A REPORT

ON

SMART INDOOR IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Embedded Systems Design (EEE G512)

by

Abhijit Hota
---------------------------2008A7PS095G

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

April 2012
i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

System Implementation and Components

Functioning Flowchart

Pin Diagram

Code

Conclusion

12

Bibliography

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ii

INTRODUCTION
This project aims to develop a system to automate irrigation/watering of plants installed inside a
household/office space. It samples the moisture content of the soil and automatically waters the
plants to the required amount of saturation. The user just has to input the sampling rate and the
threshold soil moisture content, which can be changed as required, and the system functions
accordingly. It also monitors the sufficiency of water from the source, which could be a reservoir or
a tank, and raises an alert when required. The state of the system is constantly monitored and an
LCD display notifies the current overall status. The system helps save time, prevents unnecessary
water wastage and avoids any inconvenience that is caused by watering the plants manually. It can
be extended to a large scale irrigation system for a complete building or a farm with increased
complexity of watering.

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPONENTS

The system is implemented using the PSOC-001 Kit.
Components of the system:
1) 4X4 Matrix keypad.
2) LCD HD4470
3) ADC
4) Soil Moisture sensor.
5) DC Motor.
6) Buzzer.
7) Water level Detector.
8) Push Button
Out of these components, the ADC and LCD are found on the P-SoC development board.
Implementation of various steps and the components used:
1) Input values from 4X4 Matrix keypad:
A lookup table was used to recognize the keys pressed. 4 bits each for rows and columns are
used. At the start, the LCD displays the message Enter moisture. Here, the threshold soil
moisture content value (Min = 0 and Max = 63) is entered. Once a number is typed, it can be
deleted using the D button of the keypad. Only when key E is pressed, the number is
stored. Thus, E functions as the confirm button. Once the moisture threshold is entered, the
LCD displays Enter delay. A similar arrangement for delete and confirm is available for setting
the delay in sampling. This delay is in seconds and represents the sampling rate.
2) Soil Moisture sensing module:
The soil moisture sensing module basically consists of Resistors and electrodes. Resistors are
used to limit the current. Copper electrodes are used to test the moisture content.
Conductivity of soil at various moisture content is the principle behind the operation.

From the diagram: Rs = resistance offered between electrodes.

For our system R1= 2k , R2 = 1k , Vcc = 5V
Hence, when there is no conduction (in case of dry soil), Rs = very large, Vsensor = Vcc. And
when the electrodes have no resistance between them (or under complete conduction of soil),
Rs = 0 and Vsensor = Vcc/3. The value of Vsensor is used to determine the soil moisture
content. A look-up table mapping the values of Vsensor at various level of soil water saturation
is used to determine the required threshold.
3) Water level sensor :
This is implemented exactly as the soil moisture sensor. However, we use electricity
conducting plates instead of the electrodes for the sensing mechanism. One of them is fixed at
the bottom (minimum level of water) and the other floats at the water surface level. Whenever
the water level reaches the minimum level, the plates touch and Rs becomes 0 and hence,
Vsensor = Vcc/3 = 1.67 V (in this case). Vsensor value is checked for sufficient water level
indication.
4) ADC module :
The ADC module is inbuilt in the board and is implemented using SAR-6 block in PSoC designer.
The Soil moisture Sensor output, Vsensor, is given as input to the ADC and the output is a 6 Bit
value. Therefore, the ADC output range varies from 0 63. According to our system, the
resolution comes out to be 4.88/64 = 0.076 volts. Two ADC modules are used for the moisture
sensor and the level sensor respectively.
5) DC motor : A DC motor is used to water the plants whenever the motor output pin goes high.
The LCD displays watering whenever the motor is on.

6) Buzzer : A buzzer is used to raise an alert whenever the water level falls below the minimum
level (sensing from the water level sensor). Once the level sensor module detects insufficiency
of water, the LCD displays no water and the buzzer is sounded.

7) Push Button : Once the level sensor module detects for water insufficiency (i.e. Vsensor voltage
value drops close to 1.67V), LCD displays no water and the buzzer is turned on. The user
would need to ensure that the tank is filled and then press the push button to check current
water level. Only if sufficient water is filled (Vsensor voltage close to Vcc), the buzzer goes off
and watering/monitoring starts again.

FLOWCHART

The working of the system is summarized in the flow chart below :

In flow chart : D = delete , E = confirm , Y = yes , N = no

PIN DIAGRAM
The pin configuration diagram is shown below : shows all the hardware interfacing with the processor

CODE
The actual PSoC code in C language using specific APIs to control and interact with various components:
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------// C main line
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------#include <stdlib.h>
#include <m8c.h>
#include "PSoCAPI.h"

// part specific constants and macros

// PSoC API definitions for all User Modules

void LCD_PrintInt(int val)

{
char str[3];
itoa(str, val, 10);
LCD_1_PrString(str);
}

int input()
{
int row, col, result, final, c;
result=0;
final=0;
while (1)
{
while(result==0)
{
PRT1DR=0xF0;
col=PRT1DR;
PRT1DR=0x00;
PRT1DR=0x0F;
row=PRT1DR;
result=col&row;
switch(result)
{
case 17:result=1;
break;
case 18:result=2;
break;
case 20:result=3;
break;
case 33:result=4;
break;
case 34:result=5;
break;
case 36:result=6;
break;

case 65:result=7;
break;
case 66:result=8;
break;
case 68:result=9;
break;
case 130:result=10;
break;
case 136:result=11;
break;
case 129:result=-1;
break;
default:result=0;
break;
}
}
if(result<0) //Pressed E
break;
if(result==10)
result=0;
if(result==11) //Pressed D
{
final=0;
result=0;
LCD_1_Position(1,0);
LCD_1_PrCString("
");
}
else
{
final=(final*10)+result;
LCD_1_Position(1,0);
LCD_PrintInt(final);
}
result=10;
while(result!=0) //Wait until button is released
{
PRT1DR=0xF0;
col=PRT1DR;
PRT1DR=0x00;
PRT1DR=0x0F;
row=PRT1DR;
result=col&row;
}
}
return(final);
}

void nowater()
{
char c;
int f=0;
while(f==0)
{
PRT0DR=0xFF;

if((PRT0DR&0x10)==0x00)
{
Swtch_On();
c = SAR6_2_cGetSample();
c = c-224;
if(c > 32)
{
f=1;
Swtch_Off();
}
}
else
{
Swtch_Off();
}
}
}

void main(void)
{
int moist,delay,current;
char a, b;
M8C_EnableGInt;
LCD_1_Start();//LCD Initialization
LCD_1_Init();
motor_Start();//LED Initialization
buzzer_Start();
SleepTimer_1_Start();//SleepTimer Initialization
SleepTimer_1_SetInterval(24);
SleepTimer_1_EnableInt();
PGA_1_Start(3);//ADC & PGA for moisture Initialization
SAR6_1_Start(3);
PGA_2_Start(3);//ADC & PGA for water Initialization
SAR6_2_Start(3);
LCD_1_Position(0,0);
LCD_1_PrCString("Enter Moist");
SleepTimer_1_TickWait(1);
moist=input();
LCD_1_Position(1,0);
LCD_1_PrCString("
");
LCD_1_Position(0,0);
LCD_1_PrCString("Enter Delay");
SleepTimer_1_TickWait(1);
delay=input();
LCD_1_Position(1,0);
LCD_1_PrCString("
LCD_1_Position(0,0);
LCD_1_PrCString("

");
");

a = SAR6_1_cGetSample();

a = a-224;
current=(int)a;
while(1)
{
LCD_1_Position(1,5);
LCD_1_PrCString("
");
LCD_1_Position(1,6);
LCD_PrintInt(current);
if(current>moist)
{
b = SAR6_2_cGetSample();
b = b-224;
if(b < 32)
{
buzzer_On();
LCD_1_Position(0,4);
LCD_1_PrCString("No Water");
LCD_1_Position(1,5);
LCD_1_PrCString("
");
nowater();
buzzer_Off();
}
motor_On();
LCD_1_Position(0,4);
LCD_1_PrCString("Watering");
LCD_1_Position(1,6);
LCD_PrintInt(current);
while(current>=moist-6)
{
b = SAR6_2_cGetSample();
b = b-224;
if(b < 32)
{
motor_Off();
buzzer_On();
LCD_1_Position(0,4);
LCD_1_PrCString("No Water");
LCD_1_Position(1,5);
LCD_1_PrCString("
");
nowater();
buzzer_Off();
motor_On();
LCD_1_Position(0,4);
LCD_1_PrCString("Watering");
}
SleepTimer_1_TickWait(1);
a = SAR6_1_cGetSample();
a = a-224;
current=(int)a;
LCD_1_Position(1,6);
LCD_PrintInt(current);
}
motor_Off();
LCD_1_Position(0,4);
LCD_1_PrCString("
");
}

10

SleepTimer_1_TickWait(delay);
a = SAR6_1_cGetSample();
a = a-224;
current=(int)a;
}
}

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CONCLUSION
The system can be implemented for household usage and can be extended to a work in a larger system,
such as a building or a farm. The system implements a soil moisture sensor, a keypad for entering
monitor parameters, a sensor to check for water sufficiency before watering, a buzzer to alert the user,
a LCD display notifying the current system status and a switch to turn off alarm when raised. These
features make the system user-friendly as well as reliable, and the components are easy to set up with
minimal cost.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 .CY8CKIT-001 documentation

2. Analog Electronics : by prof.L.K Maheshwari

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