CHAPTER

SUMMARY

Using Newtons rst law: When a body is in equilibrium

in an inertial frame of referencethat is, either at rest or
moving with constant velocitythe vector sum of
forces acting on it must be zero (Newtons rst law).
Free-body diagrams are essential in identifying the
forces that act on the body being considered.
Newtons third law (action and reaction) is also frequently needed in equilibrium problems. The two forces
in an actionreaction pair never act on the same body.
(See Examples 5.15.5.)
The normal force exerted on a body by a surface is not
always equal to the bodys weight. (See Example 5.3.)
Using Newtons second law: If the vector sum of forces
on a body is not zero, the body accelerates. The acceleration is related to the net force by Newtons second law.
Just as for equilibrium problems, free-body diagrams
are essential for solving problems involving Newtons
second law, and the normal force exerted on a body is
not always equal to its weight. (See Examples
5.65.12.)

aF 0

(vector form)

a Fx = 0
a Fy = 0

(component form)

(5.1)
n

n
(5.2)

T
w cos a

w sin a
x
a

w
w

Vector form:
S

a F ma

(5.3)
a

Component form:
a Fx = max

a Fy = may

(5.4)

Forces in circular motion: In uniform circular motion,

the acceleration vector is directed toward the center of
the circle.
The motion is governed by Newtons second
S
S
law, gF ma . (See Examples 5.195.23.)

Acceleration in uniform circular motion:

k = mk n

(5.5)

Magnitude of static friction force:

s ms n

Static
friction

Kinetic
friction

1 fs 2max
fk

(5.6)
T

arad =

x
a

Magnitude of kinetic friction force:

w sin a

T
w cos a

Friction and uid resistance: The contact force between

two bodies can always be represented in terms of a norS
mal force n perpendicular
to the surface of contact and a
S
friction force parallel to the surface.
When a body is sliding over the surface, the friction
force is called kinetic friction. Its magnitude k is
approximately equal to the normal force magnitude n
multiplied by the coefcient of kinetic friction mk .
When a body is not moving relative to a surface, the
friction force is called static friction. The maximum possible static friction force is approximately equal to the
magnitude n of the normal force multiplied by the coefcient of static friction ms . The actual static friction
force may be anything from zero to this maximum
value, depending on the situation. Usually ms is greater
than mk for a given pair of surfaces in contact. (See
Examples 5.135.17.)
Rolling friction is similar to kinetic friction, but the
force of uid resistance depends on the speed of an
object through a uid. (See Example 5.18.)

ax

4p R
v
=
R
T2

(5.14), (5.16)

SF

arad

arad

SF
S

SF

arad

161