Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ELE catalogue
Oedometers
ELE catalogue
ELE catalogue
ELE catalogue
Direct shear
(shear box) test
on soil
ELE catalogue
ASTM D1586
Corrections:
1) Energy ratio:
N 60 =
ER
N
60
2) Overburden depth
N1 =
1 .7 N
0 .7 + v '
Effective vertical
pressure (tons/ft2)
Precautions:
1) Clean hole
2) Sampler below end
of casing
3) Cobbles
8
Procedure:
1) Place vane to the bottom
2) Insert into clay
3) Rotate, measure peak torque
4) Turn several times, measure
remoulded torque
5) Calculate strength
Correction:
1.0
0.6
Bjerrums correction
PEAK
20%
P.I.
Precautions:
REMOULDED
ASTM D2573
1) Clean hole
2) Sampler below end
of casing
3) No rod friction
100%
Plasticity
Index
2)
3)
4) Time-dependent changes:
- softening
5)
Mechanical changes:
-pre-shearing, residual strength
6)
Moisture-dependency:
- loss of strength on wetting
10
S
stable
(-u)
11
Types of cohesion:
1) Electrostatic forces (in stiff overconsolidated clays): 5-24 kPa
May be lost through weathering
S
c
pre-consolidation
stress, p0
(-u)
12
Types of cohesion:
2) Cementing by Fe2O3, CaCO3, NaCl etc.: up to 500kPa
Lateral (high)
May be lost
through
logging or fire
Basal (low)
13
200
14
(Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993)
normal stress
15
Apparent cohesion:
total stress
pore-pressure, u
normal stress
16
Apparent cohesion:
Increased total normal stress
increased total
stress
normal stress
17
Apparent cohesion:
Undrained
loading=u
increased total
stress
+
u+u
normal stress
18
Apparent cohesion:
Decreased total normal stress
decreased total
stress
normal stress
19
Apparent cohesion:
decreased total
stress
Undrained
loading=u
- u-u
normal stress
20
10
Apparent cohesion
(Undrained shear strength):
Clay will have a constant short-term strength
(Undrained Shear Strength, Su)
May be lost through time (delayed failure)
= 0
condition
Su
21
Softening:
short term
S
long term
(-u)
c
22
11
Friction angle:
LOOSE
DENSE
23
Friction angle:
LOOSE (contractant soil)
DENSE
(dilatant soil)
24
12
Friction angle:
Dilatancy angle
negative
' = basic +
Dilatancy angle
positive
DENSE
(dilatant soil)
25
Relative
density from
SPT test:
N
Dr
0-4
0-15
4-10
15-35
10-30
35-65
30-50
65-85
>50
>85
NAVFAC, 1971
26
13
40
sin
30
20
27
Pore-pressure response:
LOOSE
DENSE
28
14
Pore-pressure response:
Pore space decreased
DENSE
(dilatant soil)
29
Results of
a typical
triaxial test
on soil
CONTRACTANT
DILATANT
Axial strain %
Axial strain %
30
15
Loose
packing
Dense
packing
H
GT
EN
R
ST
V
EN
PSE
LLA
CO FACE
R
SU
E
OP
EL
CYCLIC LOADING
STATIC OVERSTRESS
32
16
peak
remoulded
33
Pre-shearing:
Shear
Stress
Displacement
peak strength
residual friction
angle r
S
no cohesion
(-u)
34
17
Pre-Shearing
The friction angle of clay decreases from peak to
residual value due to particle alignment, when
sheared.
Shear stress
Peak strength
Residual (ultimate) strength
Displacement
35
Friction
angle
(degrees)
20
Shear Stress
15
10
Peak
5
Residual
Normal stress
(Kenney, 1967)
35
2) Glacier drag
(lacustrine clays, shales)
3) Relict landslides
36
18
Time frame
Materials
Weeks to
years
clay, silt
Decades
Variable
Stiff clays
Materials
Sudden remoulding
Unsaturated silt
special properties
Soils
Natural
Processed
Coarse
Dense
Loose
Fine
Structured
Saturated
Contractant
Unstructured
Compacted Fills
Structured
Unsaturated
Dilatant
Unstructured
Unstructured
Coarse
Fine
Mine Waste
Coarse
Fine
Structured
Structured
38
19
Soils
Natural
Processed
39
Soils
Natural
Coarse
Processed
Fine
sand, gravel,
boulders
- rapid drainage
-slow drainage
-cohesive
Compacted Fills
Mine Waste
-select material
-designed placement
-controlled properties
-uncompacted
-random material
-poor foundations
> reliable
> unreliable
40
20
Soils
Processed
Compacted Fills
Coarse
Design
problems:
-compaction
-stable drainage
(filters)
Mine Waste
Fine
Coarse
Design
problems:
-deformability
-shear strength
-internal erosion
(filters)
Fine
Waste pile
problems:
-loose, possibly
collapsive (flow
slides)
-poor
foundations
-complex
drainage
Tailings dyke
problems:
-loose, possibly
collapsive
(liquefaction)
-internal erosion
-poor drainage
(overtopping)
41
Soils
Natural
Coarse
Dense
Rd>35%
N>10-20
- Few problems
- erodible?
Loose
- May be collapsive
in undrained failure
(liquefaction)
if saturated
(submarine flow
slides?)
-erodible?
Structured
-Cemented
-Weak cement may
sustain loose
structure!
- may be collapsive
- erodible?
42
21
Soils
Natural
Fine
Unsaturated
Unstructured
Structured
-Apparent cohesion
-Non-linear strength
envelope, dependent on
moisture content
-Stability strongly
dependent on infiltration
-May be cemented,
fissured (secondary
permeability) or collapsive.
>very low reliability
>low reliability
43
Soils
Natural
Fine
Saturated
Contractant
Unstructured
-Insensitive soft
clays
-Textbook
materials:
-Problem:
accurate
measurement of
undrained shear
strength
-Watch for loose
sand lenses!
Dilatant
Structured
Unstructured
-Sensitive clays
-Collapsive (flow
slides)
-Quick clays
Structured
44
22
collapsive behaviour?
Soils
Natural
Processed
Coarse
Dense
Loose
Fine
Cemented
Saturated
Contractant
Insensitive
Compacted Fills
Unsaturated
Dilatant
Sensitive
Massive
Unstructured
Coarse
Mine Waste
Fine
Coarse
Fine
Fissured
Cemented
Fissured
45
Soils
Natural
Processed
Coarse
Dense
Loose
Compacted Fills
Fine
Cemented
Saturated
Contractant
Insensitive
Sensitive
Unsaturated
Dilatant
Massive
Unstructured
Coarse
Fine
Mine Waste
Coarse
Fine
Fissured
Cemented
Fissured
46
23
Soils
Natural
Processed
Coarse
Dense
Loose
Fine
Cemented
Saturated
Contractant
Insensitive
Compacted Fills
Sensitive
Unsaturated
Dilatant
Massive
Unstructured
Coarse
Fine
Mine Waste
Coarse
Fine
Fissured
Cemented
Fissured
47
24