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20
SUMMARY
Reversible and irreversible processes: A reversible process is one whose direction can be reversed
by an innitesimal change in the conditions of the process, and in which the system is always in or
very close to thermal equilibrium. All other thermodynamic processes are irreversible.
Irreversible:
Metal,
70C
Ice at
0C
Reversible:
Metal,
0C
Ice at
0C
QC
QC
W
=1+
=1-`
` (20.4)
QH
QH
QH
e=
e = 1 -
QH
c
QH
678
Otto cycle
b
W
K =
QC
QC
=
W
QH - QC
(20.9)
QH
eCarnot = 1 -
TC
TH - TC
=
TH
TH
Outside air, TH
Refrigerator
Inside of refrigerator, TC
TH
QH 2 QC
100%-efficient engine
Impossible
p
a
(20.14)
Carnot cycle
QH
TC
TH - TC
(20.15)
dQ
L1 T
(reversible process)
S =
W
TC
W b
d
QC
K Carnot =
d
Q
a C
V
rV
The second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics describes the directionality
of natural thermodynamic processes. It can be stated in several equivalent forms. The engine statement is that no cyclic process can convert heat completely into work. The refrigerator statement is
that no cyclic process can transfer heat from a colder place to a hotter place with no input of
mechanical work.
Entropy: Entropy is a quantitative measure of the disorder of a system. The entropy change in any reversible
process depends on the amount of heat ow and the
absolute temperature T. Entropy depends only on the
state of the system, and the change in entropy between
given initial and nal states is the same for all processes
leading from one state to the other. This fact can be used
to nd the entropy change in an irreversible process.
(See Examples 20.520.10.)
Water,
0C
(20.6)
g-1
QC
0C
W W 5 QH 1 QC
5 QH 2 QC
Cold reservoir, TC
Water,
40C
Hot reservoir, TH
Engine
QC
40C
(20.19)
TH
TC
V