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{\info{\author navarro}}
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13\ri0\sl-693\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.- INTRODUCCIN A LAS}\b0 \pa
r\pard\li6066\ri0\sl-560\slmult0 \fs48\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ESTRUCTURAS}\b0 \
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s estructurales}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y complic, de forma apreciable, el clculo de estructuras al aparecer }\par\pard\li
1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los entramados de barras con
nudos rgidos. Aunque Clebsch ya haba }\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {definido en 1862 el mtodo de los desplazamientos (mtodo}\par\
pard\li1373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posteriormente modifi
cado en 1815 por Maney, y en 1926 por}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ostenfeld), el paso decisivo lo dio Cross con la publicacin
, en 1932, de}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1960\*\tx3106\*\tx4360\*\
tx5186\*\tx6400\*\tx7920\*\tx8493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {mtodo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iterativo}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {para}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resolver}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {problemas}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {entramados }\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {intraslacionales. Este mtodo se ha ido perfeccionando desde entonces
}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e incluso se h
an propuesto otros mtodos iterativos semejantes, como }\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son el de Kani o el de los grados de empot
ramiento de Torroja.}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li20
80\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A lo largo del siglo XX los in
genieros estructuralistas han asistido, }\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambin, al nacimiento de nuevos materiales, tcnicas y for
mas }\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estructural
es. El aluminio, los aceros de alta resistencia, hormigones}\par\pard\li1373\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {especiales, plsticos, maderas laminad
as y materiales compuestos han}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {irrumpido con fuerza en el mundo de la Ingeniera Estructural. Las
}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuevas tcnicas i
ncluyen la introduccin de investigacin experimental, }\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el uso de la soldadura elctrica, el hormign pr
etensado, el desarrollo}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {de nuevos mtodos constructivos y el clculo con ordenadores. Los}\par\pard\
li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {avances en formas estructu
rales incluyen los grandes tableros de los}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puentes, los records de altura en los edificios, las
lminas y paneles, las }\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {estructuras membrana,...}\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
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lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
13}\par}