SOLID WASTE MANGEMENT

INTRODUCTION
In Pakistan, urbanization and economic growth are regarded to have advanced drastically in
recent decades. More people have migrated into urban areas, and the expansion of urban
population in present-day Pakistan seems to be growing at a rate from 3.7% to 7.4% in cities
while the overall population growth rate in Pakistan is only at 2.8% (JICA, 2005: 6-7). Such an
expansion in urban population consequently leads to problems that encompass urban poverty,
destitute people or informal squatters, housing and transportation, water and sanitation, waste
generation and other problems related to the congestion of cities and urban infrastructure.
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province with an area of 205,344 km (79,284 square miles)
and is located at the northwestern edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The provincial
level-capital and main city of the Punjab is Lahore, which has been the historical capital of the
region. In the case of Punjab, the region regarded in the project, one of the most critical problems
emerging from its rapid urban expansion is waste generation and disposal without treatment. The
amount of solid waste generated in urban Pakistan is more than 55,000 tons per day, and waste
collection in cities currently averages only 50% of waste generation (JICA, 2005: 4). In Punjabs
urban areas, 40% of the total amount of waste generated which is more than 16,000 tons per day
is collected(Nasir, 2006).
The Solid Waste Management is a highly neglected department of the overall environmental
management in most developing countries. Developing nations are now seriously concerned with
the consequences of improper handling of SWM. SW management in most low and middle
income countries draws on a significant proportion of the budget, yet current practices pose a
serious threat to the environment and to public health and well being.
Waste management planning is a subset of environment planning in that the environmental
problem being assessed is reduction, reuse, recycling and disposal of resources in a manner that
minimizes overall biophysical and socioeconomic impacts.
In most developing countries like India and Pakistan, SW management generally comprises
primary and secondary collection and open dumping of more than 90% of the collected waste.
Only 60% of the waste generated is actually collected in most Indian and Pakistani cities.
The problems related to solid waste and its management in Punjab is not merely an outcome of
urban resource restrictions. More fundamentally, they arise from the lack of a comprehensive
waste management system and strategy that encompasses functions of governance, institutions,
finance and technology.
CURRENT STATUS OF SWM PRACTICES
Currently solid waste in Pakistan has not been carried out in a sufficient and proper manner in
collection, transportation and disposal or dumping regardless of the size of the city: therefore the
environmental and sanitary conditions have become more serious year by year, and people are
suffering from living such conditions. The scope of problems regarding solid waste management
is very wide and involves the consideration of all the aspects relating to solid waste and its
management,either directly or indirectly. These aspect may include rate of urbanization, pattern
and density of urban areas, physical planning and control of development, physical composition
of waste, density of waste, temperature and precipitation, scavengers activity for recyclable
separation, the capacity ,adequacy and limitations of respective municipalities to manage the
solid waste i.e. storage,

collection, transportation and disposal (SAIAN, 1995).According to the 1998 census, of the
130.579 million persons living in Pakistan, 67% live in rural areas, while 33 % live in urban
areas.
Furthermore, out of 33 % of persons living urban areas, 54 % of them live in ten major cities of
Pakistan (GOP, 1996). During the last several decades, migration has occurred from rural to
urban areas. The major factors responsible for this migration are: slow progress in the agriculture
sector, low crop yields, lack of alternate employment opportunities and environmental
degradation due to water logging/salinity, deforestation and desertification. The large rural influx
has, in turn, contributed to the overburdening of urban infrastructure and urban services (Robert,
1998).
Population and Household Estimates
The number and growth of population and households is the foremost factor affecting the solid
waste and its management at various stages. The selected cities are growing at a rate ranging
between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is much higher than the overall growth rate of Pakistan, i.e.
2.8% (EPMC,1996).Major cities of them are estimated to double their population in next ten
years. These cities are generating high amounts of solid waste which is increasing annually with
the respective population growth. The numbers of households also play an important role in
generation and collection of the solid waste. The average household size in the selected cities
varies from 6.7 to 7.3 persons.
Waste Generation and Collection Estimates
The average rate of waste generation from all type of municipal controlled areas varies from
1.896kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in a few major cities (Pak-EPA, 2005). It shows a trend
of waste generation wherein increase has been recorded in accordance with city's population
besides its social and economic development. Figure 1 presents city wise waste generation rate
with respective daily and annual estimate of solid waste. In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly
collected by municipalities and waste collection efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-income
rural areas to 90 percent in high income areas of large cities . Collection rate of solid waste by
respective municipalities ranges from 51% to69% of the total waste generated (Figure 2) within
their jurisdiction. The uncollected waste, i.e., 31% to 49% remains on street or road corners,
open spaces and vacant plots, polluting the environment on continuous basis

Figure 1 Rate of Generation and Collection of SW in a Few Major Cities of Pakistan

Figure 2 Solid Waste Collection Rate in a Few Major Cities of Pakistan

2.3 Physical Composition of Waste
The move from landfill-based to resource-based waste management systems requires a greater
knowledge of the composition of municipal solid waste (Stephen, 2006). Solid waste in Pakistan
is generally composed of three categories i.e. biodegradable such as food waste, animal waste,
leaves, grass, straws, and wood. Non-biodegradable are plastic, rubber, textile waste, metals,
fines, stones and recyclable material includes paper, card board, rags and bones(Figure 3).
A typical data from the United States and Britain are shown in Figure 4 for comparison.
Pakistan's urban (municipal) solid waste differs considerably from that of cities in developed
countries (which is to be expected).One reason for this is that there is a wide range from poverty
to affluence in Pakistans urban population; another is that much of the waste is reclaimed for
recycling at various stages from a rising to final disposal.

Figure 3 Physical Composition of Solid Waste in Pakistan (% Weight)

Waste Treatment and Disposal
The waste is disposed off within or outside municipal limits into low lying areas like ponds etc,
without any treatment except recyclable separation by scavengers. The land is also hired/leased
on long term basis for disposal. Moreover, the least mitigating measures have also never been
reported from any municipality. Treatment and disposal technologies such as sanitary land
filling, composting
and incineration are comparatively new in Pakistan (Veenstra, 1997). Crude open dumping is the
most
common practice throughout Pakistan and dump sites are commonly set to fire to reduce the
volume
of accumulating waste, hence adding to the air pollution caused by the uncovered dumped waste
itself
(Rehan et al, 1998). At present, there are no landfill regulations or standards that provide a basis
for
compliance and monitoring, but national guidelines for these standards are being prepared by the
Consultant under National Environmental Action Plan Support Program (NEAP SP).
Hazardous Waste
Industrial and medical wastes constitute a larger part on what is known as hazardous wastes
(Mato and Kaseva, 1999). In Pakistan, there is no systematic mechanism for the collection and
disposal of hazardous waste generated from hospital, industries and agriculture activities. In
practice
local authorities are handling and disposing of significant quantities of hazardous waste, often
without
any consistent procedures, and sometimes with no knowledge of the serious problems they may
create. Industrial pollution is a major problem in Pakistan. The minimal response of industry to
solid
waste is mainly due to the poor performance of the sector, lack of information about new
technologies
and high investments required for changing the processes coupled with weak regulatory
mechanism

(Ministry of Environment, UNDP and UNIDO, 2000). Pollution problems affect both large
enterprises in such industries as chemicals, petroleum refining, sugar, paper and pulp and iron
and steel, as well as the many clusters of small- and medium-sized enterprises in industries such
as leather, textiles, marble polishing and food processing. Most Pakistani industries, located
around major cities, are increasingly polluting streams, rivers and the Arabian sea through
untreated hazardous waste. In Karachi alone more then 6,000 industrial enterprises, some 60 %
of the countrys industry, are located along the coastal belt.
Informal/Private Sector Invovled in SWM
Provision of municipal services by local authorities alone cannot be sustained in most cities of
the developing countries (Francos and Bituro, 1999).There are independent operators dealing in
waste collection, purchase, separation, restoration, resale and recycling, with the scale of
operations ranging from itinerant manual workers to large recycling factories. Kabaris are largescale waste dealers who operate from shops and warehouses. The Safai Kamai Bank and Waste
Busters collect rubbish fromhouseholds and charge about US$2 a month, which includes the
delivery of about 30 rubbish bags. The refuse is taken to the transfer station where it is sorted out
and loaded onto trucks for recycling.
Pakistan Environment Welfare and Recycling Program (PEWARP), has established a small
production unit manufacturing three organic products from waste purchased from itinerant
buyers at Karachis huge vegetable market. The vegetable waste is crushed and the liquid extract
collected which results in liquid concentrate sold as a pesticide, dilute liquid sold as fertilizer and
solid residue. Shehri, a Karachi based NGO, also known as Citizens for a Better Environment
is primarily concerned with the protection and conservation of the natural and built environment.
It has produced recommendations for improved bin designs and promotes awareness on solid
waste management. There is strong need to gradually involve private sector in the SWM in other
small cities and towns by offering incentives.
REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Presently, legal rules and regulations dealing with solid waste management in Pakistan are
inadequate and outdated (PEPA, 1997). There are Guidelines for Hospital Waste Management
since 1998, giving detailed information and covering all aspects of safe hospital waste (Ministry
of Health, 2002).
However, these guidelines are not implemented. There are no systematic approaches to medical
waste disposal. Hospital wastes are simply mixed with the municipal waste in collecting bins at
roadsides and disposed of similarly. Some waste is simply buried without any appropriate
measure. There is an urgent need that the solid waste management law should legislate. The laws
should be legislated include activities concerned with the waste management; what part citizen;
enterprise and government should take of responsibilities. Factory or company should treat
especially hazardous waste coming out from polluting industrial units, which generated these
under governmental control. Citizen,businessman, factory owner and even government should
receive a penalty for activity in violation of the law of Solid Waste Management.

Institutional consideration
1. Formal evaluation and site selection process that involves all relevant stakeholders
2. Formal agreement made between all municipalities within the jurisdiction for siting, design,
financing, operations, maintenance, environmental compliance, and billing for service and waste
delivery

3. Establishment of a marketing strategy for the compost

Poor institutional and financial arrangements
Existing institutional arrangements for solid waste management are fragmented, leading to
inefficiencies. At the federal level, laws and regulations for environmental protection provide
general goals but only limited specific discharge or design standards.
At provincial level, the enforcement of existing environmental laws is lacking. Understaffing,
lack of precise standards, lack of information, limited transport and monitoring equipment,
inadequate sanctions and corruption under and corruption undermine enforcement; thus,
disreputable waste generators and transporters practicing clandestine or unsafe disposal have a
competitive economic advantage.
Sanctions for littering and clandestine dumping are too small to provide disincentives; processing
of arrests is slow due to heavy case loads and the low priority assigned by magistrates (World
Bank, 1997:44).
From the organization perspective, it can be noted that too many organizational hierarchy may
result in the inefficiency of solid waste services.

TABLE#3 SWM Duties and responsibilities at different levels of government

Level
Duties and responsibilities
Federal government
Pakistan such as defense, foreign affairs, law and order, etc.
issues such as solid waste management

and receipts
finance
commission award
Provincial
government

tions assigned in the constitution of

Pakistan such
as law and order, courts, universities

and receipts

finance commission award

District government
welfare, work and services, coordination. In the case of CDGs
solid waste management as well
Tehsil municipal
administration

sanitation/solid waste management, roads, streets and street

lighting, fire fighting and administration of (??)parks and open

spaces
and user fees on functions assigned to them
under local government ordinance
-laws for their functions
Union administration
tions assigned to them
Source: Ernst Basler + Partners and ICEPAK (2006a).
TABLE#4 Devolution of SWM service responsibilities
Authorities
Roles and Functions
Government of Punjab

Responsibility for the preparation of development plans and

allocation of resources

CDGs
(City District
Governments)
Zila Council in a CDG

Control of the development authorities and SWM bodies (Sect.

182 LGO)
Review of development of solid waste disposal (Sect. 40 LGO)

Town Municipal
Administration

Provision, management, operation and maintenance of solid

waste collection and conveyance to transfer stations, but
excluding treatment and disposal of waste (Sect. 54A LGO)

TMAs
(Tehsil Municipal
Administrations)

Provision, Management, Operation, and Maintenance of solid

waste collection and sanitary disposal of solid, liquid, industrial
and hospital wastes (Sect. 54 LGO)

UCs
(Union Councils)

Sweeping of the streets, primary collection of garbage from the

residential / commercial units, shifting of waste to the
containers / skips

Source: Presentation Materials by Team I and II in the Institutional Workshop held in Lahore on
Jan 19-20, 2007
Major Obstacles
The major obstacles to proper SW management in Pakistan include:
Lack of reliable data and research
Manpower shortage (SWM experts and municipal collectors/scavengers)
Insufficient legal and regulatory establishment
Lack of comprehensive SWM administration and institutional arrangements
Shortage of equipment
Financial and technical difficulties
A serious shortage of competent private operators

 Lack of awareness among municipal residents regarding solid waste handling and
treatment due to short of experience of environmental policy and management
Lack of research in the solid waste sector, etc.
It is thus urgent to tackle these problems with comprehensive and interdisciplinary approaches.
Solid Waste is composed of:
Food waste
Animal waste
Leaves, Grass, Vegetable
Wood, bones, straw
Paper, cardboard
Textiles, rags
Glass, ceramics
Pet bottles
Plastics, rubber
Shopper bags
Metals
Batteries, syringes, etc.
Miscellaneous inert, debris
Uncollected Waste Lines
The uncollected waste lies in topographic depressions are:
Vacant plots
Along streets
Roads and railway lines
Drains
Storm drains
Open sewers within overall urban limits
Pakistan has a population of 160 million, with 35% people living in urban areas. Solid waste
generated in urban areas of Pakistan is estimated at 55,000 tons/day (JICA, 2005). The areas
under the jurisdiction of the Lahore City District Government with a population of 8 million
produce 5000 tons/day of MSW (KOICA World Bank, 2007).
NEEDS & GIS BASE ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE MANGEMENT
1. Allocation and Reallocation of Dustbins
The waste bins are needed to be located at suitable locations so that; households can find the bins
at walking distance. There is a possibility to use modern technology to deal with this specific
problem and to improve the overall solid waste management (SWM) situation as well. How
modern technology like a Geographic Information System (GIS) can play an important role for
selecting the locations of the waste bins.
Assumption
Firstly, consider the context of the study area. The physical settings like household distribution,
density, road width; socio-economic and existing solid waste management considered to develop
the model.

Secondly, all the inhabitants of area are assumed to use the waste bins, which are situated within
the area to dispose the waste.
Thirdly, real time consideration and population size of present time has been chosen. With the
increasing population of the area will require a review of this model.
Fourthly, inhabitants are free to choose a service between house to house or self waste disposal
to waste bin.
Fifthly, the waste generation points are considered to represent equal waste generation capacity
which is 33 kg.
Layers Name and Its Types or Attributes
Boundary (polygon) (boundary id, name)
Household location (polygon) (house id, address, block, size, owner name, street no)
Water body (polygon) (water body id, name, location)
Roads (line) (road id, name, size, block no, road type)
Waste bin location and types
Brick (point) (Brick id, block no, location, area coverage, storage)
Container (point)) (Container id, block no, location area coverage, storage)
Steps
I wanted to use GIS tool to select suitable places for waste bins. Waste bin should be located and
distributed in such a way that, people can find them at a convenient distance. Thus, the main
point was to select some locations for waste bins, so that the service areas of the bins can cover
the whole area. In addition he waste bins are to be placed considering the physical and sociocultural context of the area. Here are the steps that have been followed to complete whole
process
Georefrancing &Digitizing the following features
- Road coverage.
- Existing dustbins locations.
- Mark the distribution of waste generation points.
- Identify different zones with different residential or other category

FIGURE-14

Analysis of Service Coverage of Existing Waste Bins

From the interviews, it has been recorded that, the preferable distance of dustbins for the
households is 100 to 200 meters. Using GIS, the 200 meters walking distance along the roads
from the existing dustbins are identified. These areas can be said to be maximum service
coverage of the existing waste bins. Thus, the un serve areas are demarcated.
Setting-up the New Dustbins
GIS technology thus facilitated to analyze the service area, demand and waste generation
situation. All these problems guided me to develop the following model and to propose the
location and capacity of waste bins according to the waste generation of service areas. The
suitable physical context for the new waste bins and another one is diverse distance factors as an
acceptable walking distance from and to the waste bins.
Identifying the Possible Locations of Waste Bins
From the field survey and the base map, the possible locations for waste bin placement are
marked .Waste bins are usually placed on the roadside in city. So, authority likes to place waste
bins where the road width is comparatively wider. Also, the traffic pressure on the road has been
observed so that the waste bin will not disturb the traffic flow. Secondly, the roads with a high
volume of traffic shall be avoided for setting-up new waste bins. Now it is the time for selecting
suitable waste bin location of this road network which produces the optimum service area
coverage.
Selecting Optimum Locations for Waste Bins
Placing the waste bins at a suitable interval inside the area. Due to narrow road width, waste bins
with container type are not suitable in this case. It is rather better to place smaller brick made
waste bins. The capacity of the waste bins shall be determined after calculating the waste
generation in the service area of a waste bin. Select one of the suitable points to identify its
service area.

FIGURE-15

FIGURE-16

2. Land Fill Site Selection

Urban solid waste management is considered as one of the most immediate and serious
environmental problems confronting municipal authorities in developing countries. The
Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide an opportunity to integrate field parameters
with population and other relevant data or other associated features, which help in selection of
sites. Site selection procedures can benefit from the appropriate use of GIS. The use of GIS in
selection process will reduce the time and enhance the accuracy.
Assumption
To investigate the solid waste disposal system in the study area;
To identify the environmental problems generated due to the indiscriminate solid waste
disposal in the study area
To provide some suitable solid waste disposal sites using GIS techniques in study area.
Proximity to surface water a landfill must not be located near any surface streams
Distance from transportation routes landfills shall not be located within 100 meters of any
major highways, city streets or other transportation routes.
Distance from environmentally sensitive or protected areas. The location of a landfill in
close proximity to sensitive areas such as fish sanctuaries must be avoided, and mangrove
areas and areas for special protection
Distance from urban areas the Landfills should not be placed too close to high-density
urban areas
The Land use and Land cover must be known in order to determine which areas are more
suitable for a landfill. Land use types such as grassland, forests and cultivated land would
be considered.
Layers Name and Its Types or Attributes
o Boundary(polygon)(boundary id, name)
o Parcels(polygon)( id, address ,block, size, owner name, street no, type of parcel)
o Water body(polygon)(water body id, name ,location)

o
o
o
o

Road Networks(line) (road id, name ,size, block no, location/address, road types)
Drainage(polygon)(id, type, name, location/address)
Population density(points)(id, area, coverage)
Traffic Data (id, signals Way Roads, Turning Restriction, Number of Lanes,
Speed Limits)
o Soil Data (soil id, Soil structure, Land usage compatibility, Settlements and
stability, Geologic resources)
Georefrancing & Digitizing
The digitized the all above layers.
Finding the Suitable Land Fill Site
GIS (Geospatial Information System) is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems. It
can then be used to optimize the selection process of landfill site. Through various
functionalities, GIS is able to provide a better understanding of the effects of the sites on the
environment. Different layers relating to these criteria are used to compare maps and locate areas
which conform to the criteria. It should be emphasized that these were the criteria used to solve
the siting problem. Overlays of different layers such as: Water, Road networks, Parcels, Soil
Data Traffic Data. Then Boolean operations performed using the topographic data. One is the
area with height less than or equal to 230 meters, and the other with area greater than 230 meters.
Figure shows an overall selection of landfill sites for taking into account the criteria listed above
including overlays conforming to these criteria. The final landfill sites also fall within the
topography of 230 meters or less. It also shows buffer of 300 meters distances away from the
major road network, water, and vegetation. The general result should be to find a site at
minimum cost which can be operated at minimum cost. This study has shown how GIS and
remote sensing techniques may be used to protect the health and safety by showing how city
planning managers may minimize the impacts of waste disposal on the environment and the
economy. A point made in this study is that site planning should minimize impacts by sitting the
waste disposal facility under a list of rough criteria which specify that the site minimize impacts
on local populations. Finding such sites may be very difficult, owing to conflicts with interest
groups over alternative land uses without risk to people or economic activity.

FIGURE-17
3. Optimal Route Finding
Transportation plays a vital role in waste collection and disposal. Hence an attempt is made in
this study to generate an optimum route for solid waste collection and hence to reduce the
distance run by the vehicle, using Geographical Information System for effective management.
WASTE collection and transport is an operation necessary to the well being of any country. The
cost of this operation cannot be reduced at the expense of low efficiency or minimal service, on
the contrary, this type of service should always be made more efficient.
Assumption
The routes that were presently being used by the waste collection vehicles were random; this
caused a low level of service because of missed collection points and streets.
The productivity of the waste workers was very low.
The collection workers faced high health risks and proper safety measures were not taken
to prevent them.
The general city population faced health risks due to uncollected waste.
The waste collection vehicles could be monitored.
The shifts of the workers were not fixed which lead to working extra hours with a higher
cost.
Because of the inefficient waste collection system the tourism inflow and the health of
the general population living
Variation of waste production over time
Large extension of area to be served
Traffic and viability conditions
Labor costs
Lack of logistic planning

Layers Name and Its Types or Attributes

Study area boundary(polygon)(boundary id, name)
Toposheet of the study area
Parcels(polygon)( id, address ,block, size, owner name, street no, type of parcel)
Road Networks (line) (road id, name, size, block no, location/address, road types) Name
of the roads and their width.
Traffic Data (id, signals Way Roads, Turning Restriction, Number of Lanes, Speed
Limits)Traffic volume details.
Container (point)) (Container id, block no, location area coverage, storage) No. of storage
bins and their location. Capacities of the bins.
Vehicles( id , name , type, time taken for collection of solid waste per bin, type of
vehicles ,capacity. existing run routes, fuel consumption .
GIS - A POWERFUL TOOL
GIS is an institutional entity, reflecting an organizational structure that integrates technology
with a database, expertise and continuing financial support over time. It is a powerful tool for
collecting , storing, retrieving at will, transforming , analyzing, and displaying spatial data from
the real world for a particular set of purposes. This technique is used to generate optimal route
for collecting solid waste.
Georefrencing &Digitizing
The digitized the all above layers.
Network
analyst
The Arc GIS Network Analyst is an extension product designed to use networks more
efficiently. It can solve common network problems on any theme containing lines that connect.
Network Analyst can
Find efficient travel routes
Determine which facility or vehicle is closest
Generate travel directions
Find a service area around a site
The optimum route for the collection of solid waste is generated using Network Analyst. It is
generated based on two criteria
Distance criteria
Time criteria
DISTANCE CRITERIA
The route was generated taking the location of bins only into consideration. The volume of
traffic in the roads was not considered in this case. Three routes were generated, one taking into
consideration, the bins which are cleared up during the daytime, the second considering the bins
cleared up again during the day time and the final one considering the bins cleared up during the
night time.
TIME CRITERIA
1. The total travel time of the compactor in each road segment is considered in this case.
Total travel time in each road = runtime of the vehicle + bin collection time

The runtime of the vehicle is calculated by considering the length of the road and the speed of
the vehicle in each road. The bin collection time is the total time consumed by the vehicle to
collect the solid waste from all the bins in each road. Three routes were generated, two for the
dayshift and the other for the nightshift.
2. In this case, the length, width and the volume of traffic in each road are taken into
consideration. Using Analytical Hierarchical Process, weights were assigned to the above three
parameters.

FIGURE-18

CONCLUSION
In the proposed SW management system, the collection rate is considered to be 100%, subject to
the provision that the sanitary workers and staff are well paid, properly educated, trained and
motivated, as well as made fully accountable. It is further assumed that education and awareness
on SWM issues will be developed in the public through media and with the cooperation of SWD,
grass root level local government institutions and NGOs. One important, but difficult issue that
needs to be addressed consistently is that of improving the self respect of the sanitary workers
and of improving their social acceptability. Information and education can bring a change to
peoples attitudes towards waste management, and it can encourage the public
to take responsibility for the waste generated. This study will be very helpful for the solid waste
managers as they can set their priorities regarding problems which have been
addressed in this study. Another major social and health problem is related to the collection
of recyclables from dumps and storage containers. The formal sector can conduct this activity
and can generate considerable revenue from it.One of the key areas for future progress is to
reduce the amount of waste generated and sent to the open dumps. Recycling and reuse practices
can make this possible. It is also very important to improve and help organize markets for the
recyclables.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Following recommendations are proposed for sustainable SWM:
The involvement of people and private sector through NGOs could improve the efficiency of
SWM.
Public awareness should be created especially at primary school.
Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns and urban areas.

 Moreover, house-to-house collection of SW should be organized.

The collection bins must have a large enough capacity to accommodate 20% more than the
expected waste generation in the area.
Municipal authorities should maintain the storage facilities to avoid unhygienic and unsanitary
conditions.