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Philosophy of Education focuses on the values, beliefs and attitudes in relation to the growth
process of individuals and society. These values, beliefs and attitudes determine the direction of
our education, particularly the aims, goals, objectives, content delivery and assessment of
education.
The National Philosophy of Malaysian Education (NPME) as stated by Curriculum
Development Centre (CDC) 1988 is as follows:
EDUCATION
IN
MALAYSIA
IS
AN
ON-GOING
EFFORT
TOWARDS
FURTHER
SO
AS
TO
PRODUCE
INDIVIDUALS
WHO
ARE
INTELLECTUALLY,
developers
The National
Curriculum isan educational programme that includes curriculum and co-curricular activities
which encompasses all the knowledge, skills, norms, values, cultural elements and belief to help
develop a pupil fully with respect to the physical, spiritual, mental and emotional aspects as well
as to inculcate and develop desirable moral values and to transmit knowledge.
Education Act 1996
(Education (National Curriculum) Regulation 1997)
The curriculum developers in CDC will decide on the kind of knowledge, skills, and attitudes to
be transferred to the learners based on personal needs, community needs, social needs,
economic motives, future needs, and knowledge continuity.
From our NPME, we can conclude that education in Malaysia is designed to produce Malaysian
Citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, and who possess high moral standards so that
they can function more effectively in their current times and in the future.
In summary, it can be stated that the functions, or outcomes, or the consequences of schooling
include the development of the main domains of growth of our young children (as stated in
NPME):
Aims of education:
The aims of Malaysian education are to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually,
emotionally and physically balanced and harmonic, based on a firm belief in and devotion to
God; so that they become Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, possess
high moral standards and are responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal wellbeing as well as being able to contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family, society
and nation.
Some keywords in the NPME are : holistic, intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and
physically balanced, knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and
responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal well-being as well as being able to
contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family, society and nation at large.
Based on the above keyword, we probably can match NPME to the general educational
philosophy of Progressivism, which stresses that school should be a miniature of a
democratic society in which students could learn and practice the skills and tools necessary for
democratic living; which include problem-solving methods and scientific inquiry; and learning
experiences that include cooperative behaviours and self-discipline; which are important for
democratic living.
Keywords to produce Malaysian citizens who possess high moral standards and being able to
contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family and society have certain sociological
elements in them such as ethnic integration. These foundations become very important in
Malaysia because of the rapid change in our society.
Some keywords in the NPME that are related to the psychological elements of human being are
: an effort towards further developing the potential of individuals and to produce individuals
who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, indicated that people have
different abilities (mental and physical) and multiple intelligences , and thus education should
develop these potentials to the maximum.
The keywords like : on-going effort, in a holistic and integrated manner, and intellectually,
spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonic may suggest that our past
education did not address these issues. It also indicate the importance of life-long learning, and
well-rounded-person education.
The Role of teachers:
Some of the teachers role :
teach inductive and deductive reasoning, scientific method, and the power of observation
and practice. This an be achieved through the teaching methods of hands-on curricula,
group work, and experimentation;
plan teaching and learning activities that encourage students to participate in learning;
prepare the content of subject-centered lesson and delivers it through direct instruction.
ask questions, present social issues and problem solving challenges, and serve as organizer
and information resource. This can be done through the teaching methods of stimulating
divergent thinking and group discussion.
Encourage students to philosophize about life and to recognize and fulfill personal freedom.
This can be done through the teaching methods of discussion and analysis, examination of
choice-making in own and others life;
a role model.
Read more @ :
Ministry of Education http://www.moe.gov.my
fostering good relationship with other countries. This effort is made sure to be
followed by future generation. Hence the national education programme is
mould to produced educated, competent and high moral citizens, who will be
able to serve and contribute not only to the progress of the nation but also
provide their service to maintain international peace and stability.
4.0 ELEMENTS AND IMPORTANT ASPECT IN FPK
There are many methods that we can use to analyze all the essential
contained in National Philosophy of Education such as ontology, axiology and
logic. Based on the analyses we can identify a few elements.
One of them is to develop potentials of individuals. Potential are something
that are born within a person. Each individuals also posses abilities. These
talent are considered gifts of God which compose of intellectual, spiritual,
emotional, and physical aspect of any individual. Through education is that
this inborn talents and abilities can be developed and constantly improved.
The potentials of individuals are ought to be developed to the optimum level
by integrating their own talent and abilities that are closely related to each
another. This is what means by holistic and integrated potentials.
It is clearly highlighted in the FPK in developing balanced and harmonious
individuals. A well balanced and harmonious individuals is people who posses
integrated personality and able to enjoy contentment and happiness
spiritually. At the same time the person will also feel grateful and ready to
accept challenges as well as willing to make effort to solve and overcome
problems.
Balanced individuals are those that have a balance in their physical,
emotional, spiritually and social development. Physical aspect includes
aspects such as maintaining physical agility and good health that enable
those individuals to work independently and contribute towards the personal
well being as well as for the betterment of family, society and nations.
Meanwhile intellectual aspect covers the cognitive knowledge. Cognitive here
not only includes the ability to think rationally logically and solving problem.
Being knowledgeable and able to think critically and creatively is important.
Meanwhile the spiritual and emotional aspects cover elements such as belief
in God, embrace religious faith, spiritual stability, emotional intelligence,
appreciation of moral value and norms of society, good behavior, loyalty and
wiling to sacrifice for the people and the country.
Belief in and devoting to God is one of the important aspects. Belief concerns
the human confidence that the surrounding environment that does not exists
but provided by the God. The law of nature is actually the Law of God. Thus
individuals should exemplify devotions; trust a responsibility to the God in
respect of efforts to administer and develop the environment.
Malaysian has the ambition to produce educated Malaysians that are
competent with noble characters. People who possess positive attitude love to
read, diligent to acquire and apply their knowledge will not only benefit
themselves but also others. Such an example is the scientist that are highly
educated using their knowledge they created high technology that is use for
the betterment of the others like developing methods that stop HIV. People
who are competent possess knowledge and various skills are able to
contribute for the progress of nation. Capable of performing their duties
competently and satisfactorily according to condition and requirement is what
they do. Noble character meant here that people that have high moral values
that also possess the qualities such as discipline integrated the noble practice
in their life. It is very important here because with high intellectual but without
the application of noble character could bring to worst of the society and the
nations.
Malaysian also hopes to be responsible and capable in achieve personal well
being. Responsible towards God, race and nation in performing their duties
The moment I walked into the school office I could see an organization chart
of the school. An organization chart is a type of diagram that schools the
position of the organization from the highest position to the lower ones.
Through the organization chart we can see the systematic arrangement of the
school management.The school community comprise of the school head,
senior assistants, panel heads, class teacher and the students. Each of this
position especially plays a very important role as a part of FPK. It is through
the correct management of the various positions in the school only then the
intellectual, physical, emotional, spiritual and social (JERIS) aspects of
students can be fully developed.
5.1.1 School Head
School Head can be considered as the leader of the school that deals with
almost everything regarding the school. Based on the school head of SK
Sultan Aziz said that the main roles of the school head can be simplified into
four main categories management, curriculum, co curriculum, behavior of
students (Reference: Collaboration). Through the reference gain the roles of
school head is more complex that can made up of account and financial,
office management, academic progress and mastering 3M skill, education
programme, communication with the society, the staff, teachers, building and
others.
How school finance the money provided and where the school gets the
money? This comes under the work of school head in managing the finance
and getting extra SUWA income for new buildings or getting new appliances
or upgrades the school facilities. Usually the school head will announce the
activities used to increase the school income. Some of the common activities
are the Jogathon collection and Canteen Day. Jogathon Day is an event
where all students are asked to make collection and later compete in a
healthy running race. Asking for collection is one of the ways to help in
developing social skill among students. Meanwhile the running activity can
promote healthy lifestyle among student instead of studying all the time.
Second role is office management. Filing can be said one of the most
important function where every document related to school or activities done
and issued documents are filed in every possible method using file or
computers folder. Documents such as the students record or students
overall achievement is required in investigate the students development.
Through the record then only we can formulate the ideal method in helping out
students that encounter problem such as mastering 3M or having behavioral
problem. This is special needed when the student is a transfer student from
other school. Based on the data recorded by the past school we can see
student have any problem.
Under the role of academic progress and mastering 3M skill it is the school
head to make every effort in ensure all students master the 3M skill which
represented the reading, writing and counting skill. These three basic skills
are essential for student to going on further in study. Hence school head
should have a special group of teachers in dealing with this kind of problem to
make sure all students master the 3M skill.
Next role of school head in education programme is to plan and determine the
time table of the teachers. This is to ensure the curriculum of education can
run smoothly under various teachers for all types of subject. Precise planning
is required to ensure all the classes have the time need as suggested by the
Ministry of Education for different object. With the practice of having time table
for teachers and students it actually helps the student to be systematic and
doing thing according to the time.
The foundation of the teacher and parent association is one of the good
examples that show the communication of the school community with the
students parents. Through this association parents could actually voice out
their problem regarding their childrens progress in school and also give
positive comment towards the betterment. Knowing all the problem is
essential in helping to develop the students in all the aspect mentioned in the
FPK. At the same time the teacher can tell the parents what actually
happened in the school. The person who is in charge in handling the
association is the school head.
Teachers role is to teach and the school heads role is to match the teachers
job or subject according to his or her interest and abilities. Only then the
teacher can work more comfortable as they are motivated by their interest and
felt confidence with the abilities. Interest and abilities are the great weapon in
impart knowledge and also other good values among student. An incapable
teacher that lack of interest will only teaches for the sake of teaching without
caring if the student gets the knowledge. If this happen the student not only
unable to learn and developed into the dreamed citizen mention in FPK but
also might follows the teachers example in doing their work. As teacher is one
of the important role model.
Regarding with the building the school head is required to ensure the safety of
the school and also the upgrade the school facilities for the greater use of the
student such as the library. In the school which I observed they had various
gallery such as Science, Math and etc around the schools garden. All this
facilities is needed to enhance the students development in JERIS. For an
example is the library. Library means book. Within the library is books filled in
shelf this environment can help in promoting students interest in reading.
Reference book in the library can help students academically in their
assignment.
5.1.2 Senior Assistance
As time passes by the Ministry of Education also tries to improve the qualities
of the students by promoting position of senior assistance. Based on the FPK
the number of the position of the senior assistance can be divided into three
where each has different areas to focus on. There are the main senior
she could further developed their art potential through the activities hold in the
club. It is a time where the students interact and learn to socialize. Sport clubs
help in refining the students skill in the type of sport they play and also
developed their physical. During the age of 6 to 18 this is the time where
children grow rapidly with the help of sport they will grow healthier.
5.1.3 Panel Head
Below is the duty of panel head:
1.
The duty of panel head is responsible in the curriculum and
management of the respectable area.
2.
Panel head is also in charge with the planning and management
curriculum with the school head.
3.
Helping the school head in testing out the effectiveness of the
teaching and learning of his or her area.
4.
Organizing programme to increase the academic progress and
behavior of student.
5.
6.
No
Duty
Description
Students attendance
Learning Area can be referred as the place to study which usually is the
classroom. Classroom is the main learning area as the student spends almost
all their time in the school in class. Being an important place for study the
environment must be conducive so that the teaching and learning process
would be more effective. Around the classroom there would be display of
many materials such as time table, duty roster, organization chart and the
schools rules and regulations. In addition there are various material based on
the subject that the students take. This material is important for reinforcement
or remembrance purposes. Cleanliness and beautification is important to keep
the environment conducive and comfortable.
Hall is a place where gathering of the school community can be held. It
is a place of information transfer and communication. One of the usual
function hold in the hall in the assembly. During assembly the teacher in
charge will update the others with the schools cleanliness report, the latest
event that took place. Sometimes the teacher will give some talk on different
topic. In the beginning of the assembly with singing the nation anthem
followed by the state anthem and other important song. Singing all this song is
a part or way to inculcate the love for the country. At the end of the assembly
the school head will give some motivational talk and advises to the student. All
these talk actually helps the student emotionally where they actually felt
motivated and able to do thing better. In the school where I attended for SBE
the school head even introduce some words to broaden the student
vocabulary.
Canteen is a place to cure hunger. Students and teachers even the stuff
also comes here to have their meal. When it comes to food cleanliness and
the personal hygiene of the canteen worker means a lot. Other than that is the
food they serve. Serving the proper balance meal with affordable price is
essential. Proper balance meal is required for the body the growth of health
body. Unhealthy junk food should be forbidden in the canteen as the students
eat what that is sold. So to avoid health problem as health life is one of the
basic for the development of physical aspect.
Vast green field is something that student is happy about. Field signifies
games and sports to the students. Many activities can be held in the field but
the main usage of field in the school is for physical education and sports
mostly. Physical education is one of the subjects that emphasis more towards
physical development. Physical education is the time where student is
taught play different kind of sports, learning to be cooperate in team games,
be discipline as to follow the rules for each game or sport and so much more.
Sports are a very healthy activity that can keep away a lot of unnecessary
disease such as obese.
Resource centre is a place filled with many different types of resources
books, documentation, cd and etc. All this material is important as they give
information and knowledge to others. But the most used resource for the
student is the book. Though most books borrowed by the students are fiction
and the second highest borrowed is the reference book. Fiction let the student
be entertained at the same time learning the structure of story writing and
gaining some new words in between. Meanwhile reference book provided
information on their studies. Reference book is a type of material that helps in
the academic of students.
A Science laboratory is place for conducting scientific research. Through
experimenting the student is able to explore all they want and gaining truth
and facts. This is one of the methods of discovery learning. Experimenting is a
very good way to develop the intellectual, cognitive, social, spiritually and also
emotion of the student. Students need to experiment based on their
hypothesis. Through the experiment they also need to verify the variables in
an experiment and master various scientific process skills. Through the
experiment they gain knowledge which is under the intellectual development.
Usually experimenting involves grouping hence social skill and emotional skill
can be developed. During the time of falling experiment the strong will to
continue can also be categorized as emotional skill. In the times where there
is problem with the data provided we must be truthful and avoid cheating.
Besides the facilities provided there are many small particular in the
school such as school mural and motivational phrases. School mural is one of
the methods to beautify the school with useful material. One of the murals that
I saw in the school I attended for SBE has a mural on the solar system where
they named all the planet and wrote some characteristic of the planet. Mural is
one of the pictorial ways to transfer knowledge just like what people say a
picture worth a thousand words. Besides that most of the mural are drawn by
student themselves, this can show their creativity and ideas.
Moreover there are also some motivational phrases hanging
around the school compound. Some of the phrases sound like this
where there is a will there is a way. Motivational phrases are important
and helpful especially when some people feel down and need
encouragement and motivation. Motivation works as a starter that
makes students feel that they can do a lot of things if they really try.
This included in many things such as academic improvement or other
problems the student encounters.
1.
An important document for teachers and pupils to study, to
understand, to heed and to follow closely.
2.
Educators need to realize successfully the aims and
aspirations of FPK by having profound understanding on it.
3.
Is the main reference in all education planning and
activities since its official proclamation in 1988.
System
1.
/ The style of administration and
leadership in schools changes
1965 Comprehensive education from autocratic to democratic style.
2. Routine,
stereotype
service
system
for
1989 Curriculum
KBSM
secondary schools
for
7.0
Co
ncl
usi
on
and
Re
co
mm
end
atio
n
In
con
clus
ion
the
Nati
ona
l
Edu
cati
on Philosophy (FPK) gives a very big impact on the development of education
that involves the ministry of education, formation of various new concepts in
education, curriculum, co-curriculum, schools, teachers and students. In
addition FPK actually gives the educator a big push to betterment and great
improvement in giving the aim and direct guidelines in their noble route in
impart knowledge. Overall this causes a great improvement of the citizen of
the nation as mention in the FPK in the formation of balanced and harmonious
individuals physically, intellectual, emotional, spiritually and socially, citizen
that lives in harmony , believes in god and loyal to the king and the country
and other great aims as mention in FPK. As a future teacher is our great
voyage in doing our best in understanding the FPK and applies it in our
teaching in the future.
Through the School Based Experience done in the school I think there is
some recommendation that help in pushing schools for greater improvement.
1. Based on the problem of obese among student there should be more action
takes by the school in helping the government in solving this problem. My
suggestion :
Having a healthy programme for those with unhealthy lifestyle such as excess
consumption, lack of exercise and etc.
Suggest proper diet to the parents and alert the parents regarding the danger
of obese. The dangers of obese include the slow physical and cognitive
development and also lurk various disease such as heart attack and
arteriosclerosis.
The canteen should prepare more healthy food. Food with excess lipid such
as nasi lemak and curry noodle should be lessened. Junk food should be
forbidden. It is a much better suggestion rather than banning the fast food
consumption as the ratio of student in eating in canteen is higher.
2. As emphasized in FPK in developing the spiritual development in school but
there seem to be lack of effort in developing this aspect compared to
intellectual aspects. The current effort is:
Having moral lesson as a part of curriculum.
Certain school has society such as Youth Christian Society and Buddhist
Society.
My suggestion is:
There should be some day where gathering held in between student and
teachers of similar religion to talk and discuss their understanding of their
religion. Here the student can gain more spiritual development as some
parents dont spend time with children on religion matter. Activities like singing
studying the noble book such as Quran and bible based on religion.
Reference
Soon Sang Mok (2006). Penghantar
Jaya.Kumpulan Budiman Sdn Bhd.
Pendidikan
Teras.
Subang
KPLI. Subang