the earths

atmosphere on the objects within. Measured at 60F (15C), at sea
level, standard atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia.
Control Loopthe basic control loop of any automatic control system

consists of:
1) variable (process)
Automatic Reset (Integral)the integral function of a control that

automatically compensates for the difference between the set point
and the actual process temperature. A signal moves the proportioning band up or down to correct for the droop or offset error.
Automatic Tuning (of control parameters)a control that calculates
the optimum PID parameters with a built-in software algorithm to
eliminate manual tuning efforts.
Auxiliary Outputadditional outputs for control of functions other
than the primary control output, such as lights, buzzers, horns or gas
purges that are triggered by the control alarm function.
AWGAmerican Wire Gauge.
Bandwidththe total temperature variation measured at some point
in the system, normally the process.
Baud Rate In serial communications, the rate of information
transfer in bits per second.
Blackbodya theoretical object that radiates the maximum amount of
energy at a given temperature and absorbs all energy incident upon
it.
Boiling Pointthe temperature at which a substance in the liquid
2) sensor
3) error detector (of control)
4) control
5) final control element (relay, SSR, SCR)
6) temperature indication
Control Modethe method in which the control restores the system
temperature to set point. On/Off, proportioning, and PID are the most
common control modes.
Convectionthe transfer of heat from a source or higher temperature
area in a gas or liquid by the movement and mixing of the masses.
CPSCycles per Second (See Hertz).
Current Proportioning a 4-20 milliamp (typical) current output
which provides a current proportional to the amount of control
required.
Cycle Ratein a time proportioning control, the period (usually in
seconds) of time that is required to complete one on/off cycle once
temperature has settled at the center of the proportioning band.
DCdirect current; an electric current flowing in one direction and
constant in value.
Data LoggingRecording a process variable over an extended

period of time.
Dead Bandthe temperature band where no heating or cooling takes
place, expressed in degrees.
Default ParametersThe programming instructions permanently written in microprocessor software.
Densitymass per unit of volume, such as lbs./cu.ft.
Derivative(See Rate)
Deviationthe difference between the selected value and the actual
value.
Deviation Alarman offset value that follows the set point. If the set
point is 300F and the Deviation Alarm value is +20F (or 320F),
then the set point is changed to 350F, the Deviation Value alarm
would be 350F plus 20F (or 370F). See Process Alarm.
Deviation Meterthe display of process temperature on meter that
indicates temperature relative to the set point.
Dielectrican electrical insulator - a material with low electrical
conductivity.
Dielectric Strengthan amount of voltage that an insulating
material can withstand before an electrical breakdown occurs.
Differentialin an on/off control, the temperature difference
expressed in degrees between where the control switches off and the
control switches on.
Differential Mode Line Filtera device to filter noise signals
between two power lines.
Digital Indicationthe actual process temperature in indicated by
LED.
Digital Set Pointthe desired temperature value is set by means of a
pushbutton or pushwheel switch.
DINDeutsche Industrial Norms, a German agency that sets
engineering standards.
DiodeDevice that allows current to flow in only one direction.
Drifta change in a value over a long period due to changes in
factors such as ambient temperature, time or line voltage.
Droopin time proportioning controls, the difference in temperature
between the set point and where the system temperature stabilizes.
Corrected by automatic or manual reset.
Dual Outputthe primary output will regulate the process
temperature. A secondary output will be utilized for process cooling
or as an alarm.
Duty Cyclethe time to complete one ON/OFF cycle.
Efficiencythe amount of useful output versus energy input.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)electrical and magnetic noise
than can be generated when switching AC power. EMI can interfere
with the operation of microprocessor based controls.
EmissivityThe ratio of radiant energy emitted from a surface compared to the radiant energy emitted from a black body at the same temperature.
Endothermica process is endothermic when it absorbs heat.
Enthalpythe sum of the internal energy of a body and the product of
its volume multiplied by the pressure used to evaluate the energy
change occurring when a vapor or gas is heated. Expressed in units
of Btu/lb. or Joules/gram.
Errorthe difference between the correct value and the reading or
display value.
Exothermic-a process is exothermic when it generates heat.
Eventa programmable On/Off output used to signal peripheral
equipment or a process.
Flow Ratespeed or velocity of fluid movement.
Form A RelaySingle pole, single throw relay with Normally Open
(NO) and common contacts. When heat is required for a process,
the contacts will close.
Form B RelaySingle pole, single throw relay with Normally
Closed (NC) and common contacts. Contacts are open when coil is ener-
Form C RelaySingle pole, double throw relay with Normally Open

(NO), Normally Closed (NC) and common contacts. Can be selected
as Form A or Form B contact.
fpmflow velocity in feet per minute.
fpsflow velocity in feet per second.
Fahrenheita temperature scale with 32F defined as the ice point
and 212F as the boiling point of water at sea level.
Frequencythe number of event occurrences or cycles over a
specified period of time.
Freezing Pointthe temperature where a material changes from a
liquid to a solid.
FuseA device that interrupts power in a circuit when an overload
occurs.
Fuzzy LogicAn artificial intelligence technique that allows control
decisions to be made upon approximate or incomplete information.
Fuzzy Logic is a continuous decision making function that can prevent
initial overshoot and set point differentials.
GIGAthe prefix for one billion (G).
gphthe volumetric flow rate in gallons per hour.
gpmthe volumetric flow rate in gallons per minute.
Groundthe electrical neutral line having the same potential as the
surrounding earth; the negative side of a DC power supply; the
reference point for an electrical system.
Grounded JunctionA thermocouple junction in which the sheath
and conductors are welded together forming a completely sealed
integrated junction.
Heatthermal energy expressed in Calories, Btus or Joules.
Heat Balanceproper sizing of the heat source to the requirements of
the system (including heat losses) (See: Calculating Heating
Requirements in the Engineering Section).
Heat of Fusionthe amount of energy required to change one pound
of a material from a solid to a liquid without an increase in
temperature. Expressed in Btu/lb.
Heat of Vaporizationthe amount of energy required to change one
pound of a material from a liquid to a vapor without an increase in
temperature. Expressed in Btu/lb.
Heat Sinkheat conducting material used to dissipate heat.
Heat Transfera process of thermal energy flowing from one body to
another.
1) Conduction: the transfer of heat from one particle of matter to
another.
2) Convection: the transfer of heat from one part of a particle to
another by the mixing of the warmer particles with the cooler.
3) Radiant: the transfer of heat from one body to another as the
result of the bodies emitting and absorbing radiation energy.
Heat Transfer Mediuma gas, liquid or solid through which heat
flows from the heat source to the work.
Hertzunits of expression for frequency, measured in cycles per
second.
Hi-Pot Testto apply a high voltage to an electrical conductor to test
the surrounding insulation.
Hysteresisthe temperature sensitivity designed into the on/off control action between the on and off switching points. Expressed in percentage of control range.
Ice Pointthe temperature where pure water freezes (0C or 32F).
Impedancethe total opposition in a circuit to the flow of alternating
current. Measured in ohms and represented by Z.
Infraredor radiation is the exchange of energy by electromagnetic
waves. The infrared spectrum extends from the deep red end of the
visible spectrum to the microwave region of the radio spectrum, The
portion adjacent to the visible spectrum is of importance to heating.
Radiant heat transfer can be very efficient in directing energy from the
heat source to an object.
IsolationElectrical Separation
Isothermala process or area that maintains a constant
temperature.
Integral(See Automatic Reset).
Joulethe basic unit of thermal energy. 1 Joule equals 1 ampere

passed through a resistance of 1 ohm for 1 second.
JunctionA thermocouple junction is the point at which two alloys are
joined. A typical thermocouple circuit would have a measuring and a
refernce junction.
Kelvinthe unit of absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale.
Zero Kelvin is absolute zero, where all molecular activity stops. No
symbol is used. 0C = 273.15K; 100C = 373.15K.
Kilothe prefix for one thousand (K).
Kilowatt (kw)1000 watts or 3412 Btu per hour.
Kilowatt Hourelectrical unit of energy expended by one kilowatt in
one hour.
Least Significant DigitThe digit farthest to the right in a display.
Linearitythe deviation of an instruments response from a straight
line.
Loadthe electrical demand of a process expressed as wattage,
amps or resistance (ohms).
Manual Resetthe adjustment on a proportional control which shifts
the proportioning band in relation to the set point to eliminate droop of
offset errors.
Mass Flow Rateweight of a substance flowing per unit of time past
a specific cross-sectional area within a system.
Mean Temperaturethe maximum and minimum temperature
average of a process at equilibrium.
Measuring Junctionthe thermocouple junction at the point of
measurement in the process.
Megathe prefix for one million (M) (106).
Mechanical Relayan electromechanical device that completes or
breaks a circuit by opening or closing electrical contacts.
MicroThe prefix for one millionth (10-6).
Microamp10-6 amps (one millionth of an amp).
Micron10-6 meters (one millionth of a meter).
MilliThe prefix for one thousndth (10-3).
MicroprocessorThe central processing unit (CPU) that performs the
logic operations in a micro-computer system. The microprocessor in
a process or instrument control decodes instructions from the stored
program, performs algorithmic and logic functions, and produces
signals and commands.
Milliamp10-3 amps (one thousandth of an amp).
Millivolt10-3 volts (one thousandth of a volt).
NECNational Electrical Code
NEMANational Electrical Manufacturers Association
Noiseundesirable electrical interference on the signal wires.
Noise Suppressiona device used to reduce electrical interference.
Normal Mode Rejection Ratiothe ability of an instrument to reject
interference of the line frequency (50-60Hz) across the input
terminals.
NPTNational Pipe Thread
Offsetthe difference in temperature between the set point and the
actual process temperature.
OHMThe unit of electric resistance.
On-Offa control whose action is full on or full off.
Open Loop Controla control system with no sensing feedback.
Overshootexcursion of temperature above the set point.
Phasetime based relationship between an intermittent function and a
reference. Electrically, the expression is in angular degrees to
describe the voltage or current relationship of two alternating
waveforms.
Phase Proportioninga temperature control form where the power
supplied to the process is controlled by limiting the phase angle of the
line voltage.
PIDthree mode temperature controlproportional, integral (automatic
reset), derivative (rate).
Polarityhaving two oppositely charged poles; one positive, one
negative.
PottingThe sealing of components with a compound such as epoxy
to protect against moisture and other contaminates.

Process Alarma fixed alarm or secondary set point value
independent of the primary set point. Should a process value exceed
this value, an alarm condition would register.
Process Variablethe parameter being controlled or measured such
as temperature, relative humidity, flow, level, pressure, etc.
Proportioning Banda temperature band in degrees within which a
controls proportioning function is active.
Proportioning Control Modewhen process temperature
approaches set point and enters the proportioning band, the output is
switched on and off at the established cycle time. The change in
power to the load provides a throttling action which results in less
temperature overshoot. This cycling will continue until on and off
times are equal.
psiapounds per square inch absolute. Pressure reference to a
vacuum.
psigpound per square inch gage. Pressure reference to ambient air
pressure.
Quality of Steamthe relative amount of liquid present in saturated
steam as a percent of the total weight. The quality of steam is 100%
less the percent liquid. Dry saturated steam has a quality of 100%.
Rampa programmed rise in temperature.
Rangean area between two limits in which a measurement or
control action takes place. Typically expressed in upper and lower
limits.
Rankinean absolute temperature scale based upon the Fahrenheit
scale with 180 between the ice point and boiling point of water.
0F = 459.67R.
Rate (derivative)a control function that measures the rate of
increase or decrease of the system temperature and brings the
control into an accelerated proportioning action. This mode prevents
an overshoot condition at initial heat-up and with system
disturbances.
Rate Timethe interval over which the system temperature is
sampled for the derivative function.
Repeatabilitythe ability to give the same output or measurement
under repeated identical conditions.
Resistancethe resistance to the flow of electric current measured in
ohms.
Resolution Sensitivitythe amount of temperature change that must
occur before the control will actuate. It may be expressed in
temperature or as a percentage of the controls scale.
Response TimeIn analog instruments, the time required for a
change of the measured quantity to change the indication.
In sensors, the time required to reach 63.2% of the step change.
Retransmit Outputanalog output scaled to the process or the set
point value.
RS232 or RS485 Output SignalA serial interface suitable for
connection between a digital control and a personal computer, a host
computer or printer.
RTDa temperature sensing probe of finely wound platinum wire that
displays a linear resistance change for a corresponding temperature
change. The resistance increases as the temperature rises. A base
resistance of 100 ohms at 32F is the industry (DIN) standard.
Saturation Temperaturethe boiling temperature of a liquid at the
existing pressure.
SCFMVolumetric flow rate in cubic feet per minute at 60F (15C)
and standard atmospheric pressure.
SCRSilicone Controlled Rectifier
Sensor Breakdown Protectioncircuitry which ensures safe process
shut down in the event of sensor failure.
Serial CommunicationsA method of transmitting data between
devices.
Set Pointcontrol setting to achieve or maintain temperature.
Shape Factorin radiant applications, the amount of energy received
by the target relative to heater rating and distance to the target.
Shieldmaterial surrounding a conductor(s) to prevent electrostatic or
EMI from external sources.
Slide Wire FeedbackA potentiometer that varies the resistance to

control a valve position.
SoakTo raise the temperature of a metal object in a heated
environment to produce a metallurgical change.
Standarda reference point from which references or calibrations are
made.
Soft Startreduces voltage on initial start-up which reduces power to
the heaters. If heater has accumulated moisture internally during a
shut down, soft start will allow heater to dry before full voltage is
applied extending heater life.
Solid State Relaya solid state switching device which completes or
breaks a circuit electrically with no moving parts.
Spanthe difference between the upper and lower limits of a
controllers range.
Specific Gravitythe ratio of mass of any material to the same
volume of pure water at 4C.
Specific Heatthe ratio of thermal energy required to raise the
temperature of a particle 1 degree to the thermal energy required to
raise an equal mass of water 1 degree.
Speed of Responsetime needed for a temperature change
occurring at the sensor to be translated into a control action.
Stabilitythe ability of an instrument or sensor to maintain a
constant output when a constant input is applied.
Standarda reference point from which references or calibrations are
made.
Super Heatingthe heating of a liquid above its boiling temperature
without changing to a gaseous state; or the heating of a gas
considerably above the boiling temperature.
Surge Currenta current of short duration occurring when power is
initially applied to capacitive or resistive loads, usually lasting no more
than several cycles.
Temperature Gradientthe range of temperature variations at
various physical locations throughout a thermal system.
Terathe prefix for one trillion(T).
Thermal Conductivitythe property of a material to conduct heat.
Thermal Expansionan increase in size due to an increase in

temperature.
Thermal Lagthe time delay in the distribution of heat throughout a
thermal system.
Thermal Systema series of components arranged and designed to
provide heat. The four elements or components compromising a
Thermal System are:
1) work or load
2) heat source
3) heat transfer medium
4) control system
Thermistora temperature sensing probe manufactured of a mixture of
metal oxides then encapsulated in epoxy or glass. A large change in
resistance is exhibited proportional to a change in temperature. The
resistance usually decreases as temperature rises.
Thermocouplea temperature sensing probe consisting of the
junction of two dissimilar metals which has a millivolt output
proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot
junction and the lead wires (cold junction).
Thermowella closed-end tube into which a temperature sensor is
inserted to isolate it from the environment.
Transducera device that converts a measured variable into another
form which is the transducers output. A thermocouple transforms heat
to a millivolt output.
Transmittera device used to transmit temperature data from the sensor.
Undershootexcursion of temperature below set point.
Ungrounded JunctionA thermocouple junction fully insulated from
the sheath.
Viscositythe inherent resistance of a substance to flow
Voltagean electrical potential which is measured in volts.
Wattagea measurement of electrical power. In a resistive circuit,
VI = W (See Ohms Law formulas).
Watt Densitythe rated wattage of an element per unit of surface area.
Usually expressed in watts per square inch.
Zero Voltage Switchingcompleting or breaking of a circuit when the
voltage wave form crosses zero voltage.
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ACalternating current
A/Danalog-to-digital
AECarchitect, engineer and constructor
AIartificial intelligence
ANDFarchitecture neutral distribution format
ASCIapplication specific integrated circuit
APIapplication programming interface
ATGautomatic tank gauge
BCDbinary coded decimal
BPSbits per second
CADcomputer-aided design
CAEcomputer-aided engineering
CAMcomputer-aided manufacturing
CASEcomputer-aided software engineering
C/Ccenter-to-center
CFCchlorofluorocarbon
CIEcomputer integrated enterprise
CIMcomputer integrated manufacturing
CIPclean in place
CJCcold junction compensation
CMOScomplementary metal oxide
semi-conductor
CNCcomputer numerical control
CPUcentral processing unit
CRCcyclic redundancy check
CRTcathode ray tube
CSACanadian Standards Association
CTcurrent transformer
D/Adigital-to-analog
DASdata acquisitions system
DCdirect current
DCEdistributed computing environment
DCSdistributed control system
DESdiscrimination expert system
DINDeutsches Institute fur Normung
DMAdirect memory access
DNCdirect numerical control
DOSdisk operating system
DPdifferential pressure
DPDTdouble pole, double throw
DPMdigital panel meter
DRAMdynamic random access memory
EHLeffective heated length
EMIelectro magnetic interference
EMSexpanded memory specification
EPAenhanced performance architecture
EPROMerasable, programmable read-only
memory
ERPenterprise resource planning
ESexpert system
EVOPevolutionary operations
EWMAexponentially weighted moving
average
FCSfield control station
FFTfast Fourier transform

FIAflow injection analysis
FIDflame ionization detector
FIPfactory information protocol
FMS flexible manufacturing system
FSfull scale
FTIRFourier transform infrared
GCgas chromatograph
GPIBgeneral purpose interface bus
GUIgraphical user interface
HCFChydrochlorofluorocarbon
HPLChigh pressure liquid chromatography
HPVhigh performance vane
HTGhydrostatic tank gauge
ICintegrated circuit
I/Oinput/output
ID inside diameter
I/Pcurrent-to-pneumatic
IRinfrared
ISintrinsic safety
JITjust-in-time
LANlocal area network
LCliquid chromatograph
LCDliquid crystal display
LCLlower control unit
LDESlinear discrimination expert system
LEDlight emitting diode
LELlower explosive limit
LIMSlaboratory information management
system
LPlinear programming
MACTmaximum achievable control
technology
MAPmanufacturing automation protocol
MGOmagnesium oxide
MIPSmillions instructions per second
MISmanagement information services
MMIman machine interface
MMSmanufacturing message system
MTBFmeantime between failures
MTTDmean time to detect
MTTFmean time to fail
MODEMmodulating/demodulating module
MPCSmanufacturing planning and control
software
MRPmaterial requirements planning
MRP IImanufacturing resource planning
NCnormally closed
NC-numerical control
NDIRnon-dispersive infrared
NIRnear infrared
NOnormally open
OCRoptical character recognition
ODoutside diameter
OEMoriginal equipment manufacturer
WARRANTY: OGDEN makes no warranties or representations of

any sort regarding the fitness for use, or the application of its
products by the Purchaser. The selection, application or use of
OGDEN products is the Purchasers responsibility. OGDEN products
are warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship.
OGDENs sole responsibility under this warranty is to repair or
replace, free of charge, F.O.B. its factory, items determined by
OGDEN to be defective. The period of the warranty is one year from
the manufacturing date, or three years for products so marked.
Some additional time is extended for items purchased through and
stocked by authorized OGDEN Service Centers. All warranties exist
between OGDEN and the first party Purchaser. No claims will be
allowed for labor, material, loss of profit or damages in shipping,
handling, in installation or by abuse. OGDEN will not honor back
charges for any alterations, modifications or revisions of any kind.
OGDEN cannot warranty any immersion heater against failure by
sheath corrosion if caused by operating conditions beyond the control of OGDEN. The ultimate selection of sheath and other immersion heater component materials are the responsibility of the
Purchaser.
OGDEN MANUFACTURING CO.
Printed in U.S.A.
1997
OIoperator interface
OODobject oriented design
OOPobject oriented programming
OSIopen systems interconnection
P&IDpiping and instrumentation diagram
PBproportional band
PCpersonal computer or programmable
controller
PDpositive displacement
P/Ipneumatic-to-current
PIproportional-integral
PIDproportional-integral-derivative
PLCprogrammable logic controller
PROMprogrammable logic controller
PSApressure sensitive adhesive
PRVpressure reducing valve
PVprocess variable or process value
QCquality control
R&Dresearch and development
RAMrandom access memory
RFradio frequency
RFIradio frequency interference
RHrelative humidity
RMSroot mean square
ROMread-only memory
RSSroot sum squared
RTDresistance temperature detector
RTUremote terminal unit
RVrelief valve
SCADAsupervisory control and data
acquisition
SCRsilicon controlled rectifier
SFCsupercritical fluid chromatography
SNAsystems networking architecture
SPset point
SPCstatistical process control
SPDTsingle pole, double throw
SQCstatistical quality control
SSRsolid state relay
SSCsingle station controller
SVset point value
T/Cthermocouple
TCDthermal conductivity detector
THDtotal harmonic distortion
TOPtechnical office protocol
TPMtotal predictive maintenance
TQCtotal quality control
TVSStransient voltage surge suppressor
UCLupper control limit
UPSuninterruptible power supply
UVultraviolet
VDTvideo display terminal
VFDvariable frequency drive
VMEvirtual memory executive system
WANwide area network
WIPwork-in-process
RETURNS: No products returned can be accepted without a

completed Return Material Authorization form.
Variance in Quantity (VIQ):
Because of special manufacturing requirements and processes,
Ogden may ship the following Variances in Quantity:
Order Quantity
VIQ
1-6 pieces
0
7-24 pieces
1
25-49 pieces
2
50-80 pieces
3
81-99 pieces
4
100+
5%
There is no overshipment on items with a net value over $125.
However, certain items of extraordinary difficulty may exceed
above VIQ.
The following are registered trademarks of OGDEN
Manufacturing Co.: OGDEN, Mighty-Blade, Golden-Ray,
Chameleon, Mighty Watt, Mighty Watt Plus, Mighty Watt Grabber,
Bullet, Maxi-Zone, Mighty-Tuff, Mighty-Miser, Aluma-Flex,
Mini-Tubular, ETR, Smarter Logic, ETR-9090. ETR-3200, ETR-9200,
ETR-3100. ETR-9300. MARCA REGISTRADA
Monel, Incoloy and Inconel are trademarks of the Inco family of companies.
Teflon and Kapton are trademarks of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company.

Process Heating Requirements Calculations

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Process Heating Requirements Calculations

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GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING

PROCESS HEATING REQUIREMENTS

DETERMINE APPROPRIATE WATT DENSITY

SELECT TYPE OF HEATERS(S)

DETERMINE PROPER SHEATH MATERIAL

THERMAL SYSTEM DESIGN

FACTORS EFFECTING SYSTEM ACCURACY

Cold Material added

SELECTION OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL

1T: Heat Losses From Uninsulated Metal Surfaces

WATTS PER SQUARE FOOT

3T: Heat Losses From Oil and Parafin Surfaces

TEMPERATURE OF OIL OR PARAFFIN (F)

4T: Heat Losses From Water Surfaces

WATTS PER SQUARE FOOT

WATTS PER SQUARE FOOT

2T: Heat Losses From Insulated Surfaces

100 110 120

150 160 170

TEMPERATURE OF WATER (F)

5T: Heat Losses From Molten Metal Surfaces (Lead,

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (T)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

11T:Thermal Conductivity of Various Substances

* Expressed in gramcalories/second/square centimeter/centimeter/C

15T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements

SHEATH TEMPERATURE (F)

WATTS PER SQUARE INCH

WATTS PER SQUARE INCH

12T: Sheath Temperature of Tubular Elements at

*FINNED TUBULAR HEATER LIMIT (STEEL SHEATH AND FINS)

13T: Sheath Temperatures of Tubular Elements

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F)

800 900* 1000

*FINNED TUBULAR HEATER LIMIT (STEEL SHEATH AND FINS)

FINNED TUBULAR HEATER

14T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements

600 750* 800

*FINNED TUBULAR HEATER LIMIT (STEEL SHEATH AND FINS)

17T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements

600 700* 800

*FINNED TUBULAR HEATER LIMIT (STEEL SHEATH AND FINS)

WATTS PER SQUARE INCH

16T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements

18T: Sheath Temperature of HD Strip Heaters

21T: Allowable Watt Density of Finned HD Strip

WATTS PER SQUARE INCH

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F)

WATTS PER SQUARE IN

19T: Allowable Watt Density of HD Strip Heaters to

22T: Allowable Watt Density of Finned HD Strip

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F)

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F)

20T: Allowable Watt Density of HD Strip Heaters to

WATTS PER SQUARE INCH

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F)

22A: Sheath Temperature vs Cold End . 25 Diameter Tubular

22D: Sheath Temperature vs Cold End

SHEATH TEMPERATURE (F)

COLD END LENGTH

22B: Sheath Temperature vs Cold End .312 Diameter Tubular

COLD END LENGTH

22E: Sheath Temperature vs Ambient Temperature in a Vacuum

COLD END LENGTH