Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
EXTERNAL WORKS
10
External Work
EARTHWORK
Earthwork are engineering works. They are created through the moving and processing part of the
earths surfaces which includes soil and rock. Theses soil and rock may be trasnfered to another
location. Most earthwork involves machine excavation and backfillling.
SETTLING OUT
Settling out involves marking out the site to indicate foundation trenches are to be dug as
well as the position of the walls on the oncrete foundation. Wooden profiles are firmly placed
into the ground, on which strings can be fixed, the position of which can be transferred to the
ground to indicate the trench and wall positions.
Once the profiles are in, the string lines for the outer edge of the trench are checked to
ensure that the diagonals are equal - showing that the house will be built square. If the
diagonals are not equal, then reposition some profiles and check again.
11
External Work
SITE LAYOUT
3 storey semidetached townhouse
Double storey
townhouse
Commercial/
Villa/Hotel
SITE OFFICE
Located on an empty land that will future developed not
far from the main road.
Site office buildings are fundamental for smooth running operation. The site office keeps all data,
documents and information about every construction method, specifications of materials and work
progresses. Every visitor to the site have to report to the construction office to obtain permission. It can be
either permanent or portable; usually portable and made from a container.
Bungalow Lots
Shop Apartment
Shop Apartment
12
External Work
SITE LAYOUT
SITE OFFICE
TOILET
LABOUR RELATION
Rows of temporary accommodation were built by and for the foreign workers. These workers live nomadically and stays on every
construction site they go to. In Cameron Highlands, their temporary staying place/shelter is made of plywood and zincalume roof too. The
shelter are slightly raised from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry whenever heavy rain hits.
13
External Work
Pipes from each house or building will flow to a sewer main. Repeatedly, a vertical pipe will run
up from the main to the surface where it is covered by a manhole cover. Manholes are present
to allow access to the main for maintenance purposes.
PROCESS
Note that
manhole covers
are circular,
arent square
or rectangle so
that the cover
will not have
the chance
to fall into the
main.
From there, the sewer mains will flow into sequentially larger pipes until they arrive at the
wastewater treatment plant. The type of pipe used in sewage is Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP). VCP
is used as it has resistance to almost all domestic waste, particularly sulfuric acid by hydrogen
sulfide (a common component in sewage). A sewer system is completely gravity-powered. In
order for gravity to do its job, the wastewater plant are usually located on lower grounds.
Once the water reaches the plant, it will go through several stages of treatment. The first stage
is known as a primary treatment where it allows the solids to settle out of the water and the scum
to rise. The system will then collect the solids for disposal, usually in a landfill or an incinerator.
The second stage, secondary treatment is carried out to remove organic materials and nutrient.
Air and is pumped into large aeration tanks mixing wastewater and sludge that stimulates the
growth of oxygen-using bacteria. These beneficial bacteria will consume the organic materials and
produce heavier particles that will settle later on. The wastewater passes through the bubbling
tanks in three to six hours. This secondary treatment will remove 90% of all solids and organic
materials.
The third and last treatment before discharging the effluent is the tertiary treatment. This
treatment uses chemicals to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from the water. Chlorine is added
too to kill bacteria. The water is then discharged into nearby river.
14
WATER RETICULATION
Multiple construction developers are carrying out their own projects in that and its neighbouring area. Due to the massive
construction in that area, the Government has requested the developer to have their own water tank to supply water to the
inner residential than relying on the existing water tank outside.
External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
There are a few types of water tank, overhead, underground and rest on ground. In Cameron Highlands, the water tank
belongs to the one that rests on the ground. This is due to its aesthetical view of its surrounding and also the design of the
construction. Situated on a hill, the height is sufficient and perfect.
This temporary water tank gets water supply from the main pipe. It is to supply the foreign workers with clean source of water
to carry out daily activities such as drinking, cooking, showering and also for construction purposes. This water tank is built
much earlier before the permanent water tank is built and will be demolished at the end of the project.
15
External Work
WATER RETICULATION
WATER PUMP STATION
16
External Work
WALL STRUCTURE
The type of wall used in the detention basin is Gabion Wall. It
is a type of retaining wall that is made up of stacked stone-filled
gabions tied together with wire.
Gabions are usually stacked backwards, stepped back with the
slop and not arranged vertically.
A detention basin differs from a retention basin as it does not have a permanent pool of water. The basic function of this detention
basin is allowing large flows of water to enter but limits the outflow by having a small opening at a lowest point of the structure.
17
External Work
STREETLIGHTS
Streetlights belongs to one of the final
installments in a construction work,
therefore theyre not erected yet in the
construction but some are available on
the road outside, linking the main road
and the construction site.
Underground wiring
18
External Work
Before
After
It usually takes approximately three to four years to fully grow a laecaena seed, until its big enough to protect the hillside.
In Cameron Highlands, these seed is planted on the hillside behind the three storeys semi-detached.
19