Chapter 14 Non Linear Materials

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Chapter 14
Nonlinear Materials
14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
14.2 Belleville Washer
14.3 Planar Seal
14.4 Review
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials
Key Concepts
Elasticity
Linear Elasticity
Hyperelasticity
Plasticity
Plasticity
Linear versus Nonlinear Materials
Yield Criteria
Hardening Rules
Plasticity Models
Hyperelasticity
Required Test Data

Strain Energy Functions
Hyperelasticity Models
When the stress-stain relation of a material

is linear, it is called a linear material,
otherwise the material is called a nonlinear
material.
For a linear material, the stress-strain

relation is expressed by Hooke's law, in
which two independent material parameters
are needed to completely dene the
material.
Orthotropic and anisotropic linear elasticity

are also available in Workbench.
Stress (Force/Area)
Linear/Nonlinear Materials
Strain (Dimensionless)
If the strain is totally recovered after

release of the stress, the behavior is
Stress (Force/Area)
Elastic/Plastic Materials
called elasticity.
On the other hand, if the strain is not

totally recoverable (i.e., there is no
residual strain after release of the
stress), the behavior is called plasticity
and the residual strain is called the
plastic strain.
[2] Plastic
material.
Stress (Force/Area)
[1] Elastic
material.
[3] Plastic strain.
The term hysteresis is used for the energy

loss in a material during stressing and
Stress
Hysteresis
unstressing.
Most of materials have more-or-less hysteresis
Strain
behavior. However, as long as it is small

enough, we may neglect the hysteresis
In Workbench, the energy loss behavior can be

modeled using dampers.
Stress
behavior.
Strain
Hyperelasticity
Nonlinear non-hysteresis elasticity are characterized
by that the stressing curve and the unstressing curve
are coincident: the energy is conserved in the cycles.
Challenge of implementing nonlinear elastic material

models comes from that the strain may be as large
as 100% or even 200%, such as rubber under
stretching or compression.
Additional consideration is that, under such large

strains, the stretching and compression behaviors
may not be described by the same parameters.
This kind of super-large deformation elasticity is

given a special name: hyperelasticity.
Stress (Force/Area)
Hyperelastic
material.
PLASTICITY
Plasticity behavior typically occurs in ductile

metals subject to large deformation. Plastic strain
results from slips between planes of atoms due to
shear stresses. This dislocation deformation is a
rearrangement of atoms in the crystal structure.
A stress-strain curve is not sufcient to fully

dene a plasticity behavior. There are two
additional characteristics that must be described: a
yield criterion and a hardening rule.
[1] Idealized
stress-strain
curve.
Stress (Force/Area)
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve
[2] Initial yield

point (or
elastic limit).
[3] The stressstrain relation is
assumed linear
before Yield
point, and the
initial slope is the
Young's modulus.
[4] When the

stress is released,
the strain
decreases with a
slope equal to the
Young's modulus.
Yield Criteria
Workbench uses von Mises criterion as the yield criterion, that is, a stress state
reaches yield state when the von Mises stress e is equal to the current uniaxial
yield strength y , or
1
2
2) +(
2
The yielding initially occurs when
3) + (
2
1)
, and the "current" uniaxial yield strength
may change subsequently.
If the stress state is inside the cylinder, no yielding occurs. If the stress state is on
the surface, yielding occurs. No stress state can exist outside the yield surface.
This is a von Mises yield surface, which

is a cylindrical surface aligned with the
axis
2
and with a radius of
, where
is the current yield
1
y
strength.
Hardening Rules
If the stress state is on the yield surface and the stress state continues to "push" the
yield surface outward, the size (radius) or the location of the yield surface will change.
The rule that describes how the yield surface changes its size or location is called a
hardening rule.
Kinematic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield
surface outward, the yield surface will change its location, according to the "push
direction," but preserve the size of the yield surface.
Isotropic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield
surface, the yield surface will expand its size, but preserve the axis of the yield
surface.
10
[1] Kinematic hardening

assumes that the difference
between tensile yield
strength and the
compressive yield strength
remains a constant of 2 y .
11
[2] Isotropic hardening

assumes that the tensile
yield strength and the
compressive yield strength
remain equal in
magnitude.
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain
Plasticity Models in Workbench

[2] To complete a
description of plasticity
model, you must include its
linear elastic properties.
[1] Plasticity models

supported in
Workbench.
12
HYPERELASTICITY
Test Data Needed for Hyperelasticity
In plasticity or linear elasticity, we use a stress-strain curve to describe its behavior,

and the stress-strain curve is usually obtained by a tensile test. Since only tension
behavior is investigated, other behaviors (compressive, shearing, and volumetric)
must be drawn from the tensile test data.
When the strain is large, all the moduli (tensile, compressive, shear, and bulk) can
not assume simple relations.
Therefore, to describe hyperelasticity behavior, we need following test data: (a) a

set of uniaxial tensile test data, (b) a set of uniaxial compressive test data, (c) a set
of shear test data, and (d) a set of volumetric test data if the material is
compressible.
13
It is possible that a set of test data is obtained by superposing two sets of other test
data. For example, the set of uniaxial compressive test data can be obtained by adding a
set of hydrostatic compressive test data to a set of equibiaxial tensile test data.
[1] Uniaxial
compressive test.
[2] Equibiaxial
tensile test.
[3] Hydrostatic
compressive test.
14
300
[2] Equibiaxial
test data.
Stress (psi)
240
180
[3] Shear test
data.
120
[1] Uniaxial test
data.
60
0.2
0.5
0.7
15
Hyperelasticity Models
in Workbench
16
Section 14.2 Belleville Washer
Section 14.2
Belleville Washer
Stress-strain
curve of the
steel in this case.
Problem Description
Stress (MPa)
280
270
260
250
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
Plastic Strain (Dimensionless)
17
18
40 mm
We will compress the Belleville

spring by 1.0 mm and then
release it completely.
A force-displacement curve will

also be plotted.
We will examine the residual

stress after the spring is
completely released.
The Belleville washer is

made of steel, with
thickness of 1.0 mm.
22 mm
1.5 mm
19
Force-versus-Displacement Curve
80
Compressive Force (N)
60
40
20
0
-20
[3] Let's explore the
residual stress at this point
when the external force is
completely released.
-40
-60
-80
0
0.2
[2] The curve below zero force has little
practical usage. It is the force required
to pull the spring back to its original
position.
0.4
0.6
Displacement (mm)
0.8
1.0
[1] The curve is

quite different
between loading
and unloading.
Residual Stresses
[10] Residual
equivalent stress.
[2] Residual hoop stress. The

top surface is dominated by
tension, while the bottom
surface is dominated by
compression.
[1] Residual equivalent stress.
20
Section 14.3 Planar Seal
Section 14.3
Planar Seal
Problem Description
200
[2] Biaxial
test.
The seal is used in the door of a

refrigerator. The seal is a long
strip, and we will model it as a
plane strain problem.
Stress (psi)
160
120
[3] Shear
test.
80
40
0
[1] Uniaxial test.

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Engineering Strain (Dimensionless)
21
[4] The upper plate

is displaced 0.85"
downward.
1.100
.800
[2] Steel
plate.
R.200
.133
[1] Rubber
seal.
R.150
.867
R.150
R.050
.133
[3] Steel
plate.
Unit: in.
.333
.500
R.200
R.050
22
Results
23
A force-versus-displacement curve.
24

Chapter 14 Non Linear Materials

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Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials