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Automation Control - Theory and Practice


Edited by A D Rodi

ISBN 978-953-307-039-1
Hard cover, 350 pages
Publisher InTech

Published online 01, December, 2009

Published in print edition December, 2009


The present edited book is a collection of 18 chapters written by internationally recognized experts and well-

known professionals of the field. Chapters contribute to diverse facets of automation and control. The volume
is organized in four parts according to the main subjects, regarding the recent advances in this field of

engineering. The first thematic part of the book is devoted to automation. This includes solving of assembly
line balancing problem and design of software architecture for cognitive assembling in production systems.
The second part of the book concerns different aspects of modelling and control. This includes a study on

modelling pollutant emission of diesel engine, development of a PLC program obtained from DEVS model,
control networks for digital home, automatic control of temperature and flow in heat exchanger, and non-linear
analysis and design of phase locked loops. The third part addresses issues of parameter estimation and filter
design, including methods for parameters estimation, control and design of the wave digital filters. The fourth

part presents new results in the intelligent control. This includes building a neural PDF strategy for
hydroelectric satation simulator, intelligent network system for process control, neural generalized predictive
control for industrial processes, intelligent system for forecasting, diagnosis and decision making based on
neural networks and self-organizing maps, development of a smart semantic middleware for the Internet ,
development of appropriate AI methods in fault-tollerant control, building expert system in rotary railcar

dumpers, expert system for plant asset management, and building of a image retrieval system in
heterogeneous database. The content of this thematic book admirably reflects the complementary aspects of
theory and practice which have taken place in the last years. Certainly, the content of this book will serve as a
valuable overview of theoretical and practical methods in control and automation to those who deal with
engineering and research in this field of activities.

How to reference

In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Qurban A Memon (2009). Intelligent Network System for Process Control: Applications, Challenges,
Approaches, Automation Control - Theory and Practice, A D Rodi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-039-1, InTech,
Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/automation-control-theory-and-practice/intelligent-network-

system-for-process-control-applications-challenges-approaches

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