|

|









 


j
 



 



 




 









= 
  






 

 




 
 



 




 

 
h = 
 
  





  

 



h

G 

G 








h

= 
 





  !
 

" #

 $
 
 




%
 





= 








 


 
&
#


'

(







'







)


 


"
*


 +
 


 



$,
,
 ,
 
 
+
 



,














%  

,
 !



 

 

 







+

Assumptions of Cognitive Theory

h
h

h
h

Some learning processes are unique to humans.

Individuals are actively involved in the learning
process by controlling their learning.
Learning involves an internal, mental change.
Knowledge is organized by association and
interconnectedness.
New knowledge is related to previously learned
information.
Inferences about mental processes can be drawn
by observing student behavior.

Implications of Cognitive Theory

h


 
 


 
Therefore, we as educators should be concerned with
students cognitive processes. We need to be aware not
only of what students are learning, but how students are
learning.


 
   
  

 
 

   
Therefore, when planning units of study and methods of
instruction, we must consider the students current
cognitive level of functioning.

Implications of Cognitive Theory,

continued

@  
  

  



Therefore, it is important to present material in an
organized fashion.

  

   



  
 
   
 

 

Therefore, we must help students relate new information
to old information.

  
 
 
 
  


Therefore, we need to monitor students to ensure they
are paying attention, thinking, and processing.

Why do you
h
h
h

h
h
h

work out?
go shopping?
get involved in a book
study?
read a novel?
watch a movie?
cook dinner for your
family?
modify your lesson
plans?

=

   
 
 



h

eople engage in activities

because they are enjoyable
and/or rewarding.
eople might engage in an
activity because it results in
something rewarding.
*think of something you
dowhat do YOU GET
OUT OF IT???
How many things do you do
that arent fun or that arent
beneficial? WHY??

Gefinition of Motivation
h

Motivation is an internal state that

arouses us to action
pushes us in particular directions
keeps us engaged in certain activities

Motivation determines to what extent

a student will actually learn.

' 

 |

 
h




# 
 #





 

+
'
 

  







="-







+

Giscussion Question:

If a student walks into your

classroom motivated to
learn, what behaviors
does that child exhibit?

If a student is motivated to
learn, he will
engage in an activity with greater
energy and activity.
h set goals for himself.
h increase time on task by initiating
work and by persisting despite
difficulty and interruptions.
h be cognitively engaged, i.e. actually
thinking about whats being taught.
h

Extrinsic & Intrinsic Motivation

h




occurs when the source
for motivation comes
from outside the person
and task. ( desire for rewards,
fear of punishment, need for positive
recognition, etc)




occurs when the source
of motivation comes from
within the individual and
task. The individual sees
the task as enjoyable and
worthwhile.

Group work:

With the people

sitting at your
table, make a list
of both extrinsic
and intrinsic
motivation that
occurs in school.

joth can be effective, but

Intrinsic motivation is more beneficial

than extrinsic motivation
to promote learning.
   
 


 
 
  
h j 

 
h

 
h

 


 

h 


h j     
  
h
 


h


   
h @
  
    

The bad news for middle

school teachers
Although most
students start
school with a high
level of intrinsic
motivation to learn,
they tend to lose
this motivation as
they get older.

So how can we promote

intrinsic motivation?
h

Relate units of study to the students lives.

How are the effects of the tsunami in Gecember similar to
the destruction caused by Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.G.?
How would you have reacted if your mother embarrassed
you in front of your peers like this character did?
Talk about intrinsic motives.
You must be proud of yourself for getting a j on that quiz.
Im glad you enjoy doing this simulation.
Its important you understand how to reduce fractions. You
use this when you..
ursue and discuss your own individual interests.
I really enjoying watching the Mavericks; it makes me want
to get there and play basketball!
**talk with your tablewhat ARE they interested in???

Group Work
with your department
h

Working with your
 come up

with a list of ways to promote intrinsic
motivation among your students. Make
your methods specific to your subject
matter.
Again, the 3 ways to encourage this are:
Relate subject to students lives
Talk about intrinsic motives
ursue and discuss your own interests

Group Work
with your team
h

Now that you have come up with some

ways to encourage intrinsic motivation
within your subject matter, you are going to
be working with your  .
Make a list of ways to intrinsically
encourage students to excel. Since
everyone on your team teaches the same
students, you may want to think of specific
methods for individual students who might
need more encouragement than others.

Giscussion:

What do you feel is the most

important need for middle school
students?

Theorists have studied several

humans needs which have
implications for the classroom:
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
h Need for Competence and Self-worth
h Need for Relatedness
h Need for Affiliation
h Need for Approval
h Need for Achievement
h

*. Implications for
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
h


.
 !
 












h

/  

Safety: Students need to be aware

of classroom expectations and to
have routines established.
Love and belongingness: Students
need to feel as though they are part
of a group. This can be manifested
by a M.S. student conforming their
dress, speech, and actions to be like
other students.
Esteem: In order to be respected, a
M.S. student may act in ways that
will bolster his image in front of
peers. Conversely, some students
exhibit low self-esteem.

A. Need for Competence

and Self-worth
h

Robert White (*959) suggested that humans have a basic need

for competence, a belief that they can deal effectively with their
environment. (Ormrod,A
)
Martin Covington (*99A) suggested that self-worth (defending
ones competency) is a primary need for humans. This can be
done by
Consistently succeeding
Avoiding failure
Setting low expectations
Refusing to participate in an activity or to complete an
assignment
Making excuses
Cheating
rocrastinating
=

 
 



 

 
 

Addressing the
needs described by Maslow &
the need for competence & self-worth
h

Allow students to take

restroom breaks.
Allow students to drink
water in the classroom.
Refer sick or troubled
students to the nurse or
counselor.
Change classroom
activities frequently.
Encourage students to
ask questions.

Acknowledge students
achievements.
Have an orderly
classroom.
Have students follow
procedures for daily
tasks.
je consistent in dealing
with students.
Clearly define
expectations.

Group Activity
h

jrainstorm with the

people at your table.
Can you come up
with * ways to meet
students basic
needs, as well as
their needs for
competence and selfworth? je as
specific as possible.

3. Need for Relatedness

h

Middle school students want to be connected

socially to others. They feel this leads to love
and respect. It might be manifested in the
following ways:
rioritizing socializing over working on
school
Trying to look popular, smart, foolish,
athletic, etc.
Showing concern and helping others


. Need for Affiliation

h

Need for affiliation describes students who

desire friendly relationships. Some students
have a high need for affiliation, whereas others
have a low need.
Students with a high need for affiliation might:
je nervous when watched by others
Communicate frequently
je affected by peer pressure
je more interested in relationships than tasks
Earn lower grades than their peers
Thrive in a classroom with a nurturing teacher

5. Need for Approval

Some students have a strong desire
to look good in front of others.
h How this might be observed:
h

Seeking teacher recognition/approval

Seeking peer recognition/approval
Which of these A do we see more in the
middle school?
 
  
 


 


    



. Need for Achievement

h

Some students have an intrinsic desire to achieve excellence.

These students might be persistent, be realistic about tasks,
and set high standards.
Can you think of a student this describes?
Covington and Omelich (*99*) have proposed that learners can be
divided into four groups:
Over-strivers
Optimists
Failure avoiders
Failure accepters
Can you think of a student who could fit into each of these categories?
*The need for achievement might be influenced more by
specific tasks and subjects rather than true for all areas.

Addressing the needs for

relatedness, affiliation,
approval, and achievement
h

Foster healthy teacherstudent relationships

Take a student to lunch.

Get involved in the
mentoring program.
Attend extra-curricular
events.
h

Show interest in their lives.

Ask about a students day

and then listen.
Give students birthday
cards.
Give small gifts to the
class.
Acknowledge them
Encourage students.

Allow students to
communicate with their
peers.
Giscussion with a
partner
Cooperative learning
Skits
eer-evaluation
Inform students what
material will be evaluated on
a test; i.e. tell them
specifically what to learn.
Challenge students.

Q: Which of these do we
already do
successfully?

Group Activity
h

jrainstorm with the

people at your table.
List ways you could
meet students
needs for
relatedness,
affiliation, approval,
and achievement.
je as specific as
possible.

Homework Assignment

h
h

Individually, make a list of 5 ways you think you could

help to ensure your students needs are being addressed.
Set a goal: How many techniques can you commit to
implementing over the next couple of weeks?
(Gont over do it, though!)
Team Leaders: In an upcoming team meeting, set aside
* minutes for your team to share their experiences.

Resource
Ormrod, J. (A
).  .

th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Merrill rentice Hall.