Annotated Bibliographies

Primary Sources
African American Remember Discrimination of the Past. Dir. VOA Video. Perf. Chris
Simkins. African American Remember Discrimination of the Past. Youtube, 26 Aug.
2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSaq5d_2TEs>.This
video exhibited how African Americans were mistreated by the whites. This primary
source was important in understanding why Vivian wanted to take action during the Civil
Rights movement.
Civil Rights Act of 1964. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 15 Dec.
2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964>. This site provided us
with a picture to capture the importance of the Civil Rights Act.
Civil Rights Act of 1965. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 13 Dec.
2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965>. This website provided
a picture that helped visualize the Civil Rights Act of 1965 document.
"Civil Rights Photographs." Civil Rights Collection of the Nashville Public Library. Nashville
Public Library, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.library.nashville.org/civilrights/photos.htm>.
This website contained a collection of photographs taken during the Civil Rights era.
These photos displayed the treatment of African Americans during this time of racial
segregation. These photos strengthened our understandings of the Civil Rights
movement through the eyes of African Americans.

C.T. Vivian. Digital image. Desert News. Erin Haines, 7 Jan. 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://img.deseretnews.com/images/article/midres/716664/716664.jpg>.
C.T. Vivian: Freedom Rides. Perf. C.T. Vivian. Youtube. Visionary Project, 22 Mar. 2010. Web.
20 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3zTjNKLVLO4&list=PLCwE4GdJdVRK4JtQ0WsBPAfy7j>.e used this image on our
Impact tab.
Digital image. USA Geography Quizzes - Fun Map Games. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/usaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-USA15.htm>. This
website provided a picture in which depicted a large group of people fighting for Civil
Rights. It exemplifies the amount of leadership ability C.T. Vivian must have to unite
such a large group.

"Interview with C. T. Vivian." Interview by Blackside, Inc. Eyes on the Prize Interviews | The
Complete Series. N.p., 23 Jan. 1986. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://digital.wustl.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?
c=eop;cc=eop;rgn=main;view=text;idno=viv0015.0233.104>.
An interview with C.T. Vivian was conducted mostly about his life in Nashville. It
helped us to understand his leadership and how Nashville has affected it. Additionally,
the extended amount of dialogue helped us to to more clearly grasp his character.
King, Martin L. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin
Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Leland Stanford Junior University,
N.d. Web. 24 November 2014. <http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/

encyclopedia_contents>
This website provides many papers written by Martin Luther Kind, Jr. and provide a good
primary source. Martin Luther King, Jr. gives us information about other leaders,
including C.T. Vivian, and their impact on and during the civil rights movement. This
information told us what C.T. Vivian did as a part of the legacy of the civil rights
movement.
In this video, Vivian explains his personal experiences as a Freedom Rider. This primary
source revealed Vivians allegiance and devotion to the protests because he said that we
would risk everything in order to stand up for his beliefs.
Mug Shot. Digital image. Speak Out! Speak Out Now Staff, 2008. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.speakoutnow.org/img/pic/Vivian%20Mug%20Shot.jpg>.
We used this picture on our Historical Background page. This is Vivians mug shot that
was taken when we was arrested for protesting. Vivians arrest reveals his dedication
which is a vital leadership skill.
News, Joanne Berger DuMound Sun. "C. T. Vivian in Berea Remembers Martin Luther King
Jr." Cleveland.com. N.p., 24 Jan. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.cleveland.com/berea/index.ssf/2013/01/c_t_vivian_in_berea_remembers.ht
ml>.

Vivian highly respected Martin Luther King Jr. and his ambitions during the Civil Rights
movement. This primary source displays Vivians personable leadership qualities by
honoring Kings accomplishments.

Rivers, Don. Dr. C.T. Vivian. Youtube. Youtube, 20 June 2012. Web. 24 November 2014.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9Iy6NGmdg4>
The video presented on the website is a primary source and gives information and point
of view through the interview. The video provides an example of C.T. Vivians impact out
during the marches and also gives us several of his views and frustrations with the racists.
Selma to Montgomery march. Digital image. King Institute. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research
and Education Institute, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://mlkkpp01.stanford.edu/resources/uploads/selmatomontgomerymarch.jpg>.
This image was taken during the Selma to Montgomery march. Vivians courage, which
is a critical leadership quality, is exemplified through this picture.
Smith, Jada F. Casting Call: Lee Daniels' 'Selma' Digital image. The Root. The Slate Group, a
raham Holdings Company, 16 Mar. 2010. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.
http://www.theroot.com/photos/2010/03/casting_the_lee_daniels_film_selma.html>. This
ebsite provided an image necessary to capture C.T. Vivian's leadership against Sheriff Jim
lark during the Selma campaign.
Suggs, Ernie. "The Freedom Fighter: How Atlanta's C.T. Vivian Changed History." The Atlanta
Journal-Constitution. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 14 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Nov.
2014. <http://www.myajc.com/news/news/freedom-fighter-how-atlantas-ct-vivianchanged-his/ncJqc/>.
This primary source displayed Vivians passion toward defending his rights as an African
American. This article/video was prominent in strengthening our knowledge of Vivians
drive toward the end of segregation.

Vivian, Cordy T. Black Power and the American Myth. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1970. Print.
C. T. Vivians book, Black Power and the American Myth, is a primary resource that
gives Vivians personal view of the Civil Rights movement. The book gave personal
information and motive that agreed with his leadership role in the civil rights movement
and also deepened our understanding of what happened to fulfill the civil rights
movement.
Vivian, C. T. "C. T. Vivian Oral History Interview Conducted by Taylor Branch in Atlanta,
Georgia, 2011-03-29." Interview by Taylor Branch. Library Of Congress. Civil Rights
History Project (U.S.), 29 Mar. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.loc.gov/item/afc2010039_crhp0006/>.
This interview helps us understand more of C.T. Vivian's personal background.
Additionally, the more than 4 hour interview allowed us to grasp his character,
persona, and oral ability. It helps to establish how influential his leadership was in the
Civil Rights Movement and cement how his legacy affects Civil RIghts today.
Voting Rights. Prod. WGBH and Washington University in St. Louis. Perf. Reverend Vivian/ Ms.
Zecosy Williams. Voting Rights. Institute of Museum and Library Services, n.d. Web. 17
Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/iml04.soc.ush.civil.voting/voting-rights/>.
Vivian denounced Sheriff Clark, one of the officials responsible for the violent arrests of
civil rights protestors during the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches at a voting rights
protest rally. This source revealed Vivians leadership characteristic by his ability to sway
the crowds political opinion and persuade them to unite.
Secondary Sources

Civil Rights Living Legend to Appear at BW as Part of Martin Luther King Week Observance.
Baldwin Wallace University. N.p, n.d. Web. 24 November 2014. < http://www.bw.edu/
news/ ctvivian/lewis-vivian-king-300-thumb.jpg>
This secondary source is a picture obtained from a website. This picture is a prime
example of C.T. Vivian being a leader in the civil rights movement and shows his status
next to Martin Luther King.
Cole, Peter. "Vivian, Cordy Tindell "C.T." (1924- ) | The Black Past: Remembered and
Reclaimed." BlackPast.org-Remembered and Reclaimed. BlackPast.org, n.d. Web. 07
Nov. 2014. <http://www.blackpast.org/aah/vivian-cordy-tindell-c-t-1924>.
This website was useful in broadening our knowledge concerning Vivians background.
"C.T. Vivian, Civil Rights Icon, Places His Papers with Emory University." Emory Libraries and
Information Technology. Emory University, 21 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
<http://marbl.library.emory.edu/about/news-events/news/2014/vivian-places-papers-atemory.html>.
Vivian donated a substantial amount of his personal archives to Emory University. This
donation demonstrates the legacy Vivian has left because the university continues to
highly value his work.
C.T. Vivian. Digital image. Coatesville Area NAACP. Coatesville Area NAACP, 2013. Web. 09
Dec. 2014. <http://coatesvillenaacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ctvivian_10a.jpg>
We used this image on the historical background tab. It displays Vivians joyful
personality.

Democracy in Action. Freedom Riders. PBS, n.d. Web. 24 November 2014. <http://www.
pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/issues/democracy-in-action>
This website presented our group with a secondary source associated with the Freedom
Riders. C.T. Vivian was one of the leaders for the Freedom Riders and not only did this
give an idea of the drive these people had for the civil rights movements, but it also
showed us how it affected their legacy.
Dreier, Peter. The Little-Known Story of We Shall Overcome. Huffington Post. HPMG
News, 29 October 2013. Web. 24 November 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com
/peter-dreier/we-shall-overcome_b_3835195.html>
This website provided a secondary source that discussed the unity of the people fighting
for the civil rights movement. The article elaborated on the legacy and unity of the
people fighting for the civil rights movement and revealed how that unity and strength
had an impact on the outcome of the movement.
Fox, Margalit. "Jim Clark, Sheriff Who Enforced Segregation, Dies at 84." The New York Times.
Arthur Sulzberger, Jr., 7 June 2007. Web. 24 November 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com.
/2007/06/07/us/07clark.html?_r=1&>.
The New York Times website with a news article about Jim Clark is a secondary source.
This article gives us an example of the harassment the black people faced everyday while
they fought for their rights. It also shows their leadership in this fight for civil rights
because they withheld themselves and protested without violence.
Hamlin, Francoise N. "1961 in Mississippi: Beyond the Freedom Riders." Mississippi History
Now. Mississippi History Now, May 2011. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.

<http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/369/1961-in-mississippi-beyond-thefreedom-riders>.
Mississippi had many Civil Rights activist groups whose main goal was to end
segregation. This secondary source was important to our website because it broadened
our understanding concerning the amount of activist groups who strived for equality.
Hatfield, Edward A. "Freedom Rides." New Georgia Encyclopedia. New Georgia Encyclopedia,
11 Apr. 2008. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/historyarchaeology/freedom-rides>.
Freedom riders were civil rights activists who protested on local buses. This source
elaborated on how Vivian partook in these rebellions, which demonstrates his
determination.
History.com Staf. "SNCC." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc>.
The SNCC was a group that gave younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights
movement. This source broadened our knowledge about SNCC which Vivian participated
in and later became a leader of.
Lee, Barry E. ""The Nashville Civil Rights Movement: A Study of the Phenomenon of
Intentional Leadership Development and Its Consequences for Local Movements and
the National Civil Rights Movement." Diss. Georgia State U, 2010. Georgia State
University, 4 Sept. 2010. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/16/>.

This dissertation expanded upon the impact of Nashville in the Civil Rights
Movement. It helped us see the Nashville influence that became part of Vivian's
leadership.
Lewis, Cynthia P. "Southern Christian Leadership Conference." Southern Christian Leadership
Conference. University Publications of America, 1995. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/sclc.html>.
This article explains the role and importance of The Southern Christian Leadership
Conference. It helps us to understand the influence of the SCLC on C.T. Vivian as well
as shed light on Vivian's connection with other Civil Rights Activists such as Martin
Luther King Jr.
Lifson, Amy. "Freedom Riders." National Endowment for the Humanities. Humanities, MayJune 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2011/mayjune/feature/freedom-riders>. This website
allowed us to have more insight on what the Freedom Riders did and how they
impacted the Civil Rights movement. I allowed us further understand why the Africans
Americans did what they did.
"Martin Luther King, Jr: Fighting for Equal Rights in America." Tavaana. Tavaana, n.d. Web. 10
Dec. 2014. <https://tavaana.org/en/content/martin-luther-king-jr-fighting-equal-rightsamerica-0>.
King and Vivian shared the same goals and views concerning the Civil Rights movement.
This source gave us a deeper insight on their motivations, which help uncover how
Vivian led the people.

McGavin, Maureen. "C.T. Vivian, Civil Rights Icon, Places Papers with MARBL." Emory News
Center. Emory University, 21 Jan. 2014. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://news.emory.edu/stories/2014/01/library_ct_vivian_papers/campus.html>.
Emory has had a standing relationship with C.T. Vivian since 1997. The newspaper
article helps us to understand his historical background that led to his great leadership
as well as his longstanding legacy in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Additionally, his legacy is further expanded by his donation of his late wife's papers
with the Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory University.
Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient - Cordy Tindell "C.T." Vivian. Perf. C.T. Vivian. The
White House. Youtube, 22 Nov. 2014. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/11/22/presidential-medalfreedom-recipient-cordy-tindell-ct-vivian>.
This video illustrated Vivians concern of the African Americans treatment during the
Civil Rights Movement. This amount of concern reiterates Vivians leadership qualities
by displaying Vivians sympathetic attitude.
"Rev. Dr. C.T. Vivian to Receive a Civil Rights Legend Award." PBS100 Celebrating One
Century of Service. PBS.org, 16 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://pbs100.org/ctvivian-civil-rights-legend-award/>.
Vivian received the Civil Rights Legend Award on January 11, 2014. This award honored
Vivian for being an influential Civil Rights activist. This source verified Vivians
leadership capabilities because this award would have been bestowed to another advocate
if his leadership ability wasnt prominent.

Staub, Justin. "An Evening with Rev. Dr. C.T. Vivian." Dr. Staub. N.p., 24 Feb. 2013. Web. 12
Dec. 2014. <https://drstaub.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/an-evening-with-rev-dr-c-tvivian/>.
This website describes a seminar Vivian led. Vivian spoke about how the Civil Rights
movement reflects in society today. This secondary source reveals Vivians humility
because during his presentation he didnt talk about himself.
"The Faculty Lounge: The Sit-Ins, A View From The Other Side." 'The Faculty Lounge'The
Faculty Lounge Staff, 4 Feb. 2010. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.thefacultylounge.org/2010/02/sitins-from-the-other-side.html>
This site gave us information on Civil Right sit-ins which were African American
protests. Vivian participated in these sit-ins even though he knew the risks of rebelling
against the government. This source verified Vivians courage.
The Nashville Tennessean. The Walk. Digital image. Civil Rights Living Legend To Appear at
BW as Part of Martin Luther King Week Observance. Baldwin Wallace University, n.d.
Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.bw.edu/news/ctvivian/vivian_marching-300thumb.jpg>.
We used this picture on the historical background tab on our website. The picture
displayed Vivians determination to publicly condemn Sheriff Clark, one of the officials
responsible for the violent arrests of civil rights protestors during the 1965 Selma to
Montgomery marches.

WIU News. C.T. Vivian Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom." Western Illinois University.
WIU News, 21 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.wiu.edu/news/newsrelease.php?release_id=11222>.
Vivian was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his exquisite ability to
lead others in the Civil Rights Movement. This source authenticated the legacy Vivian
left behind during his protests because President Obama recognized his past by not only
verbalizing it himself but by quoting Rosa Parks, another recognizable Civil Rights
activist.
WIU News. "86-year-old Civil Rights Leader at WIU: Education the Next Frontier for Equal
Rights." Western Illinois University. WIU News, 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.wiu.edu/news/newsrelease.php?release_id=8386>.
Vivian spoke to WIU about how vital education is by comparing it to the importance of
the Civil Rights Movement. This source displays Vivians legacy by continuing to have
an impact on people dealing with controversial issues.