Homework #9 (130107): Chapter 9 (141031)

Total points: 20 for Attempt on all questions

ONE Concept Map: 10 points
Objectives
The Principles of Energy Harvest
1. In general terms, distinguish between fermentation and cellular respiration.
-catabolic process
-degradation
Fermentation, catabolic process, is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic
fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.
2. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration. Write the specific chemical
equation for the degradation of glucose.
-organic compounds
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
-water
-energy
The overall process of cellular respiration can be summarized as follows: Organic
compounds+oxygen carbon dioxide+water+energy. The specific chemical
equation for the degradation of glucose is as follows: C6H12O6 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +
Energy.
3. Define oxidation and reduction.
-loss of electrons
-addition of electrons
Oxidation is the loss of electrons in a redox reaction. Reduction is the addition of
electrons to another substance.
4. Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges.
-loses electrons
-gains electrons
Redox reactions involve losing electron and gaining electrons.
5. Describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration.
-electron/hydrogen carriers
NAD+ acts as an electron and hydrogen carrier is some redox reactions.
6. In general terms, explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular
respiration.
-break fall of electrons
Cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to
oxygen into several energy-releasing steps.

The Process of Cellular Respiration

7. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic
cell where each stage occurs.
-glycolysis
-pyruvate oxidation
-oxidative phosphorylation
The three stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and
oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis happens in the cytosol, pyruvate oxidation and
oxidative phosphorylation happens inside the mitochondria.
8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through
glycolysis.
-ring opens
-2 3-carbon molecules
In glycolysis, the skeleton will change in two ways. The ring must be opened, and
then the glucose will be cleaved into 2 3-carbon molecules known as glyceraldehyde.
These are straight chained.
9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis.
-phosphorylate the glucose
Two ATP molecules are needed to phosphorylate the glucose.
10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in
glycolysis.
-7, 10,
-6
Substrate-level phosphorylation happens in steps 7 and 10. The reduction of NAD+
happens in step 6.
11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced,
and how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.
-cytoplasm
-carbon dioxide
-NADH
-Acetyl CoAs
-pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA in the cytoplasm. The molecules produced are 2
carbon dioxide molecules, 2 NADH molecules, and 2 Acetyl CoAs. The process
converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA.
12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is called a cycle.
-ATP/GTP
-DADH
-FADH2
-CO2
The products of the citric acid cycle include ATP or GTP, DADH, FADH2, and CO2.
It is called a cycle because every acetyl CoA that enters the cycle reacts with
oxaloacetate to produce electron carriers and oxaloacetate again.

13. Describe the point at which glucose is completely oxidized during cellular
respiration.
-chemiosmosis
Glucose is completely oxidized after chemiosmosis because glucose is the final
product of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
14. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
-occurs in glycolysis
- electron transfer chain
-NADH+ and FADH+
-oxidized & regenerated
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis. Oxidative phosphorylation
occurs in the electron transfer chain. NADH+ and FADH+ get oxidized and
regenerated.
15. In general terms, explain how the exergonic slide of electrons down the electron
transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis.
-electron transport chain
-endergonic reactions
As electrons pass down the electron transport chain, energy is released. This is an
endergonic reaction because it needs energy to take place.
16. Explain where and how the respiratory electron transport chain creates a proton
gradient.
-pumps protons
The respiratory electron transport chain creates a proton gradient by pumping
protons form the matrix of the mitochondrion through the inner membrane and out to
the intermembrane space.
17. Describe the structure and function of the four subunits of ATP synthase.
-binding sites
-catalyzes ATP
The four subunits of ATP synthase are made of multiple polypeptides. Protons move
one by one into binding sites on one of the parts, causing it to spin in a way that
catalyzes ATP production from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
18. Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose molecule by
constructing an ATP ledger.
-30-32 ATP
The net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose molecule by constructing an ATP
ledger is 30-32 ATP.
19. Explain why it is not possible to state an exact number of ATP molecules generated
by the oxidation of glucose.
-phosphorylation
-redox reactions
-varies on shuttle
-proton-motive force

It isnt possible to state an exact number of ATP molecules generated by the

oxidation of glucose because phosphorylation and the redox reaction are not directly
coupled to each other, so the ratio of the number of NADH molecules to the number
of ATP molecules is not a whole number. Second, the ATP yield varies slightly
depending on the type of shuttle used to transport electrons from the cytosol into the
mitochondrion. Lastly, the use of proton-motive force generated by the redox
reactions of respiration to drive other kinds of work makes it not possible to state an
exact number of ATP molecules.
Related Metabolic Processes
20. State the basic function of fermentation.
-harvesting chemical energy
The basic function of fermentation is to harvest chemical energy without using
cellular respiration.
21. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and in lactic acid fermentation.
-ethanol
-lactate
In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in alcohol fermentation.
During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate with
no release of CO2.
22. Compare the processes of fermentation and cellular respiration.
-oxidize glucose
-oxidizing NADH to NAD+
-organic molecule
-electron transport chain
Both fermentation and cellular respiration use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and
other organic fuels to pyruvate. In fermentation, the final electron acceptor is an
organic molecule when oxidizing NADH back to NAD+. In cellular respiration
electrons carried by NADH are transferred to an electron transport chain, which
generate the NAD+ required for glycolysis.
23. Describe the evidence that suggests that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway.
-oxygen accumulated 2.7 bya
Appreciable quantities of oxygen probably didnt begin to accumulate in the
atmosphere until 2.7 billion years ago. Therefore, early prokaryotes may have
generated ATP exclusively from glycolysis.
24. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP.
-cellular respiration
Organic molecules in food can be used by cellular respiration to make ATP.
25. Explain how glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can contribute to anabolic pathways.
-diverted
Compounds formed as intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be
diverted into anabolic pathways are precursors from which the cell can synthesize
the molecules it requires.

26. Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell, and describe the role that the
allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinase plays in the process.
-closes valve on carbs
When ATP levels are high in the cell, the cell no longer needs metabolic energy
production to occur, and phosphofructokinase closes of the valves on the flow of
carbohydrates through glycolysis.
Key Words to Construct Concept Maps

acetyl CoA
aerobic
alcohol fermentation
anaerobic
ATP synthase
beta oxidation
cellular respiration
chemiosmosis
citric acid cycle
cytochrome
electron transport chain
facultative anaerobe
fermentation
glycolysis
lactic acid fermentation
NAD+
oxidation
oxidative
phosphorylation
oxidizing agent
proton-motive force
redox reaction
reducing agent
reduction
substrate-level
phosphorylation