Preparation, tensile, damping and thermal

properties of polyurethanes based on

various structural polymer polyols: effects of
composition and isocyanate index
Shoubing Chen, Qihua Wang & Tingmei
Wang

Journal of Polymer Research

ISSN 1022-9760
Volume 19
Number 11
J Polym Res (2012) 19:1-7
DOI 10.1007/s10965-012-9994-2

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J Polym Res (2012) 19:9994
DOI 10.1007/s10965-012-9994-2

ORIGINAL PAPER

Preparation, tensile, damping and thermal properties

of polyurethanes based on various structural polymer
polyols: effects of composition and isocyanate index
Shoubing Chen & Qihua Wang & Tingmei Wang

Received: 25 March 2012 / Accepted: 4 October 2012

# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012

Abstract A series of polyurethanes (PUs) based on poly

(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG), poly (ethylene adipate)
(PEA) diol, polycaprolactone (PCL) diol and castor oil (CO)
were synthesized. The tensile, damping and thermal properties
were studied systematically in terms of the composition and
isocyanate index (R). Results showed that when R is 2, the
PUs exhibit a relatively high tensile strength more than
30 MPa. The PTMG-PU, PCL-PU and PEA-PU show high
elongation at break compared to the cross-linked CO-PU.
When R is 1.5, tensile strengths decrease compared to R is 2.
But, the elongations of PTMG-PU, PCL-PU and CO-PU
increase. DMA analysis showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) is increasing as the sequence of PTMG-PU,
PCL-PU, PEA-PU and CO-PU. The Tg of CO-PU is as high
as 60.6 C when R is 1.5 and 93.4 C when R is 2. The Tg
ranges of the other linear PUs are between 50 and 12 C.
The damping temperature ranges of these PUs are relatively
broad. Further, TG results showed the start degradation temperatures of them are approx 260 C. These results show a
good guidance to select a kind of PU when prepare the
PU-polymer composites for given properties.
Keywords Polyurethanes . Polyols . Tensile properties,
Damping properties

Introduction
Polyurethanes (PUs) are organic polymers that contain the
urethane group in the structure. PUs are produced in the
S. Chen : Q. Wang (*) : T. Wang
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000, China
e-mail: wangqh@licp.cas.cn

form of foamed plastics, structural elastomers and coating

elastomers, adhesives and auxiliary agents, for their structural versatility [14].
The PU is made by the reaction of a polyol with a diisocyanate. The isocyanates form the major part of the hard or
rigid phase of the polyurethane. Polyols provide the soft segment of the polymer and are capped with a hydroxyl group.
The multiformity of PU comes from the different Polyols [1,
5]. PU can be available both as relatively rigid plastomers and
as flexible elastomers with compact or foamed structures. PU
as flexible elastomers especially the polymer composites containing PU (PU used as the component of polymer matrix or
used as modifier) has received considerable attention in recent
years for the increasing demand of functional and structural
polymer composites. Spirkova [6] studied PU elastomers made
from linear polybutadiene diols. The polybutadiene-based PU
prepared from isophorone diisocyanate exhibited very good
elastic properties and good oil resistance. Oprea [7] investigated high molecular weight polyethylene glycol based PU and
the results showed that the prepared PU had very good tensile
properties. Bae et al. [8] prepared PU from 4,4-methylene bis
(phenylisocyanate), poly(tetramethyleneglycol) and studied
their dynamic mechanical behaviour. Gite et al. [9] presented
a study on the effect of NCO/OH ratio and an increase in
hydroxyl content of acrylic polyols on the properties of PU
coatings. Further, the PU-based polymer composites were
researched extensively recent years. For e.g. the preparation
and properties of PU modified by carbon nanotubes [10],
silicate nanoclay [11, 12], zeolite particulate [13], nanofiber
filaments [14], polystyrene [15], chitin [16], vinyl ester [17],
epoxy resin [18, 19], wood flour [20], etc. Though diffident
kinds of PU and PU composites were studied, most of
researchers only focused one or two types of PU. The comparison of performance between different types of PU is limited.
In this paper, we focused on the castable PU elastomers
and presented the comparison of performance between

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J Polym Res (2012) 19:9994

Experimental

TDI with continuous mechanical stirring for 2 h at about

70 C under dry nitrogen atmosphere [22]. The isocyanate
index (R, NCO/OH molar ratio) was 1.50 and 2.0, respectively. Then the melt curing agent MOCA for the PU was
added and mechanical stirred uniformly. The mixture was
degassed under vacuum and poured into preheated Teflon
moulds. They were cured at 100 C for 12 h. In present
study, PTMG-based PU (PTMG-PU), PEA-based PU (PEAPU), PCL-based PU (PEA-PU) and castor oil-based PU
(CO-PU) with the two isocyanate indices (1.5 and 2) were
prepared, respectively.

Raw materials

Characterization

Poly (tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) (Mn02000) was supplied by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (Japan). Poly
(ethylene adipate) (PEA) diol (Mn02000) was purchased
from Qingdao Huayuan Polymer Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Polycaprolactone (PCL) diol (Mn02000) was supplied
by Daicel Chemical Industries Co. Ltd. (Japan). Castor oil
(CO) was obtained from Laiyang Shuangshuang Chemical
Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Figure 1 shows structures of
the polyols. 2, 4-Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was supplied
by Shanghai Sanyou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai,
China). 3, 3-Dichloro-4, 4-diamino diphenyl methane
(MOCA, Chemtura, Shanghai, Co., Ltd.) was used as curing
agent. The PTMG, PEA, PCL and CO were dried under
vacuum at 100 C for 8 h before use.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained on

a FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Instruments, Germany) in the
wave number range 4000500 cm1.
Tensile properties were studied on an Electron Omnipotence Experiment Machine SANS-CMT5105 (Shenzhen
Sans Testing Machine Co., Ltd., China), according to GB/
T1040.2/1A-2006 (ISO527-2/1A:1993) under ambient condition. The sample (length 150 mm, preferred thickness
4 mm, gauge length 50 mm) was tested at the strain rate of
10 mm/min and five specimens were tested for each sample
compositions.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging was
performed on a JSM-5600 (JEOL, Japan) operated at
20 kV. The samples were coated with gold before
observation.
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was carried out on
a DMA 242 C analyzer (NETZSCH Instruments, Germany)
with double-cantilever mode (3.2 cm1.0 cm) over a temperature range from 100 C to 150 C at a heating rate of
3 C/min at 1, 10, 20, and 50 Hz, respectively.

different types of them. The polyether diol-based PU, polyester diol-based PU and triol-based PU were prepared with
2,4-toluene diisocyanate and the 3, 3-dichloro-4, 4-diamino diphenyl methane was taken as chain extender. Their
mechanical, damping and thermal properties were studied
systematically in terms of composition and isocyanate index. The results could be a reference for making PU elastomer and related PU composite with specific performance.

Synthesis of PUs based on various polymer polyols

The synthetic method was developed as follows: the
isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer was prepared by reacting polyols (PTMG, PEA, PCL, CO) and

Fig. 1 Chemical structures of the polymer polyols

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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on a

STA 449 C Jupiter Analyst (NETZSCH Instruments, Germany), with a heating rate of 10 C/min from room temperature to 750 C under a nitrogen atmosphere.

Results and discussion

FTIR analysis
Figure 2 shows the FTIR spectra of PTMG, TDI, PTMG-PU
prepolymer and cured PTMG-PU (NCO/OH molar ratio R is
2). The absorption at about 1113 cm1 is the characteristic
absorption of aliphatic ether. An intense sharp absorption
band for the NCO group is observed at ca. 2270 cm1for the
isocyanate terminated PTMG-PU prepolymer. In addition,
the PU prepolymer spectrum show characteristic absorption
bands at 1734 and 3286 cm1 corresponding to the C0O
group of the urethane linkage and the NH stretching of
urethane amide. In the spectrum of cured PTMG-PU, the
characteristic absorption band at ca. 2270 cm1 disappears,
which indicates that the PU prepolymer is cured completely
by MOCA. The spectra confirm the formation of PTMG-PU
prepolymer and the completely cured of PTMG-PU.
The other FTIR spectra of the PEA, PCL, CO and their
corresponding PU prepolymers we studied in this paper are
shown in Fig. 3. The characteristic absorption bands for
PEA-PU prepolymer are C0O group of the urethane linkage
(1737 cm1), N-H of urethane amide (3348 cm1) and
terminated NCO (2273 cm1). The characteristic absorption bands for PCL-PU prepolymer are C0O group of the
urethane linkage (1726 cm1), N-H of urethane amide
(3348 cm1) and terminated NCO (2273 cm1). The characteristic absorption bands for CO-PU prepolymer are C0O
group of the urethane linkage (1709 cm1), N-H of urethane
amide (3294 cm1) and terminated NCO (2273 cm1). The
spectra confirmed the formation of PU prepolymer.

Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of PTMG, TDI, PTMG-PU prepolymer and cured

PTMG-PU(R02)

Fig. 3 FTIR spectra of PEA, PCL, CO and their corresponding PU

prepolymers (R02)

Tensile properties
Tensile properties of PU based on various polyols are shown
in Fig. 4(isocyanate index, R, is 2) and Fig. 5(R is 1.5).
When R is 2, PUs based on each polyols exhibit a relatively
high tensile strength (more than 30 MPa). The PTMG-PU,
PCL-PU and PEA-PU are linear PUs and thus show high
elongation at break compared to the cross-linked CO-PU.
Further, for the cross-linked networks exist in CO-PU, the
tensile strength of it is much higher than the others. When R
is 1.5, the tensile strength of each kind of PU decreases
compared to the PU when R is 2. Nevertheless, the elongation at break of PTMG-PU, PCL-PU and CO-PU increase
by 47 %, 16 % and 348 % compared to when the R of PU is
2, respectively.
Figure 6 gives the stressstrain curves of the various PU
when R is 2. For the linear PU, we can see the stress is
increase with the increasing strain until the sample is break.
The rate of stress increases sharply and then slowly. And

Fig. 4 Tensile properties of PU based on various polyols with R is 2

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J Polym Res (2012) 19:9994

(PCL-PU and PEA-PU) compared to polyether-PU (PTMGPU) [23]. The polyester-PU has better tensile properties. It is
noticed that only the PEA-PU show relatively low tensile
strength and elongation when R is 1.5, which is not consistent the discussion. The possible reason will be discussed in
SEM analysis.
SEM analysis of tensile fracture PUs

Fig. 5 Tensile properties of PU based on various polyols with R is 1.5

during the test, significant stress-whitening phenomena are

observed. Therefore, crystallizing induced during the tensile
testing in linear PU polymers. For the cross-linked CO-PU,
a type stressstrain curve of noncrystal polymer can be seen.
A yield point exists in the curve.
The tensile properties of PU are dependent on the chemical composition and content of the soft segment, and also
on the hard segment content [21]. Generally, PU has higher
tensile strength but lower elongation at break when the
content of hard segment is higher. For each kind of PU,
the hard segment content is higher and thus the tensile
strength is stronger when R is 2. In present study, the
different of chemical composition comes from the different
chemical structures of polyols (Fig. 1). For CO-PU, the
castor oil is a triol, cross-linked networks can be formed in
CO-PU [22]. Compared to linear PU, it exhibits higher
tensile strength but lower elongation. The PTMG-PU,
PCL-PU and PEA-PU have same hard segment content for
the molecular weight of them is same. However, more
hydrogen bonding could be formed easier in polyester-PU

Fig. 6 Stressstrain curves of the various PU with R is 2

Figure 7 shows the surface morphologies of tensile fracture

PUs based on various polyols. The fracture surface of
PTMG-PU (Fig. 7 A and a) presents a smooth, homogeneous microstructure and a little small ridges exist on the
fracture plane. However, the fracture surface of PEA-PU
shows a most heterogeneous microstructure. Large cracks
and many small substances similar to bulge exist in the
fracture plane especially when R is 1.5 (Fig. 7b). The
reasons may be that the hydrogen bonding is much stronger
than the other PU. Many rigid phases exist in it which
impaired the elasticity of the PEA-PU. Thus, it shows notable lower tensile strength and lower elongation. The surface
morphologies of PCL-PU (Fig. 7 C and c) are a little more
heterogeneous and much small ridges compared with the
morphologies of PTMG-PU. It could be attributed to the
hydrogen bonding in PCL-PU. That is why the tensile
strength of PCL-PU is a little higher whereas elongation at
break of PCL-PU is a little lower than the corresponding
property of PTMG-PU. The SEM of CO-PU shows homogeneous, glassy morphologies (Fig. 7 D and d) because of the cross-linked network structure. It is the
special structure determines the properties of high strength
and low elongation of it.
Dynamic mechanical analysis
The storage modulus (E) and loss modulus (E) are the
quantities of energy stored through elastic behavior and
energy lost through conversion to heat, respectively. The
loss tangent, tan , defined by the ratio E/E, is usually used
as a measure of the damping properties (dissipation of
vibration energy) of materials [24]. The glass transition
temperatures (Tg) were obtained as a large maximum in
the tan curves [25] and the temperature range with tan >
0.2 is taken to evaluate damping capacity called damping
temperature range in present study.
Figure 8 and 9 show DMA traces of PTMG-PU, PCLPU, PEA-PU and CO-PU at 10 Hz; the corresponding
characteristic data are given in Table 1. It can be seen that
the glass transition temperatures (Tg) is increasing as the
sequence of PTMG-PU, PCL-PU, PEA-PU and CO-PU.
CO-PU is a three dimension cross-linked network structure.
The chain segments of it need more quantity of heat to
move. The Tg of CO-PU is as high as 60.6 C when R is

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Fig. 7 SEM micrographs of

tensile fractured surface of (A)
PTMG-PU, (B) PEA-PU, (C)
PCL-PU, (D) CO-PU when R is
2; (a) PTMG-PU, (b) PEA-PU,
(c) PCL-PU, (d) CO-PU when
R is 1.5

Fig. 8 DMA traces of PTMG-PU and PCL-PU with different R at

10 Hz

Fig. 9 DMA traces of PEA-PU and CO-PU with different R at 10 Hz

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Table 1 Characteristic DMA data of various PU at 10 Hz

PU samples

Temperature
range (C)
tan >0.2

tan (max.)

Tg (C)

PTMG-PU (R01.5)
PTMG-PU (R02)
PCL-PU (R01.5)
PCL-PU (R02)
PEA-PU (R01.5)
PEA-PU (R02)
CO-PU (R01.5)
CO-PU (R02)

62.8/3.6

51.9/6.1
67.1/1.8
43.4/1.1
33.6/23.5
34.6/88.9
70.7/116.8

0.237
0.193
0.257
0.469
0.245
0.366
0.531
0.359

41.8
50.9
28.3
36.3
21.3
12.3
60.6
93.4

1.5 and 93.4 C when R is 2. And the damping temperature

range (tan >0.2) is approx 50 C. It can be used in damping polymer composites with polymers has higher (for example epoxy resin [18]) or lower Tg to further broaden the
temperature range. PTMG-PU, PCL-PU and PEA-PU present as elastic state in ambient temperature. The Tg of them is
lower than zero C. The Tg of PCL-PU and PEA-PU is
higher than PTMG-PU because of the affections of the
hydrogen bonding. The Tg range of them is between 50
and 12 C and the damping temperature range (Table 1) is
relatively broad. The results show a good guidance to select
a kind of PU when prepare the PU-polymer composites for
given properties (either mechanical or damping properties).
In practical application, the influence of frequency must
be considered. Four test frequencies are applied to PEA-PU
(R02) are shown in Fig. 10. The Tg of the PU becomes higher
and the damping temperature range becomes wider when the
higher frequency is applied. The reason for the Tg shift was
that at a fixed temperature, when the frequency was low
enough and 1/ ( delegates frequency)>> (chain segment;
the relaxing speed of chain segment from one equilibrium
position to another was expressed with ), the polymer
showed high-elastic state. When the frequency was high

Fig. 11 TGA thermograms of (a) PTMG-PU, (b) PEA-PU, (c) PCLPU, (d) CO-PU with R is 2

enough and 1/<< (chain segment), the polymer showed

glassy state. However, when 1/(chain segment), polymers were at the glass transition state, and this state had good
damping property. Thus, higher the frequency applied, higher
temperature was required to achieve glass transition for the
same kind of polymer. The results correspond to an Arrhenius
dependence of 00 exp(H/RT), where R is the universal
gas constant, $ H is activation energy of the polymer chainsegment and 0 is a constant of the system [25].
Thermogravimetric analysis
The thermal degradation properties of PU based on PTMG,
PEA, PCL and CO (R is 2) were assessed by TGA. The
thermograms and some characteristic temperatures of the
various composites are shown in Fig. 11 and Table 2. The
start degradation temperatures of them are approx 260 C
because of the loss of carbon dioxide from the urethane
bond. The trends for TG curves of PTMG-PU, PEA-PU,
and PCL-PU are the same because the properties of PUs are
related to their structure. It can be seen that the CO-PU
degrades more quickly than the others after approx 270 C.
That is because the alkanes side chains in CO-PU degrade
quickly at this temperature. Generally, the start degradation
temperature is much higher than the Tg of PU. These
PUs can be used as damping materials around Tg and applied
in practical conditions.

Table 2 Characteristic data obtained for TGA thermogram of various

samples

Fig. 10 DMA curves of PEA-PU (R02) at different frequencies

Samples (R02)

T onset/C

T 10%

PTMG-PU a
PEA-PU b
PCL-PU c
CO-PU d

265.1
259.1
268.3
259.7

293.2
291.5
308.1
285.6

loss/C

T 20%
333.2
339.0
343.2
305.6

loss/C

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Conclusions
(1) The polyether diol-based PU (PTMG-PU), polyester
diol-based PU (PEA-PU and PCL-PU) and triol-based
PU (CO-PU) were synthesized and studied. When R is
2, PU based on each polyols exhibits a relatively high
tensile strength more than 30 MPa. The PTMG-PU,
PCL-PU and PEA-PU show high elongation at break
compared to the cross-linked CO-PU. When R is 1.5,
the tensile strength of each kind of PU decreases compared to R is 2. Nevertheless, the elongations at break
of PTMG-PU, PCL-PU and CO-PU increase by 47 %,
16 % and 348 %, respectively.
(2) The DMA analysis shows that the Tg is increasing as
the sequence of PTMG-PU, PCL-PU, PEA-PU and
CO-PU. The Tg ranges of PTMG-PU, PCL-PU and
PEA-PU are between 50 and 12 C and the damping
temperature range is relatively broad. The Tg of CO-PU
is as high as 60.6 C when R is 1.5 and 93.4 C when R
is 2. Its damping temperature range is approx 50 C.
They can be used in damping polymer composites with
polymers which has lower or higher Tg to further
broaden the temperature range. Further, the TG results
show the start degradation temperatures of them are
approx 260 C. These results show a good guidance to
select a kind of PU when prepare the PU-polymer
composites for given properties.

Acknowledgements The financial supports from the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (Grant
No. 51025517), the Innovative Group Foundation of NSFC (Grant No.
50721062), and the 973 Project of China (2007CB607606), the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Project (A1320110011) are
duly acknowledged.

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