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COSMOS/M 2.0
October 1998
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Contents
1. Introduction
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Theoretical Backround . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Specified Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Applied Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Consistent Systems of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
2. Capabilities
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Analysis Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Internal Heat Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Temperature- and Time-Dependent Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Thermal Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Size Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
3. Element Library
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
4. Input Data
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Modeling and Analysis Cycle in the COSMOS/FFE Thermal Module . . . .4-2
Temperature and Time Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
Thermal Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5
Thermal Analysis Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5
Running Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6
Postprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6
Verification of Model Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-7
Contents
5. Examples
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Example Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2
6. Verification Problems
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
FFETL01: Steady State Heat Conduction in a Square Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3
FFETL02: Steady State Heat Conduction in an Orthotropic Plate . . . . . . . .6-5
FFETL03: Transient Heat Conduction in a Long Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8
FFETL04: Thermal Stresses in a Hollow Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
FFETL05: Heat Conduction Due to a Series of Heating Cables . . . . . . . . .6-12
FFETL08: Transient Heat Conduction in a Slab of Constant Thickness . .6-14
FFETL09: Heat Transfer from Cooling Fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-17
FFETN01: Heat Conduction with Temperature Dependent Conductivity. .6-19
FFETN03: Radiation in a Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-21
A. Troubleshooting
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-1
ii
Introduction
Introduction
COSMOS/FFE Thermal is a fast, robust, and accurate finite element program for
the analysis of linear static structural problems. The program exploits a new
technology developed at Structural Research for the solution of large systems of
simultaneous equations using sparse matrix technology along with iterative
methods combined with novel database management techniques to substantially
reduce solution time, disk space, and memory requirements.
COSMOS/FFE Thermal has been written from scratch using state of the art
techniques in FEA with two goals in mind: 1) to address basic design needs, and 2)
to use the most efficient possible solution algorithms without sacrificing accuracy.
The program is particularly suitable for the solution of large models subjected to a
variety of loading and boundary conditions environments.
The program can analyze linear and nonlinear steady state and transient heat
conduction problems with convective and radiative type boundary conditions in
one, two, and three dimensional geometries.
1-1
Chapter 1 Introduction
Theoretical Backround
The governing equation for conduction heat transfer is:
C T / t = /x(kx T/x) + /y(ky T/y) + /z(kz T/z) + Q
(1-1)
where:
T
= Temperature
= Time
= Density
= Specific heat
Boundary Conditions
The following boundary conditions and loads can be modeled with FFE Thermal.
Specified Temperature
Temperature can be prescribed on any part of the model boundary.
Ts = T o
(1-2)
Ts = Surface temperature
To = Specified temperature
Convection
Convection can be applied to any part of the model boundary.
Heat flux = q = hc (T s - T)
hc = Convection coefficient
Ts = Surface temperature
T = Ambient temperature
1-2
(1-3)
Chapter 1 Introduction
Radiation
Radiation can be applied to any part of the model boundary.
Heat flux = q = (Ts4 - T4)
= Emissivity
(1-4)
Ts = Surface temperature
T = Ambient temperature
(1-5)
= Thermal conductivity
1-3
Chapter 1 Introduction
Table B-8. Table of Consistent Units for Heat Transfer Analysis
Description
COSMOS Name
* FPS1
(gravitational)
* SI2
(absolute)
* MKS3
(gravitational)
CGS4
(absolute)
Measure
Length
X, Y, Z
in
cm
cm
Thermal
Conductivity
KX, KY, KZ
BTU/in sec F
W/m K
Cal/cm sec C
W/cm K
Specific Heat
BTU in/lbs
sec 2 F
J/kg K
Cal cm/kg
sec2 C
J/g K
Mass Density
DENS
kg/m3
kg sec 2/cm4
g/cm3
Emissivity
EMIS
no units
no units
no units
no units
Stefan Boltzmann
Constant
SB_CONST
3.3063e-15
BTU/sec in 2
R4
Convection Film
Coefficient
HC (for CLINK
elements)
BTU/sec in 2 F
W/m2 K
Cal/sec cm 2 C W/cm2 K
Material Angle
Beta
degree
degree
degree
degree
Electric
Conductivity
ECONX
mho/in
mho/m
mho/m
10-13 mho/
cm
Material Properties
Absolute
TOFFSET
Temperature Offset
460 R
none
273 K
none
Time
Time
seconds
seconds
seconds
seconds
Concentrated
Heating
Nodal Heat, Q
BTU/sec
Watt
Cal/sec
Watt
Volume Heating
Element Heat, QE
BTU/sec in 3
W/m3
Cal/sec cm 3
W/cm3
W/cm2
Temperature
Surface Heating
Temp, TREF, NT
Heat Flux, HX
BTU/sec in
Convection Film
Coefficient
CE
BTU/sec in F
W/m2 K
Cal/sec cm C
W/cm2 K
Radiation
Emissivity
RE
no units
no units
no units
no units
W/m
Cal/sec cm
Results
1-4
Temperature
Temp
Temperature
Gradient
GRADX, GRADY,
GRADZ
F/in
K/m
C/cm
K/cm
Heat Flux
HFLUXX, HFLUXY,
HFLUXZ, HFLUXN
BTU/sec in 2
W/m2
Cal/sec cm 2
W/cm2
Capabilities
Introduction
The following are some important features of COSMOS/FFE Thermal.
Analysis Features
Heat Flux
Convection
Radiation
2-1
Chapter 2 Capabilities
Size Limits
Three variation of GEOSTAR are installed on your computer, the three variations
support 64,000, 128,000,and 256,000 nodes and elements, respectively. Each
variation may be started by double-clicking the corresponding icon in the
COSMOS/M 2.0 program group The limits represent the maximum node and
element labels that may be created in GEOSTAR. Please note that these variations
are not compatible with each other. The session and neutral (gfm) files are however
compatible.
2-2
Chapter 2 Capabilities
The following table shows size limitations for some entities related to thermal
analysis. Refer to the COSMOS/M Users Guide for more information about the
size limitations.
Table 2-1. Size Limitations for Thermal Analysis in COSMOS/M
Entity
Limits
Time curves
Points for a time curve definition
100
5000
Temperature curves
Points for a temperature curve definition
100
5000
Time steps
6000
2-3
2-4
Element Library
Introduction
The COSMOS/FFE Thermal module features an extensive element library to
satisfy your finite element modeling and analysis requirements for all types of
practical heat transfer problems. These elements model the behavior of 1D, 2D, and
3D problems in linear and nonlinear steady-state and transient heat transfer
computations. The following table lists the elements available for analysis in the
COSMOS/FFE Thermal module.
Table 3-1. Elements for Thermal Analysis
Type
Name
Order
BEAM2D
First
BEAM3D
First
Convection link
CLINK
...
PLANE2D
First/Second
Radiation link
RLINK
...
SHELL3
First
SHELL3T
First
SHELL4
First
SHELL4T
First
SOLID
First/Second
3-1
Name
Order
TETRA4
First
TETRA10
Second
First/Second
TRUSS2D
First
TRUSS3D
First
The elements in the above table are defined using the EGROUP (Propsets >
Element Group) command shown in the table below. Table 3-2 lists other
commands for the manipulation of the associated element attributes. These
commands can be reached from the Control Panel by following the menu path
given between parenthesis.
Table 3-2. Commands for Element Group Definition, Modification, and Listing
Command
3-2
Function
Comments
The maximum number of
element groups permitted in
a model is 20.
EPROPSET (Propsets
> New Property Set)
EPROPCHANGE
(Propsets > Change
El-Prop)
The elements described in Table 3-1 can be classified based on the dimensionality
of the problem. TRUSS2D, TRUSS3D, BEAM2D and BEAM3D elements are
line elements to be used for 1D heat transfer analysis. PLANE2D, TRIANG,
SHELL3, SHELL4, SHELL3T, and SHELL4T are area elements to be used for
2D problems. SOLID, TETRA4, and TETRA10 are volume elements to be used for
3D heat transfer analysis. CLINK and RLINK elements are line elements but
applicable for all types of thermal problems, whether 1D, 2D, or 3D.
Every element in Table 3-1 has different analysis and modeling options (maximum
of eight entries), designated as OP1, , OP8. When you execute the EGROUP
command, you are prompted for their input with sufficient physical interpretation
for the selected element.
3-3
Be a m
Element: BEAM2D or
BEAM3D
Nodes: 2 or 3
4 - Node P la ne or
Ax is y mme t ric
Q ua drila t e ra l
Element: PLANE2D
Nodes: 4
8 - Node P la ne or
Ax is y mme t ric
Q ua drila t e ra l
Element: PLANE2D
Nodes: 8
3 - Node P la ne or
Ax is y mme t ric
Tria ngle
Element: TRIANG
Nodes: 3
6 - Node P la ne or
Ax is y mme t ric
Tria ngle
Element: TRIANG
Nodes: 6
3 - Node S he ll
Element: SHELL3 or
SHELL3T
Nodes: 3
4 - Node S he ll
Element: SHELL4 or
SHELL4T
Nodes: 4
4 - Node
Te t ra he dra l S olid
Element: TETRA4
Nodes: 4
1 0 - Node
Te t ra he dra l S olid
Element: TETRA10
Nodes: 10
Firs t O rde r
P ris m- S ha pe d S olid
Element: SOLID
Nodes: 8 with a face
collasping to
an edge
S e c ond O rde r
P ris m- S ha pe d S olid
Element: SOLID
Nodes: 20 with a face
collasping to
an edge
Trus s / S pa r
Element: TRUSS2D or
TRUSS3D
Nodes: 2
8 - Node S olid
Element: SOLID
Nodes: 8
3-4
2 0 - Node S olid
Element: SOLID
Nodes: 20
Input Data
Introduction
Proper modeling and analysis specifications are crucial to the success of any finite
element analysis. Irrespective of the type of analysis, numerical solution using
finite element analysis requires complete information on the model under
consideration. The finite element model you submit for analysis must contain all
the necessary data for each step of numerical simulation - geometry, elements,
loads, boundary conditions, solution of system of equations, visualization and
output of results, etc. This chapter attempts to conceptually illustrate the procedure
for building a model for analysis using the COSMOS/FFE Thermal module.
Since a major portion of the effort in building a finite element model is made in
geometry creation and meshing, these topics will not be discussed here. The
COSMOS/M User Guide (Volume 1) presents in-depth information on the
procedures for model building and postprocessing in GEOSTAR. This chapter
therefore only outlines those commands which are relevant for analysis in the
COSMOS/FFE Thermal module.
4-1
START
Analysis and
Design Decisions
Problem Definition
PREPROCESSING
ANALYSIS
STOP
POSTPROCESSING
Preprocessing refers to the operations you perform such as defining the model
geometry, mesh generation, applying loads and boundary conditions, and other
operations that are required prior to submitting the model for analysis. The term
analysis in the above figure refers to the phase of specifying the analysis options
and executing the actual analysis. Postprocessing refers to the manipulation of the
analysis results for easy understanding and interpretation in a graphical
environment.
The commands summarized in the table below provide you with information on the
input of element groups, material and sectional properties, loads and boundary
conditions, analysis specifications, and output specifications.
4-2
Property
Definition
Propsets
> Element Group
> Material Property
> Real Constant
> Pick Material Lib
> User Material Lib
> Material Browser
> AISC Sect Table
> Change El-Prop
> New Property Set
> Beam Section
...
EGROUP
MPROP
RCONST
PICK_MAT
USER_MAT
R_MATLIB
PICK_SEC
EPROPCHANGE
EPROPSET
BMSECDEF
Loads and
Boundary
Conditions
LoadsBC
> THERMAL
> TEMPERATURE
> NODAL HEAT
> ELEMENT HEAT
> HEAT FLUX
> CONVECTION
> RADIATION
...
...
NT_ commands for nodal temperatures *
Q_ commands for nodal heat generation *
QE_ commands for element heat generation *
HX_ commands for heat flux *
CE_ commands for convection *
RE_ commands for radiation *
Model
Verification
Meshing
> ELEMENTS
> Check Element
Analysis
> Data Check
> Run Check
...
...
E_CHECK
...
DATA_CHECK
R_CHECK
Specifying
Analysis
Options
Analysis
> HEAT TRANSFER
> FFE Thermal Options
...
...
A_FFETHERMAL
Specifying
Output
Options
Analysis
> HEAT TRANSFER
> Thermal Output Options
> OUTPUT OPTIONS
> Set Print Options
...
...
HT_OUTPUT
...
PRINT_OPS
Executing
Thermal
Analysis
Analysis
> HEAT TRANSFER
> Run Thermal Analysis
...
...
R_THERMAL
Postprocessing
Results
> PLOT
> Thermal
> LIST
> Thermal Result
> EXTREMES
> Min/Max Temperature
...
ACTTEMP
TEMPPLOT
...
TEMPLIST
...
TEMPMAX
4-3
Define the temperature or time curve using the CURDEF (LoadsBC >
FUNCTION CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) command. The created curve is
automatically activated.
Define the entity of interest (boundary condition, load, material property etc.).
Deactivate the curve using ACTSET (Control > ACTIVATE > Set Entity)
command so that this curve is not inadvertently associated with some other
entity defined later on.
For example, prescription of a temperature varying thermal conductivity may be
done as follows. Issue the CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION CURVE > Time/
Temp Curve) command to define temperature curve number 1 and then issue the
following sequence of commands:
Geo Panel: Control > ACTIVATE > Set Entity
Set Label > Temperature Curve
Click on Continue icon
Load case set number > 1
Accept entries
4-4
Activate thermal loading using the A_FFESTATIC (Analysis > STATIC > FFE
Static Options) command.
Run the static analysis using R_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Run Static
Analysis) command.
The A_FFETHERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > FFE Thermal Options)
command specifies analysis options for heat transfer analysis using the FFE
Thermal module. Note that the A_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER >
Thermal Analysis Options) command specifies analysis options for heat transfer
analysis using the HSTAR module.
Entry & Option Description
analysis-option
Type of analysis to be performed.
S
T
Steady-state
Transient
(default is S)
element-order
Order of the element to be used. In spite of the element group name in the database, you may specify through this option whether first (linear) or second (parabolic) elements will be used. As an example, if you define TETRA4 elements
and use second order, middle nodes on straight edges will be considered during
4-5
analysis. On the other hand you may define TETRA10 elements and specify to
use first order. SOLID elements are treated similarly except that for these elements the same element group names are used for both first and second orders.
1
2
tolerance
Convergence tolerance for nonlinear problems.
(default is 0.001)
unused-option
Unused option preserved for backward compatibility only.
mass-form
Mass matrix formulation used for transient analysis. It also affects matrix-formulation for convection and radiation.
1
2
Postprocessing
The output generated by the thermal analysis can be viewed graphically in
GEOSTAR. From the Geo Panel, select Results > PLOT > Thermal in order to
have a contour plot of temperature, gradient or heat flux. An option menu will
appear on the screen to specify the plotting options. Note that if the user preferred
to type the command using the keyboard, two commands would have been used,
namely, ACTTEMP and TEMPLOT commands. You may also look at the time
history of temperature, gradient, etc. at any node. First issue the ACTXYPLOT
(Display > XY PLOTS > Activate Post-Proc) to load the proper data into memory
and then issue XYPLOT (Display > XY PLOTS > Plot Curves) to plot the time
history of the selected item.
4-6
Typing the
Command
Function
Meshing
> ELEMENTS
ECHECK
> Check Element
Analysis
> Data Check
DATA_CHECK
Analysis
> Run Check
R_CHECK
As you can notice from the above table, the DATA_CHECK command is a subset of
the R_CHECK command. Even though the R_CHECK command identifies
elements with bad geometry, the deletion of degenerate elements is performed by
the ECHECK command.
You are strongly recommended to use the R_CHECK command and apply any
corrections to the finite element model before performing any analysis.
Note that the R_CHECK command is a general model verification tool. You may
still find some errors that are not trapped by the use of this command. In most cases,
the diagnostic messages either printed on the screen or written to an ASCII file
(*.CHK) provide further information as to the nature of error and its remedies.
4-7
4-8
Examples
Introduction
This chapter presents detailed examples for performing linear and nonlinear heat
transfer analysis using the COSMOS/FFE Thermal module. The examples
discussed include large size practical problems as well as those of academic type
for verification purposes. Some benchmark results are also provided to demonstrate
the savings obtained in solution time and resources.
The following are some hints to assist you in performing a heat transfer analysis
using the COSMOS/FFE Thermal module:
If you are using the existing COSMOS/M HSTAR input files for analysis in
COSMOS/FFE Thermal, you need to use the A_FFETHERMAL command to
specify analysis options.
Information about used resources and the analysis modules messages are
written to an output file with .OUT extension.
The RESTART (Analysis > Restart) command controls the restart option for
transient analysis.
5-1
Chapter 5 Examples
Example Problems
Four examples are presented in the following pages. The first example discusses
steady-state linear heat transfer analysis using four different types of elements. The
second example deals with steady-state nonlinear heat transfer analysis due to
radiating boundary conditions. The next two examples represent problems with
large number of degrees of freedom to demonstrate the efficiency of COSMOS/
FFE.
5-2
Chapter 5 Examples
(See
page
6-2.)
50
100
50
The model geometry can be easily constructed by first building its cross section in
the Y-Z plane and then extruding it along the X-axis to form the 3D model. For
analysis using the solid elements, the entire solid will be meshed, whereas for
analysis using the shell elements, only the surfaces of the model will be meshed. To
start with, use the SF4CORD (Geometry > SURFACES > Draw w/ 4 Coord)
command from the menu tree with the coordinates as shown below:
Geo Panel: Geometry > SURFACES > Draw w/ 4 Coord (SF4CORD)
Surface Label [1] > 1
XYZ coordinates of Keypoint 1 [0,0,0] > 0,0,0
XYZ coordinates of Keypoint 2 [0,0,0] > 0,50,0
XYZ coordinates of Keypoint 3 [0,0,0] > 0,50,50
XYZ coordinates of Keypoint 4 [0,0,0] > 0,0,50
Accept entries
5-3
Chapter 5 Examples
Next, use the VLEXTR (Geometry > VOLUMES > GENERATION MENU >
Extrusion) command to extrude the cross section along the X-axis as illustrated
below:
Geo Panel: Geometry > VOLUMES > GENERATION MENU >
Extrusion (VLEXTR)
With the geometry of the model now fully defined, you can proceed to generate the
finite element mesh. Four different cases will be solved using four different types of
elements as indicated in the table below:
Case
Element Type
No. of Nodes
No. of Elements
7936
6750
2252
2250
1002
2000
951
3972
5-4
Chapter 5 Examples
The figure on the following page shows a view of the finite element mesh generated
without the hidden lines.
The applied thermal boundary conditions on the two faces of the model are
enforced using the command NTSF (LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE >
Define by Surface), shown below:
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define by Surface
(NTSF)
Repeat the NTSF command to apply the thermal boundary conditions at the other
end which is at a temperature of 0. The figure below shows the applied boundary
conditions.
Figure 5-2. Finite Element Mesh and Applied Thermal Boundary Conditions
The definition of the element type to be used in the analysis and the specification of
the material properties, illustrated below, complete the preparation of the finite
element model:
5-5
Chapter 5 Examples
Before proceeding to perform the heat transfer analysis, you need to specify the
appropriate flags for analysis using the A_FFETHERMAL (Analysis > HEAT
TRANSFER > FFE Thermal Options) command as illustrated below:
Geo Panel: Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > FFE Thermal Options
(A_FFETHERMAL)
Analysis option [S: Steady] >
Element order 1=First 2=Second [2] >
Convergence tolerance [0.001] >
Unused option >
Formulation flag 0=lump 1=cons >
Click OK to accept entries
The options selected above specify steady state heat transfer analysis using second
order elements. The command R_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER >
Run Thermal Analysis) can now be used to execute analysis. After successful
completion of analysis, you can proceed to postprocess the results.
In order to graphically view the temperature distribution (Figure 5-3), follow the
steps given below using the menu tree:
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Thermal
Time step number [1] > 1
Component [TEMP] > TEMP: Nodal Temperature
Select Contour Plot
Click OK to apply default entries
5-6
Chapter 5 Examples
If the user preferred to type in the commands using the keyboard, two commands
should be typed in:
GEO > ACTTEMP;
GEO > TEMPLOT;
Figure 5-3. Temperature Contour Plot
The solution time data for the problem can be obtained from the output file
(jobname.OUT).
5-7
Chapter 5 Examples
lower order elements (4-noded elements in this case). Since the mesh is generated
independently for each surface, you need to use the NMERGE (Meshing > NODES
> Merge) and NCOMPRESS (Edit > Compress Nodes) commands from the menu
tree to merge the nodes and remove node numbering gaps respectively, in order to
satisfy the compatibility requirements.
You need to redefine the element group, specifying SHELL4 with default options.
You also need to specify a thickness of 0.1 for this element using the RCONST
(Propsets > Real Constant) command with entries shown below:
Geo Panel: Propsets > Element Group
EGROUP,1,SHELL4;
Geo Panel: Propsets > Real Constant
RCONST,1,1,1,6,0.1;
Use the NTSF command as before to apply the thermal boundary conditions at the
two end faces. The analysis options set by the A_FFETHERMAL command still
remain valid, with second order solutions specified for this case also. The command
R_THERMAL can now be used to execute the analysis. As before, you can view the
temperature contour plot. You will notice that the contours are the same as those
obtained using solid hexahedral elements.
Next, from the Meshing > AUTO MESH menu tree, select the Polyhedra (MA_PH)
command to generate a mesh of triangular elements. This command by default
generates lower order elements.
5-8
Chapter 5 Examples
You also need to redefine the element group, specifying SHELL3 with default
options. You need to specify a thickness of 0.1 using the RCONST command as
used before.
EGROUP,1,SHELL3;
RCONST,1,1,1,6,0.1;
Use the NTSF command as before to apply the thermal boundary conditions at the
two end faces. The analysis options set by the A_FFETHERMAL command still
remain valid, with second order solutions specified for this case also. The command
R_THERMAL can now be used to execute analysis. As before, you can view the
temperature contour plot.
Use the NTSF command as before to apply the thermal boundary conditions at the
two end faces. The analysis options set by the A_FFETHERMAL command still
remain valid, with second order solutions specified for this case also. The command
R_THERMAL can now be used to execute analysis. As before, you can view the
temperature contour plot.
5-9
Chapter 5 Examples
T = 1000 C
T = 10 C
Radiation
1
10
=
=
=
=
=
10.0 m
1.0 m2
K = 45.0 W/m C
T = 10.0 C
T0 = 1000 C
Radiation Data:
Area of radiating surface
View factor
Emissivity
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
=
=
=
=
1.0 m2
1.0
1.0
5.67E-8 W/m2K 4
The finite element mesh of this problem can be easily created by first constructing a
surface in the X-Y plane along the length of the solid and meshing it with
quadrilateral plane elements. The surface and its mesh can be then extruded in the
Z-direction to form the 3D solid with brick elements.
In order to create a surface with corners at (0,0), (10,0), (10,1), and (0,1), use the
SF4CORD (Geometry > SURFACES > Draw w/ 4 Coord) command as shown
below:
Geo Panel: Geometry > SURFACES > Draw w/ 4 Coord (SF4CORD)
Surface label [1] > 1
XYZ coordinates of Keypoint 1 [0,0,0] > 0,0,0
XYZ coordinates of Keypoint 2 [0,0,0] > 10,0,0
XYZ coordinates of Keypoint 3 [0,0,0] > 10,1,0
XYZ coordinates of Keypoint 4 [0,0,0] > 0,1,0
Accept entries
5-10
(See
page
6-2.)
Chapter 5 Examples
The surface created can be now meshed with quadrilateral elements using the M_SF
(Meshing > Parametric Mesh > Surfaces) command as shown below:
Geo Panel: Meshing > PARAMETRIC MESH > Surfaces (M_SF)
Beginning surface [1] > 1
Ending surface [1] > 1
Increment [1] > 1
Number of nodes per element [4] > 4
Number of elements on 1st curve [2] > 10
Number of elements on 2nd curve [2] > 2
Accept default values for spacing ratio
Click OK
The figure below shows the plot of the surface and the elements generated for
extrusion to form the 3D solid.
Figure 5-5. Surface and its Mesh for Extrusion
Next, apply the command VLEXTR (Geometry > VOLUMES > GENERATION
MENU > Extrusion) to extrude the surface and its mesh to form the 3D solid with
5-11
Chapter 5 Examples
brick elements as illustrated below. We will use two layers of elements along the Zdirection.
Geo Panel: Geometry > VOLUMES > GENERATION MENU > Extrusion
(VLEXTR)
The figure below shows plots of the mesh obtained by extrusion with and without
hidden lines.
Figure 5-6. Finite Element Mesh of the Solid Obtained by Extrusion
The prescribed temperature of 1000C at the left end is applied using the NTSF
(LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define by Surface) command as
illustrated below:
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define by Surface
(NTSF)
5-12
Chapter 5 Examples
The radiation boundary conditions at the right end are enforced using the RESF
(LoadsBC > THERMAL > RADIATION > Define) command as shown below:
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > RADIATION > Define by Surface
(RESF)
To specify the difference between the absolute zero and the zero of the temperature
scale used, the TOFFSET (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Offset Temperature)
command is used with an offset value of 273.15.
The temperature and radiation boundary conditions applied on the prismatic solid
are shown in the figure below.
Figure 5-7. Applied Thermal Boundary Conditions
5-13
Chapter 5 Examples
The definition of the element type to be used in the analysis and the specification of
the material properties, illustrated below, are defined using the Propsets menu tree
to complete the preparation of the finite element model:
EGROUP,1,SOLID;
MPROP,1,KX,45;
Before proceeding to perform the heat transfer analysis, you need to specify the
appropriate flags for analysis using the A_FFETHERMAL (Analysis > HEAT
TRANSFER > FFE Thermal Options) command with default entries.
The command R_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Run Thermal
Analysis) can now be used to execute analysis. After successful completion of
analysis, you can proceed to postprocess the results. The figure below shows
temperature contours obtained by using the Results > PLOT > Thermal menu tree
according to the procedure described in the previous example.
The theoretical solution for this problem is provided in the next chapter (see TN03).
The computed temperature at the radiating surface is 235.77 which exactly matches
with the analytical solution, 235.77.
Figure 5-8. Temperature Contours
5-14
Chapter 5 Examples
(See
page
6-2.)
5-15
Chapter 5 Examples
the commands NTLIST (LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > List),
MPLIST (Edit > LIST > Material Props), and EGLIST (Edit > LIST > Element
Groups), to verify the applied nodal temperatures, the defined material properties,
and the selected element group for analysis, respectively.
Since the finite element model is completely defined, you can proceed to
performing the analysis. In order to specify the appropriate analysis flags, use the
A_FFETHERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > FFE Thermal Options)
command with default entries.
The command R_THERMAL can now be used to execute analysis. After successful
completion of analysis, you can proceed to postprocess the results. In order to
graphically view the temperature distribution (Figure 5-10), follow the steps given
below using the menu tree:
Geo Panel: Display > DISPLAY OPTION > Eval Element Bound
Boundary face evaluation > Yes
Boundary edge evaluation > Yes
Tolerance angle to ignore curvature (for edge) > 20
Evaluation criterion (for edge) > Mesh
Click OK to accept
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Thermal
Time step number [1] > 1
Component [TEMP] > TEMP: Nodal Temperature
Select Contour Plot
Click OK to accept
If the user preferred to type in the commands using the keyboard, two commands
should be typed in:
GEO > ACTTEMP;
GEO > TEMPPLOT;
5-16
Chapter 5 Examples
5-17
Chapter 5 Examples
5-18
(See
page
6-2.)
Chapter 5 Examples
Since the finite element model is completely defined, you can proceed to
performing the analysis. In order to specify the appropriate analysis flags, use the
A_FFETHERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > FFE Thermal Options)
command with default entries.
The command R_THERMAL can now be used to execute analysis. After successful
completion of analysis, you can proceed to postprocess the results. In order to
graphically view the temperature distribution (Figure 5-12), follow the steps given
below using the menu tree:
Geo Panel: Display > DISPLAY OPTION > Eval Element Bound
Boundary face evaluation > Yes
Boundary edge evaluation > Yes
Tolerance angle to ignore curvature (for edge) > 20
Evaluation criterion (for edge) > Mesh
Click OK to accept
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Thermal
Time step number [1] > 1
Component [TEMP] > TEMP: Nodal Temperature
Select Contour Plot
Click OK to accept
If the user preferred to type in the commands using the keyboard, two commands
should be typed in:
GEO > ACTTEMP;
GEO > TEMPPLOT;
5-19
Chapter 5 Examples
5-20
Verification Problems
Introduction
In the following, a comprehensive set of benchmark problems are provided to
illustrate the various features of the COSMOS/FFE heat transfer analysis module.
The problems are carefully selected to cover a wide range of applications in the
field of thermal analysis.
The input files for FFE problems are available in ...\Vprobs\FFE folder in the
COSMOS/M 2.0 directory. Where ... refers to the directory in which you
installed COSMOS/M. You may copy the desired input file into your working
directory, create a new problem, and then use the File (File > Load...) command to
read the input file and to run the problem.
6-1
6-2
Element
Title
FFETL01
SHELL3T
FFETL02
SHELL4
FFETL03
PLANE2D
FFETL04
PLANE2D
FFETL05
PLANE2D
FFETL08
TRUSS2D
FFETL09
TRUSS, CLINK
FFETN01
TRUSS2D
FFETN03
TRUSS2D, RLINK
(See
page 62.)
TYPE:
Steady-state heat conduction with prescribed temperature boundary conditions,
SHELL3T elements are used.
REFERENCE:
Carslaw, H. S., and Jaeger, J. C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd Edition,
Oxford University Press, 1959.
PROBLEM:
Determine the temperature at the center of a square plate with prescribed edge
temperatures.
GIVEN:
Thermal Conductivity = 43 w/m C
Width and Height of Plate = 4 m
Boundary Conditions:
Along the edge AB, temp. = 0 C
Along the edge BC, temp. = 0 C
Along the edge CD, temp. = 0 C
Along the edge DA, temp. = 100 C
MODELING HINTS:
Since the plate and boundary conditions are symmetrical about I-I, only one half of
the plate is modeled using SHELL3T elements as shown in the figure.
6-3
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION:
Temperature at any point (x,y) in the plate is
Where
a
T0 = The temperature at x = 0
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
At the center of the plate (Node 41).
Temperature C
Theory
25.0
COSMOS/FFE
24.99
Difference
0.04%
Figure FFETL011.
Y
0
D
C
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
100
28
36
19
27
10
18
1
B
0
Problem Sketch
6-4
(See
page 62.)
TYPE:
Steady-state heat conduction with convection boundary conditions, SHELL4
elements.
REFERENCE:
M. N. Ozisik, Heat Conduction, Wiley, New York, 1980.
PROBLEM:
Determine the temperature distribution in an orthotropic plate with a constant rate of
heat generation. The boundaries at x=0 and y=0 are insulated, and those at x=a and
y=b are dissipating heat by convection into the atmosphere which is at zero
temperature.
GIVEN:
Thermal Conductivity along x direction = k x = 10 W/m C
Thermal Conductivity along y direction = k y = 20 W/m C
Convection heat transfer coefficient at the boundary BC = h 1 = 10 W/m2 C
Convection heat transfer coefficient at the boundary DC = h2 = 20 W/m2 C
Length of the plate = a = 1.0 m
Width of the plate = b = 2.0 m
Thickness of the plate = 0.1 m
Rate of heat generation Q = 100 W/m3
MODELING HINT:
Plate is modeled using 200 SHELL4 elements.
6-5
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION:
Where:
K1 = K
K 2 = Ky
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
6-6
Node
X (m)
Theory
COSMOS/FFE
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
8.5094
8.4832
8.4045
8.2728
8.0874
7.8471
7.5505
7.1959
6.7811
6.3038
5.7613
8.5102
8.4840
8.4053
8.2737
8.0882
7.8479
7.5513
7.1967
6.7819
6.3046
5.7620
y
T = 0 C
h = 20 w/m2 C
2
D
221
231
11
Insulated
T = 0 C
h = 10 w/m2
1
C
Insulated
B
Problem Sketch
Finite Element
Model
6-7
6-8
(See
page 62.)
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Comparison of solutions is made at r = 0.0125 m (node 21) and at t = 60 sec.
Temperature C
Theory
118.4
COSMOS/FFE
119.49
Figure FFETL031.
Y
ro
40
39
42
h, T
41
ro
Z
Problem Sketch
6-9
An internal pressure Pa
2.
GIVEN:
E
= 30 x 10 6 psi
= 1 in
= 2 in
= 0.3
x = 1*10-6 / F
Kx = 1 BTU/in S F
Pa = 100 psi
Ta = 100 F
Tb = 0 F
6-10
(See
page 62.)
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory
COSMOS/FFE
Node 23 F
59.401
59.401
Node 42 F
23.447
23.447
COSMOS/M STAR
Tr
-398.34
-398.14
-592.47
-596.38
Figure FFETL041.
Ta
Pa
Tr
Problem Sketch
y
31
45
28
16
30
14
7
1 23
12
x
15
a
b
CL
6-11
6-12
(See
page 62.)
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Temperature C
at node 113
Theory
----
COSMOS/FFE
299.10
Figure FFETL051.
= 268 K
= 5 w/cm 2 K
Y
Y
145
153
C
D
Cables
D
Cabl
113
Insulated
B
1
B
4
Finite Element
Model
Problem Sketch
6-13
(See
page 62.)
TYPE:
Linear transient heat conduction, TRUSS2D elements.
REFERENCE:
Gupta, C. P., and Prakash, R., Engineering Heat Transfer, Nem Chand and Bros.,
India, 1979, pp. 155-157.
PROBLEM:
A large plate of thickness 62.8 cm is initially at a
temperature of 50 C. Suddenly, both of its faces are
raised to and held at 550 C.
Determine:
1.
2.
3.
Ts
Ts
X
GIVEN:
Thickness of slab = L = 0.628 m
Area of cross section = 1 m2
Thermal Conductivity = K = 46.4 J/m - hr K
Density = = 23.2 Kg/m3
Specific Heat = c = 1000 J/Kg - K
Initial Temperature = Ti = 50 C
Left and right
surface temperatures = Ts = 550 C
Solution Time = 5 hours
6-14
Problem Sketch
MODELING HINT:
Temp.
Ts = Surface temperature
Ti
= Initial temperature
= Time
Temperature is:
(n = 1, 3, 5, ----)
Instantaneous heat flow rate per unit area at any point is:
(n = 1, 3, 5, ----)
6-15
(n = 1, 3, 5, ----)
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
At time t* = 5 hours:
Location
Theory
COSMOS/
FFE
Difference
%
183.90
183.42
0.05
130880
130030
0.65
1125330
1092200
2.94
Distance (m)
Node No.
0.157
Heat Flow/
Unit Time (q)
Cumulative
Heat Flow (Q)
Temp (T)
Figure FFETL083.
Temperature
78.6001
Temperature Versus
Time for Node 9
64.3000
Time
50.000
0.0500
6-16
2.5250
5.0000
(See
page 62.)
Figure FFETL09-1.
REFERENCE:
Kreith, F., Principles of
Heat Transfer,
International Textbook Co.,
Scranton, Pennsylvania,
2nd Printing, 1959.
Tw
b
h, T a
PROBLEM:
A cooling fin of square
cross-sectional area A,
length l, and conductivity k
extends from a wall
maintained at temperature
Tw. The surface convection
coefficient between the fin
and the surrounding air is h,
the air temperature is Ta,
and the tip of the fin is
insulated. Determine the
heat conducted by the fin q
and the temperature of the
tip T l.
Z
4
11
12
10
13
14
2
1
3
3
4
5
12
15
5
7
14
16
6
9
16
17
7
11
17
18
8
13
19
15
GIVEN:
b
= 1 in = (1/12)ft
Area of Cross-Section
of the Fin
= A = 0.0069 ft2
Length of Fin
= l = 0.667 ft
6-17
Thermal Conductivity
= k = 25 BTU/hr-ft- F
Film Coefficient
= h = 1 BTU/hr-ft 2- F
Wall Temperature
= Tw = 100 F
Ambient Temperature
= Ta = 0 F
CALCULATED INPUT:
The surface convection area per inch length of the fin = 0.02778 ft2.
MODELING HINTS:
The end convection elements are given half the surface area of the interior
convection elements. Nodes 11 through 19 are given arbitrary locations.
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
T at node 9, F
6-18
Theory
68.594
COSMOS/FFE
68.615
Difference
0.03%
(See
page 62.)
TYPE:
Nonlinear heat conduction, TRUSS2D elements.
REFERENCE:
Ozisik, M., Heat Conduction, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1980, pp. 440-443.
PROBLEM:
Determine the temperature distribution in a slab which is insulated on one face, and
subjected to a constant temperature on the other face. Assume constant internal heat
generation in the slab and a linear variation of thermal conductivity.
GIVEN:
Thickness of the slab
=L=2m
= K = 50 (1 + 2T) W/m C
Boundary conditions:
At x = 0, Insulated boundary
At x = L, Prescribed temperature of 100 C
Twenty TRUSS2D elements have been used to model this problem as shown in the
figure.
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION:
Steady state heat conduction equation is given by:
Where:
K
6-19
T = T L (Prescribed temperature)
Where:
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory
COSMOS/FFE
At X = 0 (Node 1) C
118.24
118.24
At X = 1 (Node 11) C
113.96
113.96
Figure FFETN011.
Q = 100000.0 W/m 3
o
Insulated
T = 100.0 C
K = 50.0(1+2T) W/m C
L
Problem Sketch
Y
20
1 2 3
1 234
20
Finite Element Model
6-20
21
(See
page 62.)
Figure FFETN031
T=1000 C
Radiation
T =10.0 C
GIVEN:
Length of the rod
= 10 m
= 1 m2
Thermal conductivity
= K = 45 W/m C
Ambient temperature
= T = 10 C
= T0 = 1000 C
Radiation Data
Area of radiating surface
= 1 m2
View factor
=1
Emissivity
=1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.67E-8 W/m2 K4
6-21
Figure FFETN032
TRUSS 2D
2
Rlink
9
10
9 10
x=0
11
11
12
x=10
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION:
T0
Figure FFETN033
x=0
Radiation at
x=l
T = T0
= C1
= C1x + C2
6-22
But we have
Substitute:
= 5.67E-8 W/m2 K 4
=1
=1
= 1 m2
= 45 W/m K
T0 = 1000 C = 1273.15 K
T = 10 C = 283.15 K
6-23
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
6-24
Var.
Node
Analytical
COSMOS/M
Temp
10
--
--
11
235.77
235.77
Troubleshooting
Introduction
When you use the COSMOS/FFE Thermal module, you may sometimes come
across the following error messages, listed alphabetically. Diagnostics and
corrective measures for each error messages are provided.
PROBLEM:
You have specified bonding of two bodies in your model using the BONDDEF
command. Bonding is not supported in this version of FFE Thermal. Delete
bonding or use the conventional HSTAR module.
PROBLEM:
Some changes in the model were introduced after the results existing in the
database have been calculated. Use the RESTART (Analysis > Restart) command to deactivate the restart option and try again.
PROBLEM:
You have activated the restart option for transient thermal analysis. Results of
the analysis were not found in the database. Use the RESTART (Analysis >
Restart) command to deactivate the restart option and try again.
A-1
Chapter
PROBLEM:
You have activated the restart option for transient thermal analysis. Results of
the analysis at the starting solution step were not found in the database.
PROBLEM:
Define the missing coordinate system and try again or modify your input such
that the named coordinate system is not referred to.
PROBLEM:
Degenerate elements were detected in your model. Degenerate elements are bar
elements with 0-length, area elements with 0-area, or solid elements with 0-volume. Use the ECHECK (Meshing > ELEMENTS > Check Element) command
to correct the problem and automatically delete bar elements whose length is
less than PTTOL, area elements whose area is less than PTTOL square, and solid
elements whose volume is less than PTTOL cubed. The point tolerance is
defined by the PTTOL (Geometry > POINTS > Merge Tolerance) command.
PROBLEM:
The given element is associated with an element group that is not supported in
this release of FFE Thermal. Use the conventional solver, or redefine the element group if possible.
PROBLEM:
The named element belongs to a SOLID element group. The nodes defining a
face of the solid have collapsed to a single point. This type of collapsed element
is not currently supported by COSMOS/FFE Thermal. This element may have
been defined manually or resulted from the parametric meshing of a volume
with a very sharp edges or corners. Delete the mesh, define a TETRA4, or
TETRA10 element group, and use automatic meshing instead of parametric
meshing. Prism-shaped elements are automatically supported.
PROBLEM:
A-2
Chapter
PROBLEM:
An I/O error has occurred while reading information from a temporary working
file.
PROBLEM:
An I/O error has occurred while reading from the named file which is part of the
COSMOS/M database. The file may have been corrupted. Check the integrity of
your hard disk, reconstruct the model by creating a new problem and using the
FILE (File > Load...) command, and try again.
PROBLEM:
An I/O error has occurred while reading information from a temporary working
file.
PROBLEM:
An error occurred while writing data to the temporary file. Check the available
disk space, and the integrity of your system, especially the hard disk. Reconstruct the database and try again.
PROBLEM:
An error occurred while writing data to the named file. Check the integrity of
your system, especially the hard disk. Reconstruct the database and try again.
PROBLEM:
The named file does not contain the expected data in the expected format. Either
the file is corrupted, overwritten, or created by a different COSMOS/M version.
PROBLEM:
The format of the data in the named file is not as expected. Either the file is corrupted, overwritten, or created by a different COSMOS/M version.
PROBLEM:
A-3
Chapter
PROBLEM:
The mesh elements are not compatible in the neighborhood of the named element. This can be the result of improper node merging, invalid parametric tetrahedral mesh, or invalid manually created elements.
PROBLEM:
Either the mesh, material properties, or boundary conditions of the model have
been improperly defined. Use the R_CHECK (Analysis > Run Check) command to check the elements. Also list and examine the material properties and
boundary conditions.
PROBLEM:
An internal error has occurred. Record the error number and report to SRAC.
PROBLEM:
First order (linear) and second order (parabolic) elements are connected to each
other resulting in incompatible common edges. An example is connecting
TETRA4 elements to TETRA10 elements. Use the ECHANGE (Meshing >
Element Order) command to fix the problem by raising the order of first order
elements or lowering the order of second order elements. It is recommended,
though not necessary to change the element group(s).
PROBLEM:
Invalid curve
An invalid temperature or time curve has been found. Verify your input. The
ACTXYPRE (Display XY PLOTS > Activate Pre-Proc) and XYPLOT (Display
XY PLOTS > Plot Curves) commands may be used to plot time and temperature curves. Redefine the invalid curves using the CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) command and try again. A corruption in the
database is possible.
A-4
Chapter
PROBLEM:
The number of nodes used to define the specified element is invalid. Use the
(Edit > LIST > Element Groups) and ELIST (Edit > LIST > Elements) commands to find the error. The R_CHECK (Analysis > Run Check) command will
also detect such errors.
PROBLEM:
The time interval specified for the transient thermal analysis is invalid. Use the
TIMES (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Time Parameter) command to correct
the error.
PROBLEM:
The number of time steps for transient thermal analysis exceeded the maximum
allowed number which is currently 2400.
PROBLEM:
The program could not create a temporary file. Check the integrity of your system and verify that adequate disk space is available.
A-5
Chapter
PROBLEM:
The program could not create the named file. Check the integrity of your system
and verify that adequate disk space is available.
PROBLEM:
The program could not open the named file which is part of the COSMOS/M
database. The file may have been deleted. Check the integrity of your hard disk,
reconstruct the model by creating a new problem and using the FILE (File >
Load...) command.
PROBLEM:
The program could not open the database for this problem. Verify that the database files for this problem exist in the proper path and directory specified and
that the correct version is being used. Also check the integrity of your system
and verify that adequate disk space is available.
PROBLEM:
An end-file mark was found before reading all needed data from the named file.
Check related input, fix the problem if any, and try again. Regenerate the file if
possible, check the integrity of your system and reconstruct the database
through the FILE (File > Load...) command if the problem could not be fixed
otherwise.
PROBLEM:
You are not authorized to use this type of analysis. Use the PRODUCT_INFO
(Control > MISCELLANEOUS > Product Info) command to get a list of the
modules you are authorized to use. Contact S.R.A.C.
PROBLEM:
The cross sectional area of the specified element is zero or negative. Use the
ELIST (Edit > LIST > Elements) command to find the associated real constant
set and then use the RCLIST (Edit > LIST > Real Constants) command to list
the cross sectional area. Use the RCONST (Propsets > Real Constant) command to specify a positive value.
A-6
Chapter
PROBLEM:
The heat conductivity specified for this element is zero or negative. Use the
ELIST (Edit > LIST > Elements) command to find the associated material property set and then use the MPLIST (Edit > LIST > Material Props) command to
list the material properties in the associated set. Use the MPROP (Propsets >
Material Property) command to specify a positive value.
PROBLEM:
An invalid value has been specified in the real constant associated with the
specified element. Use the ELIST (Edit > LIST > Elements) command to find
the associated real constant set and then use the RCLIST (Edit > LIST > Real
Constants ) command to list the set and check your input for the radiating surface area, the view factor, emissivity, and the Stefan-Boltzman constant. Use the
RCONST (Propsets > Real Constant) command to fix the error.
PROBLEM:
The thickness of the specified element is zero or negative. Use the ELIST (Edit
> LIST > Elements) command to find the associated real constant set and then
use the RCLIST (Edit > LIST > Real Constants) command to list the thickness.
Use the RCONST (Propsets > Real Constant) command to specify a positive
value.
PROBLEM:
The time increment specified by the TIMES command is invalid. Use the TIMES
(LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Time Parameter) command to specify a positive value.
A-7
A-8
Index
PLANE2D 6-2
Plot Curves 4-6
postprocessing 4-2
preprocessing 4-2
Product Info A-6
Property Set 3-2
radiation 1-3
Read Temp as Load 4-5
RLINK 3-1, 6-2
Run Check A-5
Run Static Analysis 4-5
Run Thermal Analysis 4-6
C
change element A-4
Change El-Prop 3-2
check element A-2
CLINK 3-1, 6-2
convection 1-2, 5-18, 6-5, 6-8
convergence tolerance 4-6
D
Data Check 4-7
Default Meshing 5-11
delete mesh 5-7
delete polyhedron 5-9
L
linear 5-1
list element groups A-5
M
mass matrix 4-6
material properties A-4, A-7
N
New Property Set 3-2
nonlinear 5-1, 5-10
S
second order 4-6
Set Entity 4-4
SHELL3 3-1
SHELL3T 3-1, 6-2
SHELL4 3-1, 6-2
SHELL4T 3-1
size limitations 2-3
SOLID 3-1
steady-state 4-5
I-1
Index
T
temperature 1-2
TETRA10 3-2
TETRA4 3-2
Thermal Analysis Options 4-5
thermal stress 4-5
Time/Temp Curve 4-4, A-4
transient 4-5, 4-6
TRIANG 3-2
TRUSS 6-2
TRUSS2D 3-2, 6-2
TRUSS3D 3-2
U
units 1-3
I-2