wm usuuaaa, Publication 41 de la CEI (Troiime eaten "860) hhydrauliques, pompes ompesturbines, a détermination de eure performances hydrauliques 0802729 aT? a {EC Publication 43 (hr eon = 1893) Field acceptance tests to determine ‘the hydraulic performance of ie turbines, storage pumps and yar CORRIGENDUM Correction dans te texte anglais uniquement Correction dans le sete anglais uniquement Page 16 Dans te tableau, eu paragraphe 23.1.7 (Limite), remplacer les signet repretentoife exttants par les nouveaux sgnes suivants Ane pu ttpaser Zid Asicinre O 08 777777 aya yao Eaten Commision Pages CONTENTS Inthe ie of subclause 41, instead of provision forthe test read provision forest, Page 13 In clause 1, Scope and object, change the numeration in orderto obiain (a2 on page 12): 1 Seope and object LI Scope 1.1.1 This ternational Standard 11.2 Model tess, when used 13 Tests of speed 12 Object, 13 Types of machines Page 17 Inthe table, rubelase 23.1.7 (Limits), replace the ‘sting symbots bythe following new symbals eto beeneded Zid tebe cath Oo ZZwm sauuasa ouo2760 539 am Correction dans le teste anglais uniquement Page 30 Dans te table, 24 paragraphe 2.3.6.5, sous ‘Termes (deusidme colonne), au liew de amped lire age 34, figure Sb Dans la pare supérieure du sehéma, placer tes deux égostons existants afin dels ster ensemble ‘oie, au-dessus du sehéma décrivant un «Groupe 8 axe horizontal, comme suit: Page 36, figure Se Dane la bordure de droite du sehéma, & la hauteur dela pointe de leche, ajouter Udquation suivante apse ero Becotchil Common Page 29 Inthe table, eubclaase 23.64, third column, inthe sath line, instead of read Correction in the French text only Page 35 igure Sb In the upper part ofthe diagram, teaeange the wo exiting equations 80 a5 To place them together, the righthand side, above the diagram desribing & "Horizontal shat nit” follows Page 37 gue Se |Add, atthe right-hand side of the diogram, level ‘withthe arrowhead, the fllowing equation:mm yayussd 002762 455 mm Page 84, figure 14 Correction nthe French text only Das le sehéma, au lieu de wconstan, lire portout Page 86 Correction in the French text only 62.32 Erreusalétoires Dans Uavant-dernigre ligne dele page, au lew de spend de Is combinsison des lectures ete combinaizon de Perreralataire lire =. depend de Ia combinsizon de iéstire Page 128 Page 129 102.32 Prescriptions complémentaires 102.32 Additional requirements ‘Au cinguidme alin, au lew de In the ith parcgraph, instead of ‘Aanexes F et G de 1150 3354: ‘Annexes Fand G of 180 3354 lire read Annexes H et de P'150 3354 ‘Annexes H and Jof 150 3356 Correction dans le texte anglais uniquement Page 141 1025.6 Computation of discharge In the eighth line of tex, instead of sm fsthe coefficient read sm ina coefficient (Correction dans te texte anglais uniquement Page 195, figuce 346 Inthe legends below the diagram, on the right-hand side; inthe frst lin, instead of (ert read third line, instead of apt ye ean Eevee Commision ‘edie saanmm yauyasa 0602782 393 mm Page 204, figure 37 Page 205, figure 37 ‘Meme correction qu'en page 34 (voir c-dessus) Same correction at om page 35 (ste above) Page 206, figure 38 Page 207, figure 38 Meme correction qu'en poge 36 (vor ci-dessus) Same correction ar on page 37 (see above) Page 212 Page 212 Dans Iéquation encadrée au haut dela page, apr2s Inthe framed equation atthe top of the page, ofter lett ajouter un signe égal (=): a lew de the H add an egual sign (=) nstead of Ca, Pa) a pee DG -) lire Page 214 Page 215 Dans U'éguation situde juste au-destous de la Inthe equation following figure 41, instead of figure $1 au liew de Ga, -Pal ob Iwese= g,-npsH = Peg ce 2.) a2 lire Correction dans te tete anglais uniquement Page 219, figure 42 Inthe legends under the diagram, instead of, read yin ye rato Ecce ommein Viediar ss e900mm uauuesn Page 228, igure 454 Sous le schéma, dans ta formule pour py enlever tan A afin de lire: Pur Pt eB m=? Oo Page 256 Sous Véquation (4, dant la derive formule de Ta poge,aligner les indices; ou lieu de song, = fal") But tre Prana ee Fu Page 280 Dans ta légende de la figure 58 = Dimension du bt lire = Dimensions du bit Correction dans le texte onglor uniquement Page 308 46.2 Mesures aunlisives Dans a premiere ligne, au lew de 225 % pets, lire a5 prts environ, Cony neato Ecotec Commision 02733 226 mm Page 229, ure 458 Inthe third line of the legends half-way up the diagram. instead of de = tran pee read 2p = cna pesre Under the diagram, in the formula for py delete one din order to read Bao hy) + oe hy + OP Page 257 Under equation (4), in the lost formula on the page align indices instead of song, ft "But, read Correction in the French ext only Page 303 Inthe penultimate line ofthe poge ead “oe instead of 00 Correction in the French tet onlyTEC 3 SL mm 4a44a9) 0500030 3 mm NORME CEI INTERNATIONALE IEC INTERNATIONAL i STANDARD Tan fea Essais de réception sur place des turbines hydrauliques, pompes d’accumulation et pompes- turbines, en vue de la détermination de leurs performances hydrauliques Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines Numéro de ference ‘ceijec #198 ip DS. aRe 3 de Ia présente publication Ve owen tcuiqu ds picts de In CB it conse tama ve pra Gmina wre sien ew acturl de edge es teelgnments rate 4 co tail de svison, eablsemen de ne ire a mime jour pat ler chiens apts dee Cots sont de CEI eo ‘roman es docu eda © Rolin dela CEE Catalogue des pubations de CRT erminologie En ce gh conceme a emiclogi ade te lect ropes & la Polonion 50 def CEL: Vocal Bet ‘rig Itrtcen (VEDy st ot beso fre. de ‘apie séprce taut cacan an jet, Pde (rl tt publi pete Des deta complt te VEL Las tomes et diene pune dane apf pletion cn it rep VEL ot piioement prow is Symbotes graphiques et litéraux Pout es embokeguphiue.smmbnes os ot sgn nage get appeonrpat a CT ester connor = lePabaion 27 dela CT: Symbol iene eee artes te Potetion 617 de la CBE. Spmbolerpmphigues pour Les symbole ne oman an pte pbtn Publications de la CET établies par le méme Comité dtudes seen dt wie ale den fle eb couvene, el dnumtr le patton be le CET pp qarle Coil d Bude is Gab ptt abit. en ena ace ome TEC 42 9) mm WANNBSS OSOLO35 S mm Revision of this publication ‘The tech crtet of LEC psoas stent svi by the LE tt tc tha he content ce ‘see eno. Infomation 2 the wok fein the ue of vse el tine and smendment sets may be obaned from TEC ‘Nona Comets i fe teeing TE wns © Tecpel TEC Yearbook © Catto of TEC Pobieatlons ‘Terminology oe grea temisogy adr fered LEC Pub cation 30 Inemmtona Eletchieal. Voesbolry UE, ‘Mle fed inthe form of spate capes each Sealing ‘ithe sprit the General Index bmg pblbed a2 Spun Holst Pal et ofthe KEV wil be pled resuet ‘The ms se defiance nthe poet pba te ether ben then fom the IEV or bave Bon specially ‘proved fort purpose he poison, Graphical and letter eymbots ec gpl ems nd eerste sips proved yibe IEC fr gee made re ered = LEC Pitan 27: Late sybos tobe wed elec ecaclgy = IRC Pebiion 617 Graphic yo for digran ‘The apols an slg conned inthe preset pbition sve siber been ken fen IEC eons 7 647. oF tvetne pot aproved oe pene ath plc IEC publications prepared by the same ‘Technical Committee “The toto of eer i dre 1 the Back ever, wich lee TEC. pulesions laced by the Techies Commie ‘nhc has ppd he ee point,TEC 43 SL mm 4844853 O50L8N2 5 mm 41@ IEG —s- coNTENTS oxeworo Shee Perace SuCTION ONE -GINERAL KRULL 1. Scope and abject : LL Scope 12. Obpes 13. Types of machines Lt 1A Rofeenceto EC and1SO standants | | | 1S. Bechded topics : 2 Teams, deinions, symbols nd unite : 21 Oona. 22 Unite 7 23 Listotwsms, dfitions, symbols and units ‘Natre and exten of bya performance guarantees 31 General 32. Mangus... 33 Other goaeneee : 4. Organisation o xt : 4.1 Adequate provision othe est 42 Author forest, 43 Peronnel : 44 Preparation forest : : 445 Agroment on est procedure 46 Insiumenis reer 47 Observations 4B Inspetion ater wet, 7 ar 49 Final epot ‘Sbenow Two -EX=cUTION OF TEST FOR Tl DRMENATION 5. Testeonions and provadure : . S11 Genoa txt procedure 52 Testcondon 10 be fied : : 6 Computation and analysis ofrsult ee : 61 Computation of rests 662 Uncensintes in mesuromonts and presniaton of esils : 63 Comparison wid guarantees : : : ‘Spcrow THRs ~EXECUTON OF TEST FORT DETURAANAION ‘OP MB TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTIC OF TIE MACHENE 7, Testcondions and procedure... : TA Testeontions 12 Test procedure and inseumeniaion i ayy eration Ecotec Commie 1TEC 4) 9) mm 4auuasi OSoLa4G 9 mm 41@ 160 5 8, Computation and analysis fess im 81 Conversion of resus : : un 82. Comparison wit guaranises 13 Socron FoUR- METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 9. Intodstion - ous 9 Efekney us 9.2. Hydulie power (eee eeeeeleeeoeree outs 9.3. Mectansal power 19 10, Discharge : 19 104 General : 19 102 Curent moter mato’ rt poet 103 Pit bss us | 14 Peesirotime method ur 13 Tracer methods 18 | 106 Weis 187 | 10.7 Sundactized deri! peste devices 1» 108 Volumeure gauging metiod : 181 | 1. Specie hydrauic eae of the marine 181 | ULI Gener 187 11.2 Deecminaton of te spite hyauic nergy» 1) 113 Deseemiaton of dent posession spec energy 213, 14 Pressure measurements an 115 Fe water evel messuemenis : Sl tn 11.6 Ureointy of moasuroments aon 251 12, Power 253 121 Indicet mshod of power measurenent , 253 122 Dirset mshod of power measurement 2 123 Boring loses 28s 13. Rotana spss ea 13. Garerat Pa 132 Speed measurements inthe ese of direct measarement of power 21 133 ped meacureneas in ees of intret meanrement of paver 21 124 Uncerainy of measuemeat 2 14. Thermodynamic method fr measringefciency 293 14 Goneat ws 142 Eicincy and speitc mechanical nergy 233, 143 Procedure fr measurement of specific mechanical encgy 25 144 Apporaes 30s 1.5 Testconliion 10 be flied : ae 46 Comestive ems 33 147 Uncenaingy of measurement 319 xpi ye trate CommonTTEC 44 32 Mm 4844Bq2 n@ me oo 15, Indox ests 151 Gown ie : 152 Rolie discharge measurement. - 1533 Measurement of eter quantiies : 154 Computation of results 15.5 Unccrtiny of measurement [APPEND A ~ Systematic urestaiis in perfomance measurements at stedy sue codons APTENDICB ~ Rejction of outers : ‘Aeranoix C~ Analysis ofthe random uncertain for as constant porting onions ArPmon¢D~ Analysis ofthe mda uncer fa atest over a range of peeing conions ‘Aersxnc E~ Physical data . ‘Arraxix F~ Derivation ofthe caution forthe spc hydraulic anergy ofa machine [Avemvone G~ Measucment of elecic power ~ Determization of the conection fora single-phase easing syste AvravoncH Thennedynamie meiod - Examples fra Balance of power and computation of the sgeiic echanica neagy ‘Avrexpnc— Acoustic method of discharge measuement Expr hetero Bette Commission 333 35 369 39 295 999 205TEC 43S) MM YB44A9 0503640 6 mm 41@ 1Be ° INTERNATIONAL BLECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION FIELD ACCEPTANCE TESTS TO DETERMINE ‘THE HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES, ‘STORAGE PUMPS AND PUMP-TURBINES 1) The oma dco agro f the THC oem, pee ty Te hey form frames ert tay ald ys Nal Cate ass ‘emda rh sin onal an wl en hay dence awn oC mcrae ‘heey eto esx pet eyed nt ee PREFACE aloe Standard has eon prepare by TEC Techical Commies No 4: Hyceaaie wrbies, "replaces th scond edition of TEC, he Sst ion of TEC 198 and the st dion of TEC 47, The est ofthis standards based on he following documents ee ico} Ful ngemation onde voting or the approval of hie standard can be ound in ie Voting Report inden thosbove wie. The floning BC pico regedit sande Pilon Noe 38-2” (972) Reng dni my. Fa 2: Met eden oe a tying MA2k (Thy Dit pen: Meare ry Be eine med 1S GH: Cae 185 ONE: Yagsunstomes ‘noc No C85 125186) Ie cad ara ecg tf ai ‘ect Nt COP 9.4 om ncapene 506 (WTO nematn coereing pa evening sem fry sr (976) oto een set sg Pm S65 0976: Grider omit pein wl aman pda 19% Cova evn ae fc, ge pps and mpi $05 YP; Grid fr comming. pti maemo nes pgs aps ees pa ‘ery ei Bact Comin29 Ke 150 standards quoted com wm com, ony sy ose ares wis, is wn com co 6 com oy oy 97, co com opty te brea Becvochkal Commision TEC 43 93 MH Ye4uaq) 0501850 4 mm (Qaida mci Amednes O-18, i ow meee pen hast — cya matt, ‘Wer ow meme en nc ing wi and rs es Pa 1 Tin la ii on seen oe cal Rang ements Pt Casa gta ad ig vce ace Pu VI Tne dg date te sec couteaedanemgcneon aioe ‘tahoe. ° ent id own clr sein Sve. Meum aby men io ty, oa Vn a eaTEC 43 92 WM 4a445 0501852 5 mm 419 IBC ne FIELD ACCEPTANCE TESTS TO DETERMINE, ‘THE HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES, ‘STORAGE PUMPS AND PUMP-TURBINES [SECTION ONE - GENERAL RULES Scape and object 1 Scope 3.4 This Intemational Standard covers he arangerents for et ath sot determi the eaten o which ‘ho main comunct guarantees See 3.2) have ben sitised. Tonite rules governing her cont rd proses measus obo taken if ny plas ofthe teats is disputed It deals with methade of eamputatin ofthe ess wala the xen, coment ands o he ial reper. 12 Model esis, when usd fr acceptance purposes, are dealt wih I splement 193 A, and in IEC 497 193 with Amendment No.1, st, 3 of ype governing systems are deal with in TEC 308, 2 object ‘The purpase of thi standard for Geld seeptance teste of hydraulic tines, Rorage pumps Or Pump turbine, lo called he machine ~ todetine the tens und quanises which re se ~ to specity methods ofteting nd ways of measwing the quant involved in ote ta sceran the Inyeallc pertrmance ofthe mache to dotrmine ifthe contact guaraneos which all within the Scop ofthis standard have bee flied ‘The decision wo perfor eld acceptance tess ncaing the dfn of te soope tho subject ofan agrcement between te purchaser and the supple f the machin. For this it has tobe exact in each aso, wear the messing condtons commended in this stn can be razed, The infivence on themeasung unceraiates, de to hyai and il conditions hast be ken no account 1 the actual eondilons fr field seceplance wats donot allow campllane with the guarantees oe roved, ts recommended iat aceptnce tests be perfomed on model (se 1.1.2) 3 Types of machines In gona, this standard applies to any sic and type of impulse or reaction turbine, storage pump or purpurbin, In particular, i appli to machines coupled to eecre generators, motors oe mote storie Forte pupos ofthis saad he erm urine includes apunp-urbine functioning aa wrbin and ihe te pump inches pumpin anetioning aa pump. The erm generator inches a motr-gencrtor Saneoning generic td tho lem motor icles oie gonaratsfuncuoning as a moto rity be en el oonTEC 4b 9 MM Wau4AS] OSO38S4 1 mm 41 We ais 14 Reference o I5C and 180 Standards SC an 180 Standart refered in thi standad ar ited in tho prefoce, I condition I oun ‘otvoon this stndard and anor IEC or 150 standard, his sande sl peel 15 Excluded pes 1.5.1 This standard oxetues al maters ofa purely commercial interest expt thos inetieaby bound up with the condita the ets 1.52. This stands concsmed nile with the stricta deal ofthe machines nor with the mechanical ropes of thee components 2, Terms, definitions, symbols and un ‘The common xn, detnions, symbols and us used noughout he tnd are sted nthe las, Specialised tenns ae explained whet hey appeat. "The following com aro gven in 5.1.2 and Fig 1 1) Arun comps th eaings anor ocotingssullet to eae th perfomance ofthe machine one operating conn, 2) A point ictal by one or more consecutive runs atthe sme opeating conditions and unchanged setings | 3) test comptes colction oft and els adequate to extalish the pesoumance of he mchine lover he specie rangsof operating conditions ‘The clacton of say contested em, defen o unit of measre shal be aged on writing by tho concing pars, in vane of ho te 22 Unis ‘The Intemational System of Unis (Sh ben used troughowt hie standard Allteoms ae giv ia Stas uso deriva coherent wits og, Niassa of kg -m -s-2).Te base ‘unions ar vali sing ese units. This has to be take nto account i tier than coherent St Unis are sod freee data (eg. Klowat or megnvat instead of wat fr power, Kilpascal or bar (= 10 Ps) Insel of pas foe presse, min” nea of! for rotational sped, ete), Temperate maybe given in dogess Celis because thermodynamic absolus empersurs (in kava) ce arly equi, Any ter sytem of wits may te used but only it egresd ton wing bythe contacting parties. 23 Lisef terms, dfinions, symbole and ante 23.1 Subsripucand symbots The ters high pestre slow peste deine the two sda ofthe machine inespoctv af the ow veton and Werefr are indepen of te mode of operation ofthe machine. Spy nr Encl CominTEC st TL mm 4auus9i O5OLaSE S mm 410 1eC — mu Tiphpesme | Telidhpeasmencionafitemaine ioe Gated aria | compen | et pease be mnie 2 2013 | tterromme | Whnsceperetire eae wat ona ahmed (wontay ass | spate Setit os ” | 14 oO RB tear orcae igure L~ Sthematic representation ofa yell machine /nicitonae 9h mm 4844851 0503858 ee = 23. Geomerie | woe | Setter . » sce guide vse (tna poverty) (eon) a} ean cnd). Figur 2 Guide vane opening (Hom closed position) epg y enero Excel Commie410 1c TEC 42 91 MM 4844553 0501860 7 am = 233 Physical quamies and properties Shane ow Dein Sak va] ny Depot ing (= pnd tty | ‘ a ° x a) Wes frre gene Keo? pnd TG canmonly edie ote) 2) oe Genin a he ‘Argent ‘BML Uy chine e223.) (Merona ein ue ass | Spsie Thera songs ofonhy « Blah se ty ‘cea pe, Vs rw pag han foe) | sper arm a Gowns) 2329 | Kimmie | aot dmieviosyie . whet april acto Common41@ Ine TEC 4) 9h MM 4auuaSi OSOLAG2 0 mm a3 234 Discharge, velocity and speed terms Tat | Dose Veal oa praaaaTowae oaths TG ee Golam bona] adatom aaaa | Matowsne | Str efomer towing Mesh ny cientte ten | (e@) fast ‘hs guod @ matt eine ce 2343 | seman | Se of wag pr ie Bing te ayoray | mee hee | met nf oe 23,3 a rote | natant | ts pn aa, fate 24s |cmast | Wiomctnmepcetietonigtnphanas | Qe°Qn, | we! ‘lorczaain | (eed ee c= (rm (£0329) Hh ep ee 2346 | Nosasunine | Tatin didaneteotad tapi yedind | 5 meet seven” | edits lc ce 2347 | tteaenane | Dacha een ymin (mci) or a mint ‘sen on Ce) aaa | tiicent | Thenedy sue tine a eter cps in| o ‘pinged Ge gr) Swnten pac celia} | ve behgne) ‘nti sy ss ay pd) (bad The mney dui apyhy he tert Becca Commision429) mm 4auNSSL OSOLOLY 4 mm 41@ IEC = ‘Figure3 Variadon of wrbine peed during sxen loa rejection 235 Prssre terme 2354 | tihtpene | omtysugugepeime wihecarste | » a | ‘Senta combi fad Go gee 9 | nase ‘Scouts mere ihe | » ‘Salen we ™ Sezione uo eccoTEC 43 93 MH YBN4AS) 0501866 8 Mm 419 Ie. >h fe ol igure 4a Variation of restur at th turbine igh peste reference section 4) when speled oad is sudealy rejected 1) when a specie load is suddenly seeped igure 4 Vastion of pressure atthe pump high pressure reference seston ding a power flu pig bythe trations Ect CmmiesnTEC 4D TL MM 484891 O5028L8 3 mm 1 IEC 236 Specie energy terms In ho Sneratonl System of Unis te mass (kg) is one ofthe base quantiles. Tho energy pe wit mas, known as specie cag, i used in thie standard pmary tm ison ofthe energy per Yea! ‘it weigh hich is cal teat an was cxeluively used nthe former TEC 1 ad 198, ‘Tho tauer tem (head asthe disadvantage aL the weight depends cathe soeleration dust gravity ‘2, whieh changes mainly with ade but also with alae Nevertheless, the tm hed wil sil ean {in se because is very common, Therefore both related energy term at ted, the specie energy tm in his sbsclause apd the hed terms in 2.3.7. Tey fron by the facie g, which te eal value of secelerstion duet graviy, “The symbol for pec energy at ny seton of low ithe aml etre theeymbal or the sence of specie energies beeen any two ston is the cpt eter, The sme apples to had. “act —| Sraieenmy | Theenar omar aera ay aim 20s | site Meamiatvonernmminestiobiccontne | 5, | 1 tote | fn eee oo Se) | cot Bs. tee Pasue2340 mai Te trae ase | sie Seiya myaiondad |B | 18a sear” | Gertie j= Pacts 4 a tay jo Fe fst wea pet ‘Tignes (actin mii nd (rp rine ae an cmon pf si mor thee rican Theale Spied feos ner ech gue, Netra rte rion esgusehyanerney ete auch rtd ie eC ary te ern tcl aminTEC 4) 9% MM 4844853 0503670 7 mm 419 lke —u- Same [om Dein Sra [ a Get "| alt san nosis detgs ie aass | Seite Teweitehtomicearyderpaestanceemy |, | J Nemec | mies 2367 | Siolongrate | meqeie patsy diaedtnweentho | ie | Jka! Iya | taiwnr le iteine pen tc an ot | to ‘Semodie bo ged) | Frsiemey | Rhvacthtaarebyeef deme x25 10) | Beles) = 2 Goo nee) Npsp= BaPa 4% a6, 2) ‘2407 Helght and head terms Saban | Tom Din Som [oa i Tat | Gousician | Dionne Roe tatoos Pz | So ‘lone! of peor ge) | aaa | a Say eran ara a a | 21s | taostsimee tgs BIB my | Gnaeth eet | ra aion 02365 rare | Hata Ty BS a fa ‘TRS an pedi Be EL ‘gu shorn besa eds igh a aba ay uo cn CominTEC 41 9) MM 4B4465) OSOLE72 3 mm a1 IEC B Figure S1—Low-hcad machines ~ Determination of specie hyauleenergy of machine ght te teaoralEkeotenc ComaisinTEC WL SL mm 4B4UR5S 0501874 7 am 41@ IEC a ‘Water coluna manometos ae applied ot point and 2. ‘The compresstiy of wats Is noglcted because the diference of peesur between 1 ad 2 sa therfore aae=t ees: . Ble — 5) + Pandy Bley = Ke 20) and oecfoee the simplied formula: Gro) (1-8) ol way The water deasly at ambiont pressure may be assume as Reteranee dtu igue Sb ~ Mam and high-hcad machines ~ Determination of specific hydraulic nergy of machine Pressure gauges manometer are applied at points 1 and “Thedilferonce in ambien pressure between al 2 neglect besa Zi smal compare 1 H theatre at = Pant Sine both 2 and 2 re smal coop to Ht may be assumed tha: A om BamTEC 4) Sb MM 4B4UBS) 0503875 0 Mm 419 IEC ane + Pay Where py she gauge pessure mest at Pain = Py +5659 Pay WR py ho gage ressue meseuod at Pay = Pu tA 8 sac tortor the simpli ora ee) 55. (oy ~2q)+ AED - Cote) 45.34 L el "igure Se Peto ubines with vee ans ~ Determination of specific hyaulceneeey of machine ‘Case of non pressurised housing. "visconventonllyasumod tha the lw presture reference setion corespands tothe pline lovin a that the pressure sie the housing equal to the ambient presue ntecase of non-pressrised using an Pan) , G9) , Fans ‘The iferenoe in ambient pressure beeen and 2s neglected besauso 2 sl compared LH, therefore Pani! = Pas = Pt Forte sumo reson ii sumed tha aie Paty = Burt J 8 + Pan WhO py to gauge posse measred a” Pan = Pa apr byt rons Ete CommisionTTEC 44 94 MM 434485) 0503675 4 Ml 41 mee a9 As == =, amd assuming wy = 0, he simplified formula i: Figwe6~ Hydrclcric pant - Deteminaon of specific hydraulic onegy By and head Hof plant through geod haight of pant 2 "The general formal i: Pas Pag sasuming vor density at do smbint pressure, the fom becomes: or, itsumed nual oir dens atthe rfrene love ft machine Conversely + twine = pump vice Ea te etn cel aonTEC 41 9h Mm 4844851 0502880 2 mm a@ mC —a ee "Figure ~ Net pote sution spi energy, MPS, and et positive ston ad, NPS ‘Water column manometer saplieda poit 2 Paseg = 03°05" (291) + Paty, hospi fre bosom ye trata Becvotshil ComsiaionTEC 4 9 MM Y84US9S O50L882 & mm a1@ ie * » Retaranea level of th machina® ©) lms, ch Hai tin, al Gat pops 1) Digan a) mie wi es cng a wih rips ad {inva om al) ues i Sl aera, itt omer et {lho (io ew) ue i anne emerge at, 11 nt ls, hn ao eng oo be ih Figur 8 ~Refereaco evel of turtines, pumps and pump-tubines* 238 Power terme (cette we) " leQ), LOPS | aso | myemaicrone | cineioniembe sniaitatirasune | ary | w Lt — ‘Tiewiintolekemine se msc creed oe yi wien vin amc sal ecg ye fam ey pe tn kn ad hi er ay Chopin het yaya Py = B60), + Ble) shy he nor Echo CnmionOTEC 44 94 MM 4844852 0503804 T am mia ina. a paver ard ees a sie i oa ‘tcoteinining winds Gee LE ay mun fe 2 cre ied et . ee tne ie PaPy(PetPetPyt PtP snbuacag witge ha oe LS) tone eto oe as Biicce (ent)TEC 42 93 MH 4BUWS93 O50%86 3 Mm 41 @ EC sae TRA Maia | Wociaal poarivaied agi calg | P| W rover et wacarter ceiey | Sommaire ie tees has eye mn Sr sioasaa (ea Geta gower | sanenllngelar gr abtagepesuc te | 239 Bielency erm Tat | tp Fore |= sss nity tat ‘etic aed weighing ates apes rans | aidnsic — | ewedhed wengsetecrasesywin in, | = rh by he tran Exotic Camnesen Tico ner agouti) we cde yell i wee ikon er af ote era heme ncnTEC 42 92 WH ANH) 0501888 7 Mm 41 I6c = Coupling tte unesinpar (ree ™ rl > Jae = Qe Fx E(e-Ghyamiieg OR =0 P= Py-Rasmming 1) sin esd alae asl ee weld ts hi a Ti ‘lon ate te no a sas gs mia ie de Figure 9 — Flux diagram fr power and cscharge (example) apatites BecttechiclCommiinTEC 4) 9) MM W844B9) 0503850 5 mm 419 IEC as 4, Nature and extent of hydeauli performance guarantees 3.1 Generat 3.11 A contac for a regulated or non-rgulated® machine should conan guranses covering at est pow, Aischage eticinsy oe 3.25), maximum momeatary overspeed and maximunainionim momenty Pressure, maximum scaly ste vanaway speed (eves runaway sped in ese ofa pump). Jn he cas of a pump the guarantcs may alo cover the meximum zero-dacharge spec hydalic energy (head) andthe -discharge power, eller one with plier eatig a wate sen, or ‘ho specie sped, ‘These quaranees ar considered as main hyéaule guarantees (63.2 afl within th scape of hit standard. Other guarantee (2 33) re wo covered by this senda 13.1.2 The purchaser shall rang fr the suppl ofthe machine oe povided wit us, fl ani acepable ot covering all basins, inlt and our suytnes,watervays betwen the points intend Sarge andall pars and oglpaaa,eating treo, al the driven oe deving machinery wbother let oe mt and Therevolvng pt href, nd all governor, valves, gates aod allied mechani, 3.13 The purchaser shal be respousibie for specifying he vals ofall th parame on which guaranss a base, icling water Ql and temperature", peli Hydaule energie of the plat (602.34) and specific hydric energy losses (se 2.3.64), forte study ofthe plant, paral the correc int ‘and oulletconitions of the machine an for he co-rtnaion of what concerns te incracion between th machine and he waterways, Should the operational and guaranteed ngs ifr, he sal inate the limits of tho pectin. 5.14 Ife clceuisgenoate oe moor i to he used for measuring trhine pump power (ee 238.3), suc ‘lkculegoncator of moar ac i aio stl be given appropri eet It hou bo a contion of te eonut iat the appli of he hye unite hie representative shal ave to ght oo present such tse, A cated copy of tho generar a motor tt cautions andreas sl be given tthe supple af the hydauie machine 32 Mae puaranicer 821 Practice plant operation racticl pat operation usally involves some variation in specie hydauc energy (ea), Therefore specications sal stat he specie hydraulic energies a which guarntces shall ply Foc prea aso rasan test may not be conducted the sue tne asa steulystatpeformance 7 Trad utnina mahi in ich eto ct by on nlig evi sch id vane se seer te. ans spe iin for ing eens Ib ae gene gh cps tiscali ion tid abe (6 8 100, apt ye artes Bact CommionYio neato Ete Comms TEC 42 41 MM 4485) 0501852 9 mm 1 @ IEC oe 322 Power Power guarantees maybe required at on or more specif spade fr 4) arogutated bine: power to be reacot st near more secited specie hyrali energies se gure 100% 10) nosteguated turbine: power wo be reached and power not obo exces over a specifi psciic hydrate energy range (soe Figure 106); ©) non-eguatedregulsed pump: power na tote exceeded over a apocied speci hydrate eney range (6 Figure 10¢. 323 Discharge Discharge guarates may be equedat on or mare specie spose for: 9) aroguluted turbine: discharge to bo reached at one oc more specie psc hydraulic energie (85 igure 103) ‘) anon cela turbine: charg tobe reached over specie specie emery ngs guarentse ‘susuollyrplcnd bythe coresponding power guraic, se 32.25) an discharge motto be excooded (Goo Figoe 10), ) a monregulatedegted pump: dscharge over aspecd specie hyde energy rane, nciding vals to be reached or nat to Be exceed (see Figure 100, “The gauantod discharge may We rofeod to the amblen presi (42 23.4.5) 3244 einey 3204.1 Ropolted rine eficicacy guarantees maybe required st one or more specfed peas and spel yl energie 2) tens or more indviual spel powers or dichages or ea curve (oe Figs 10a); 2) as weight average olfeences™ over arange of power or discharge 6) as anthmote avecage llicincie™™* over arange of power or discharge 32.62. Non-ogulted turbine oe von rgulatadegulted pp etieney guarantees may be request on roc speed spocds 4) stone or more individual pci specie hydraulic energies xa curve (ss Figucs 10 and 10; Dy ss weighsdsrorgeotcienie overa speci range of pci hydraulic energies 6} ssartiotcaversge efiiencis"* overs spect’ range of pec hye nei, 325 Choice of power discharge and efficiency guarantees Tus rocommcndoa that he cots agreements avoid fixing more than one gusrantsfo cosa ‘wants; for insance, in the case oa regulated turbine efficiency shal be guaranteed vesus discharge ‘oe power but not versus dsehrge and pow. Ter aati ft pover coming othe eid pe yd emi, 63 ged o ain eas isn snd» eto vil fence all a analy bua sinaTEC 42 9% Mm 484489) OSOL694 2 419 IEC a ss— 326 Maximum momentary overspeed and maxinuoninininurn momentary preswe"**(980 2:34.16 ant 2357) Maximum or minimum momentary pressure and mavimem mamsrary ovrsped should bo guano lover he whale operating range, generally in accordance with IEC 308, Sino the characterises ofthe hyde and elec machines, the goveror an alo part of the conduit system may bo involved th determination of te maximum overspead and masini momentary pressure, manufactures sal be supplied with leva Information, 32:7 Maxim steady sae runaway speed (26234.15) Guarantes shouldbe given thatthe maximum sey state runaay pce (maximum verse rnawny speed incase ofa amp) will ot coed speci values under coniion tobe epecie in the contact (Go specie hyde energy, net positive seton speci cats.) Tui generally reommenced o avd this ete 7.1.22), 328 Maximum ser-decharge specie hydraule energy and tro-dlacharge (shutoff) power of «pump (se 23.55 nd2386) nthe case ofa pump aguante shouldbe given that he zero dichirge power — with watered ant e-watied impaler~and he main spot hydali eergy will otercced a peel ale othe spelad sped 3 Other guaranices ‘Aldona guarantees may tegen; he following wre srantes covered by oer IEC publistons, SA Speed governing sytem Accepians of sped governing ystems shod be cae out in accordance with IEC 308, 382 Castaon ping The amount of eavitaton pitg should be guranteed subject wo the lmao tat the nit wil be peated only within te precited ranges of pave, charge, peed, duo, vatr temperatura et ose suction specific enw (NPSE). Reearmeadations en this subject re dealt wi in TEC 608 pcs yin aos wi ei strode a) ernst ‘tre ant cone spain Ss cn 634¢m 737 ol pc Ey an ti omniaUTEC 4) 9) mM 4BNNR9E 050289 & mm | a et Ee Ew opty weatonl Eecttei Cs ro 10 Guarantee curvesTEC Wi 9) mm 48uus93 0503900 4 mm a1@ Ie a 442 Inapetion on ste ‘Shorly before the start of we st, th uni and ll est egupment shalt be subject w though Inepoton by ropresattves ofboth pats andthe Cia fest to ease hat conto ne sch hat he erormanee ofthe machine may be jged quay (xe als 4.8). Ital be veied tat: 4) allmacinery is complet and according wo specications; 1) thescates indicating the opening of tho guid vans andlor ranarinpellr bade, where applicable, or tho opening of nozzles and dlletrs ae caliated andthe rationship between openings is cones “Te sales all have sulicint elution and wil be accessible throaghout te le. Provisions shall exit to boc eletvey th glds vane ce nozzle openings dui each poi to proeote sbi a accurate epediion of openings; 2) no water passages are obstructed or restited by any foreign mater bo wearhas taken place o vis pts, particulary inthe form ofeavitaton damage to runnen/ingeles, suid vanes, nozzles or ther wat stage components andor damage 0 wearing rings or abn, that could havea significant effect om efceney, ©) all posse taps, piezometc tbs a conactng pipes have heen propesy formed ad Scat and se clear of obstseuon 443 Moaswaments bafore est The dimensions ofthe cond at and between measurement selon, when role shllbe measured acca before the units peat [A main teach mark for lovls shal be etablisied, All secondary tench mark (leveling rofreace Poin) inthe specific hydimulic energy measuring sytem sel be referred tA bench mars shal be ‘tained undue un ona oper hasbeen seeped ‘Wien oe indrot meted of power measurements used, he results of he generitorimoireiiency lesshould preferably be avaiable proto the hydrulic machin porfermanco est. Incas such infocration iemissing to pusrantedvalvos of peoratonotae for lees may bo used fx pralimiaary computatin of theres 45 Agreement on est procedure 1511 Approval of procedure “The eet programme and pocedur shall bo prepare bythe Chit of aking ito consideration the ans proviously repre aecocling lo 41. Allarangemecns en plan stllbe summed tooth purchase bd suplirin pl tine oe consiteraon and agreement. Approval or cbecion salle given in wring 452 Date ofest “The sceopanco ts shill ac tae pice unt the commissioning ex, ncaing speed aa pose ‘vaiton wil, have beon conducted. Seo also IEC 545 and 805, Tei forthe pores to decid, wit respect plant opraton and flow conditions, onthe da ofthe sccelance est This ball be within ho conectgorsaes pid and peteably within six mons ate ‘machine has boon handed overt th purchaser, unless otherwise greed by both pris wang. aprot bythe iernson Eecrotechial CommisionTEC 42 93 MH Ha44aS1 O50L902 6 mm 419 1c ae 453 Genera programme ‘The goneral programme sal be dated bythe Chic of ts sn hal incle parol concerning ‘he fllowig item 4.53.1 Specie hydraulic energy for accepance est In tose cases where guarantes are gen fo more than one specific Iyealis energy the general ‘programe shal sso at which valor valvos of specie hydrate energy tho acceparc este be ‘ured out, onthe bi ofthe pars’ instrtions. 453.2 Machines to be tested for efficiency he contre shal pity wheter Severo nly one of group of denial machines aot be text wit segard0 ficiency. Te general programme shal pei th actual machin or mhlaas (0D ted Healy nei tobe tested, itis ecommended hat ta chine sal be chosen by mau groin! ives purchaser nd supplier, 4533 Extent and duration oft ‘The genes programme stall include a ttement on th romber of point 9 be then and the ‘satesponding operating coratins. The number fpoats toe obtained depends Onis natu extent ofthe guranzcs and stall be dccded bythe Chet of tet. Presripoas onto naber of points the mode ‘ofmachine operation snd cer elated ims which shall be neluded nthe geacra programme are detled infor the seedy sats petormanee test and in 7. fr the wansent operation ist 46 Inseente 46.1 Ldenficaton of trsramense ‘The make, serial number or other identcation, and owner of each iasument sal be stated inthe Sina pee. 462 Calibration of asiruments ‘linea, nluding oltre! instrument anformec, ll ocala belo totes bah reac and supper may wise hi alban, Whether calibrated cn of eth alc fal Calton sal bo vere by the Chic of ts. Inte ease of an oie ealiraton a ald cece, sccepable wo both he purchase and the supple, shall be provided. All necessary eorcton a pres in the measuring tp. Fucwations wit higher Cequercy shall be removed by appropriate Hering ‘Thetaslsof te! snyeaute system. ‘The maximum permissible vue of measurement total uncertainty shal be 100 x p-°99 (where p ring Cequency for he flrs gven by the epecle frequen charters of the 8, Computation and anass of results 81 Comersion of reals Inthose cass wre ts na posible perform tho test under spectedconiions the meane values shall be convent by caeulton. This conversion ean be made ina simplified ad approximate mane thefllowing condiins ae faite 2) fox pees vacation 0,98, ‘ict do to helen o the waterway (an accordingly to te setng tine), discharge measurement ‘an howexer be conducted, rovided eves taken of tenet volume of wae exchanged between duct fd th surge tank within he duaton ofthe mcesuroment (er alowable vations of specific hy eal cvegy S00 52), 102.1 Principle of velociy-area method ‘The veloity-area mod soques a umber of propelertype caren eters lost a specie pins Ina sulle cree setion ofan cpa channel eros codalt. Simultaneous meesuromentsof eal mean ‘velocity wid the metre ae ntgrate ver We gaugingsction provide he discharge, The water must be ‘lily clan sich hat dseved or spend mater willnotffet the accuracy of te mer odin luring tho ex Some stgration techniques which maybe used io compute discharge assume veloc Aistibtions Uatlosely approximate soa avs expecially inthe nighbowhood of slid boundaries. It these toctniqus er use, tis ecalil o slet measuring secon wher this hypttesis is ikl tobe approximately flied “Themetbod may be used at any suitable measuring section in = nels conto ponte = a nak iver an upseam oc downsieam open chanel eadace tance). 1am open channel ito be wed, i euste an art channel of wellesined crose-sston, Natura strcams are excladd fer st unde this standard. apron eee CommiinTEC 42 32 MM 4O44O93 OSOR9G4 o mm 1 HEC = ns Test arangoments,prbcedures al Hiniaions wit depend to some extent onthe charset of te selcted measuring ection. General equizement appliable tall measucing ection ar given blow, 102.2 General requrements 1022.1 Duration of measurement Messursmens foreach curet-mete pon shall st at east 2 min. vratins (62 52.1) in the wate velocity ae presen, arn shal ead at east four eels ofthese veins. This may Rave 2 Tafaene on teenie test programme. The daraio of varinons may be deermined by abcring the speed changes of he ecent meters fr 10 to 15 min or a est two tpl canine of cperation 102.22 Number of measuring pins “Te number of arent meter shal be set to ensue a satifatery dtenination of he vloity oll over the whale measuring secdon A single pont measurement ro petted under his sada See to 150 3856, 4.11044. ‘Atleast 13 messing point shall bo sedin acral pnstock, cnet which sal be th centre point of ‘he section The mab af measuring pins prradius,Z, excuting he entre pint, may be deveined from 4V < Z << 8K where 1c Uo ietral ads of tbs condat in meues, For any given numbez ofcwrentinaten, iis peerble wo ierease do umber of adit han wo increase e nate of cuent rcs por ras, But cae must be tke fo avo excusive blockage. Conue blockage canbe radu ty canlevering th aol supporting arms Grom the condi wall Is dows, only a singe am no | mend to th eet of he cond. Liu afvantag le gained by measuremats on mars han ado at ‘nor tha 8 pints puis, excluding te cone pol | ‘At oat 25 measuring points sal bo used ina rectangular or wapezoidal setion. If he velocity isbn i el obs nan-lfr,de namber of measuring pols, Z, sal be determined trom vez < wih he condt cr chan i dvd nt sever Secons,measucments stall be made simultaneously inal sso, 102.23 Typos snd gens equrements of curentanters ‘Only propeersypecurent-motr stall be wsed. Th lez impulses ofthe propel lation shall be raasmited by cables tothe counting a recording device in Soh a way thatthe momar sped of rotation ofthe propel can be checked daring and afer the ran. The curentmeers shal fl the glcabe requirements of ISO 2537, ll meter shal be capable of withstanding the water res and the time of submergence without change iat alban. I may be neessay to ecucs th time of subemergsncs wie te wate is ad xpi ye henson Ect ComaainTEC 41 9) MM 4O44O5) OSOI5GL Lm 41@ IEC ‘of hair Banks, th acta volume ie args than he geomet volume, dis to sbeortion or esmpon a water bythe banks while ing emprying ie ponds. 10822 Volume of ponds ‘The volume of te pond as a fancon of th water Tevels cane deermined more pcuntely the simple th plan view of tho pond andthe stesper the walls The volume can be determined by peomctrical ‘measurement or by photogrammetry ‘Ar the gauging ston, suablo nos-oroding lovel markers sal be povided and thei elevations ‘efecto the main bench mak ee 443), Exerat ye ntonl cee CommisionTEC 4 9 mm 4a4uash 0502022 5 mm 41@ Ie =e 108.23 Choice of waterovel age ‘Wit a pond having sloping walls and an asymmetic eros secton, itis good practice (0 use & ‘mathematical itrpoation formula and anclectrndc dita processing syslem to determine he elitation Values at egular height intervals, A plot ofthe cliraton wil indica th ng of slvations bes td fora discharge measurement. The tests shouldbe cosine oti range andthe duration ofeach run shoal ‘besuch that the uncer inthe change volume ie estan + 108.24 Number and arrangement of measuring points Wate level measurement in tho pand will be made easier and more accurate by giving caret ‘consierton tothe arrangement forthe measuring penis an tele approaches at the time the pond is uit The water level shale measured simaltaneously atleast st four points judisousy cated Iniogualy ‘shaped ponds, iis recorsmended thatthe numberof meastring pits shoud be inreased sufclety 0 achieve an average value representative ofthe mean water lve, patil wind occurs orf tie ow ‘elocts inthe pond are not aegis ‘At each meatatng pin, a suitable arrangement sll be made for he intended measuring devie In moat cases, sling pipes or wells shall be established, in which the water gauge o Noa i ntaled (Goo 115.48 end 115.43), Tho wie ofa bubbler gouge using campressod lr equies only misma amangsments (ce 11.547) Stall gauges (See 11.5.4) may also o ved eid verde (aached to he ‘allo fastnedon sep ames scoeding tothe circumstances) cr inetined slong te slope ofthe bak ts {hen necessary o ensure an aevurat reading of he eves by providing either adjustabeobscvation suns Fights of sais. 1 alo nocertry to provide fxd level mask, as mentioned in 1038.22, allowing the gages tobe coreata with each oer and withthe main tench mark nd oventally to conver he lique measurements along the tak o vertcl heights. Det of water evel mestuemant are gven folate 1.5. | 108.3 Operation efmeaswement OA string eects Depending a locaton and size ofthe pond andthe waer level ehoten fo the measurements, the innuence ofthe wid on the actual wate level may be such an import acto that seasivmats can ‘be conducted only during calm peld, With he gates ane shtof ales of all machines closed, t [is posiole and avsabiow assess hs invence by making comparton of te water eels mesrared ‘The rrangomentspescrited in 10.24 may be slice 0 obvst eres doto smal wave, bat in tho erentora heavy swell swell wi lng period the measurements must be suspended ual he swell subd, ‘Te inluenceof rif or evaporation must bs asesed, and if ncesary, the measurements must be suspended until favorabl condions exit. Leakage tough te walls of an artcially formed pond oe through the bed of 9 natal basin ean seciously affect the measuonents An assessment ofthe amount of leakage sal be made by messing tho change in water lovel over extended periods of ise wit ll machines shot down. This assesment shall be mad st a narber of dren eights of wate i the pod or bain under condita erly poste dental to those forthe acta tests, pricolanly with gud tothe water station in the surrounding earth, For aifcil ponds, tas posible to measure rely ths Iakage fom te pond. ‘Allie above considerations aso apply tothe posible inflow noth pon, spit bythe nto Ect CommisionTEC 43 93 m™ 4auuaga 0502024 5 mm a1@ mK 15 — Duetoallbe dsusbing tft indicated ove, heeovatlo of he datum ofeach evel nde cannot boaseetined hough elevation ofthe wate surfce will aes closed. careful leveling between cach duu and setrence tench mark recommends, 108.32 Darton of measurement ‘The duration of messurcments theme taken bythe water level cove th measuing ange spaced n10823. IE the desired water Kvel variation can oaly be obtained with an excessively long duration of measurement, the uncertain ths deteminatlon of he mean power and head wil robe be increase, ‘The numb of dings within the duration ofa rin must be to chosen that a wel deine epics record ofthe wate level variation a a function of time canbe prepared thas readings sll be coset ea the begining ard heen ofthe rn, To achive this, smltaneous measremsns a al pots are impeatve. 108.33 Measurement f qunties oer hn discharge ‘The pressure or water level measuemens sed for the detemination of specie hydraule enor, tho readings of the waimoters for powee measurement and the measurements of spe (he late ae paricalaty important in pump operation) must bo caried ot simuanoously with the water love! ‘measurements in the pond Tus ecommended thst seve of volume gaupings be ade for calibatngmseoondiry ssh measuring device over arangeof loads (ee Cause 1). Index tess may be used ta augment parts of te ‘eral test programme, to check the constancy of the dlacharge over the duration of a volumetr gauging 610 duzrnin is variion during a ran where th ehange in speci hydrai very ie ivicam 108A Anais of the test resus ‘The average water levels are compute from the simultaneous messurements mae tthe vavous locations “The mean discharge over the duration ofthe rani tained from the variation ofthe water volume ven by the calibration table (52 10.2.3) bexween he water eels atthe begining and theca of the yn nd he olvant measuring time, ‘The constancy ofthe ow rte ove the duration of meaarement ell be checked by determining the concrete pod with sloping barks 40,7 01,08.TEC 4) Sh MH 484485) OSOZ02E 2 Mm s1@ Ke 187 In case b) he pond requis surveying by means of tlangulaion, esublished survey system, photogrammetry and supplementary eeomety. or natural ponds, no Snformaton canbe furnished (ace 10821, maddion othe uoetiny Gut to he pond calibration consdeaton sal be given 4) th uncertainty of te measurement of ling or emptying tine 1) the uncertiny of the wats level determination, tobe sexed foreach run on the bast of the measuementcooditins and ofthe various sures of eo iste a 1083.1. ‘With good condons, the estimated systematic uncertainty at 95% conidence level should be about 21% 0 325. In th aezeptance test ofa pumpin, th cortical guarantees give am equal weight tthe ine and pump efcieacies, the uneertany du othe determination f the pond areas may boo a large extent |gnored fo the evaluation ofthe taal west, povided the easements ae cried tin the sme range of wate level 11, Specie hydraulic energy ofthe machine 111 General 1.1 Object "The spec hydra energy ofthe machine ls a maln characte and it must be ealeuatod in (extot a hyauto machine, ‘The formala enabling its evaluation i given in 23.6.2. Appendix F explains the derivation of hs fore ‘The net pie suction spec energy ie an an Impotact characte and shold normaly be terminod The formal given in 2.369. LLP Method of determination ‘Todsterine the specie hye ener ofthe machine it nacessiry (eval th specific energy ‘of water the high pressure and low peste reference sections. In praice i t no always posible 0 ‘snare the pressure a the referee sections, Te asofte peur, te mean velit ad th elevation ‘wo thon dotrmined as near as posible wo te corespnding reference sections and chosen 3085 achleve ‘measucmons of igh accuse. Whenever possible diet prsture measurements shall be used, in particular onthe low pressure side ner the measuring eeton should acted Wit the deaf ube 8 Some cases, metho ka obo replaced by fe wae ovel measurement 1.13 Steady-state cond Readings required to dtcmine he specific hydraulic energy shall be taken only when steady-state conditions prevails defined in $2.1 and at eguar Intervals, as pesecedin 7.2. Theme freatings ‘a th itralsbatwson thm sal eas specie in 512. Ifthe measurement are reorced (grap nchod tape, magnet tap, ee) at ast we diet eadings foreach run should be ake for the pups of ehcking, tions and mamberof readings Expat ye nero Becttechl CommisionTEC 4b SL mm 43489) 0502028 & mm 41@ IEC 19 = 112 Determination ofthe specific hydauic energy N12. Measuring sections 112.44 General “The besiconitons tn achive an accurate determination ofthe specific hyde enagy ae metioned 1 1.1.2. Requirement fore presto measuring scion ate glven in 1.41. 112.12 Shite measuring sctons ‘The main season for siting the earring secon away rom the rofereace section at he design sage i low penuraton from te machine lf fom the conduit and is acessories. Sich sit ay aso bp mandatory a the tne of test by an absence of adequate provision for testing, ‘The high pressure reference section of a pump is atypical ease since the rose and velocity Aistibuion may be suck tht the calculation of space hydralle eng trom Whe Meda valves Would resutin significant eor. A measuring sceton located some condult diameters away trom he pump wll, ero icreste de rll of te mearurement. Autry valve clase othe high esse reference section of a urine sant dieu station, soso the loss duct te vaivo i acl to aves ats effect onthe measurement, Another dificult cas occurs when the high pessure se measuring section Inthe caso of tung ‘cannot be nated downsteam of th take tah ks. Ia this eae the calulatlon of he spicy ‘nergy loses has tobe ued upon proc othe tt. ‘Won presse aps have not been provided, and canst be added for he et ts necessary to este ‘hs measuring tions in placa with aces tthe Now thi ress quit often in using sections with eee "eae flow In pricy, i i Bt posible to manu the peste ii the draft, the iallwaier Jove salle mcarured ety above the daft ube out (urbine)inet pump) oa cose ita possible Inthe talrce (ee Figure 40, 112.13 Spectc hydraulic energy erection for shied measuring sections ‘Whea the measuring sections no the teerenee secon the os of specie hydraulic energy between sn measuring section endo eference scion hall be ae no account, due consideration ig Even (0 the ow diccdon and dsuibauon, the lve posidon of the two sectons and to actual Kacue nary covery which may tk ple between them, valuation ofthis ass maybe based on tere knowledge and paca experienc. efor deison i mado 0 us6 shifted measuring section, due consieraton shall be given othe uncertainty inyodoeed by the lst calculation as compared to that arsng from unststactory measuring conlions a te reference section. yb nd cee amon92 mm 4844853 0502030 4 mm - 41@ ke 11 1.22 Reference levels 11.2.2 eterno dat ‘Tre clevations sal te feed 1. sefeence datum such 8 mea salve, 1.2.2.2 Benen maks A fied elevation reference point called the main teach mark sal be chosen or provided at eat byl machinery instalation The elevation ofthis bench ark stall be determined in rekon to an sublished reference dam (8011.22), ‘An oficial bench marks usally availabe fr instance as part national suey of vation ove ‘moan sa ove "Thomain bench mark (20443) must be clearly labeled to avoid any possibly of era Ifthe fs no bench mak avallbl, th reference level ofthe machine may be chosen a8 hemi beach ‘Thactovations oir bench mark dining the eernes evel of ihe gauges sal be securely «ketene in elation to he man Boneh mark pio to ating tho tes All bench marks al te retained undsted nlthe final et report has ben approve 11.223 Reference evel for astrument och ofthe presur or fice wate vel measuring instruments sil have a matk xed peancnly to 1 The elevation of his rar sys called th refereace level fr istumeet. The cifernco between the relecns ntl for estrument andthe tench mark 8 Zag = Hy ~ Am (0 Tig 343) ‘An oxample of main levatont ad heights shown i Figure 4b 112.24 Dilfereces of vations "es only important wo esublsh acurtely the dferences of elevations. The exact elevation of he ala bench marks of secondary importance, To measur diferenes in elevation telgh, levelling insiunents of wloguatepecsion may be regard for ama Relghs messing apes may alsa be sed pty be eon hl aonTEC 4 33 MM 484435) 0502032 8 mm a) (generally mo Figure 34 ~ Definition of efernce lve fo lastument xy ye brea Bacchi Commisionapt yh nero Eecrotchl Commie 41@ ec TEC 43 3 mm 484485) 0502034 1 mm ws — Ba swt o Fefornce atom (generally mean tos lve) ‘igure 34 —Exampleshoming malin elevations and beghtsTEC 42 9 Mm WSUNB53 0502036 5 mm | 1@ HEC ee 11.23 Water density ‘From he detnion in 2.3.62, ean wae density shall be clculsted athe mean of desi atthe We rote sections As hs temperature diferenes between he nt and out ofthe machine smal the empesae of ‘he water atthe low pressure reference section may be used for calculating Us deslos involved i the crauation oF ee 9.2.4), 124 Specie kee enray ‘Tho speci kinetic energy tr i deerminadin any section, rm the mean elciy af the wae in tht seation. Themen velo ste actual volume discharge passing trough te measuring section divided by the wea of hat section, This ara stall be measured or may be deed from constration drawings if tho spo knee energy tem is sil rt ofthe pei yale energy ‘By convention the speic Kina enor in reference sections taken as ¢, = 2 ‘The seme convenions ppled when the measring sets shited fom the referee gestion within thotimite ofthe machine. ‘Wren the messing Scton in the low pressure side as tobe Hosted ouside ofthe dat tbe se igure 4, he calelation of mean vooety inthe measuring section is explained in 11.253. 1125 Sinplifted formule 112.81 Genes As indicat in Appendix , the genoa formula given la 2.3.62 convenient approximation of tho esse valu of te specie hyaaulecrergy of Uo macino, "The relive err dus to the aproxination i fess an 028 ortho spec hyrauli energy ofthe machine, varaon of wit slvation is generally negligible and canbecaeulated for orafeonoievotof the machines, (6002.37.10), Fur sinpications ac possibie fn each specifi cae and appecmimations may be itedaced for example, when the water compressbiy cr the dfernes in ambien preseure between selon 1 and 2can he nolo, ‘The simplified formulae established in thie subclaute a typical for the described resewing {nsalltons, Only the mest common intallaions ae reviewed Aspe fem sal ot be sed {ora ditering instalation without x afl examination oft adeqeacy, 11.252 Measurements ui pressure tps 11.2521 Messwemant of diferent pessue Figuo 35 shows schomatcally the measuring Isalladons of the specie hydraulic energy ofthe ‘machin whenever a diferent presiredoviee uted. hit soln i spocely sia fo ow tend ‘machines butesabespplied othe angst head for which numents of sficient accuracy and sensitivity sreavalble. Sept yeti act Comision41 EC TEC 4) 9) MM 4344894 0502030 9 mm = 19 = Figue 96 - Determination of specific hycanicenegy of machine through ferent manometer rom th pcsur ference measurement one ges = Bales - Gran] ‘When spied o low head machine (xp < 400000 Pa), te compressibility of water is egected anit is assumed a= e=F (eos) ‘Therefore he spl fol apron ronal Bacchi CommisionTEC Wb 9) mM 4844853 0502040 7 mm 410 IRC 2m = 112.522 Separate measuemen of presses 2) Low head machines Figure 36 ential to Figure St refers to low Read machines, whe the pressure mestird in bath {cations with water cola nanometers ‘An approximation i introduced in this case the compressibiiy of water is nelcted since pressure ‘ifronos soos than about 400000 Pa, Ambient pes may be sumed a elcuaing ai deny, 1) Medium sa high head esetion machines “Mediam and high heed acon machines ae dat wih in Figure 37 ident to Figure Sb presure boing measured sporty in each reference section by a presre gauge. I it ee, te ain in ‘lovaion of the gnuges contrite toa small xtnt in. and therfore the effect of unbent peso cu be neglected ©) Pelion tries (imps wbines) ‘Other simplifications re inroduced when the general formula is applic to Peton turbines (see Figures 38 and 39; th ret nei dental to Figute $0) By convention, yi akon a zero clevation x, ofthe low pressure relernce section i the mean ‘lovaion of al contac point f the jeans wit he Pelion pte dancer an to pressure inside ‘he hosing it sume geal othe amin reste, povided the hooting rat resied Expr yh into laren CommisionTEC 42 9b MM 484489) 0502042 0 mm NO IEC am Figue 96-Low-ead machines - Detennnaron of spose bya energy of machine Water colar manometers are applied at points and 2. papi = Panta) 5 OED 6, —2) “The compressibility of water is neglected because the dflerence of pressure between 1 and 2 ie smal, haere sea an Panny = BB er 1+ Pays “Tho wate deny at ambient pressure maybe essumed as epty erl Bactcn ComisionTown mw woven) Os0200 9 1@ IEC 205 = Reteronce datum igus 37 ~ Medium and hgh-head machines - Determination of specific hydraulic energy of machine Pressure gages ae applied points 1 and 2. “The teen hereto Pasa =P +2165 T+ Pam WHE py the gage eesure eased at Pane =P + 2p €5°F+ Pay Whee py the gauge presure measured at? testo the sili forma aprghy th nares Eecttechcl CommisionTEC 43 3 MH A449 O5OZ04L 8 mm 419 EC or = ae "ff | {pee Figure 98 Potion turbines with orca sx Determination of specific hymuliceacgy of machine Case of non-presursed housing, "es conventionally aiuned that thelow pressure serene tection corresponds to th planet levation 2g ad hat the pressure inside he housing sequal to the ambient pressure in ease of on pessried, ousing ‘The ference in ambien pressure between I! and? it neglected Lecause Z is sll compared of, bert Pacts = Pang = Pant Forte sam reason tis assumed ates z rene Pag =P FZ 04°F Pugh Whee py i the gang pressure measure a 1? 2, and assuming ty = 0, he split formula is BeBe at gs Bere dTEC 42 92 MM 48448S2 0502048 1 mm HEC rest em tin oe eng ot po "Figure 39~ Pelton uxbines with hoiontl ale — Determination of sect hyde ney of machine ‘Cas of ron- pressurised tounge presse side te howsing i conventionally assumed sequal to the ambient pressure “The ference in ambient pressure between 1” an 2s neglected because Zi ral compared to 1, nettoe Py) = Pay = a ile Pans = Pos (Cer) 04 T+ Pay hes po he gauge pressure measur at Pang = Pa ‘Assuming vy = 0th simpli formal apt y heaton! Ekctotcel CommissionTEC 41 SL Mm 4844854 0502050 T mm 419 IEC as desribod in 80 4373 (2 aso Figue SD. Ththecascof an inverted U-tube te second le of the U-tube connetedtoareeree Wesel in which waters nainsined ata ied level Ih rs wale level tobe measures above the moms, thevppee Potion fo the U-tube mast be unwared by means of competed ai Figaro 44), however, te fee te ovl to be messuotis below the manometer, the levels in he two U-tube legs must asd by sveton. The connecting bes w the mancmetr it alow fe Yay purging o remove anya pockss to mai he same water tanger throughout the system. They must bo sulin igh © voi leakage of air imo sation Below strospecpeesur. The ns Othe ain tho unbalanced ale lum usualy is nelle compar the deny of he qui clan, LLL, | Figue 50 Stand pip measurement apghy the nero Bechtel CommisionTEC 42 91 MM 484485) O502088 2 mm 41@ 1c — mw — 1.54.7 Meassroments by scans of compressed ac (gas purge technique) ‘Tie ie watr lve may be deermined by means of he presse nade au filod with compress tr One en ofthis tube is connected a sll compeesoe or pressure chamber Ukough reducing valve {nd te other pe ens fcated blow te wae surface to be masired at a Kron elevation (which ‘ante akens eference level frinsruent tq 0 Figure 51), Ashe pressure as in Ui abe spying a fase the measurement, his los must be kept amin (< 50 Pa). For this reton, ie rss sectional area ofthe ube shuld be go, th tbe shouldbe a shot spose and Ue ave which flows trough th tube and escape inh form of babes under war shoulda sal possible The tir tbe shouldbe wed only in sil Water, edcewise dynamic eet re ale to cause appreciable cr, 7 Z 3 Deanmtace we may ancy kno ec doin wert pal ee be Figure 51 Examplo or moasrement by means of compressed alr (gas pare “ble enique) 11.54.8 Measuring walls ad ilingboxse ue ice water ura is not ecesibe or nat sullen calm, measuring wells wih an area bout (1m whish perme sceurat a convenient meariremente sal be rove, All connections sal be sora oe wal ode measuring section and shoud peferay be covered wth smooth perforate p ats (perforations ofS maw 10 a diame. Sel covets mart be ush with te wall Ui measuring scatlon io cininsts any eal cturbanoes (Figure 82). Te connection tetwsen the seating seton and well should havea passage atc a teat 0,012, Theta area of pforation shout bein te ‘wor of25 of the passoge ara. tis resernmended haa esstwe measuring wells be provided at cach messing section en oppose sdes of tho ean. apt yh neratons Elect ComiconTEC 41 9) Mm 4844a93 0502090 0 igure 2 ~ Measuring well 1L.SA9 Other methods Cec measuring methods nay be sed, for example, uasone devices, as Tongasthoy meet nee swcurcy 061.6, 1.6 Uncertainty of meaturements 1.6. Pressure measurement ‘Absolute systematic ncertintes 695% confdene eve: ~ Liquid coluna monomers snereryvater| 00800 Pa wate HO 80 Pa Deadweightmanometer (1103) x 10% Pa Spring resur gauges (310 10) 107g" Pa Prosi trnssxoaes (2106) %10-%pmee™* Pa 11.6.2. Free water evel measurements" Atsotue systematic uncersintes (4 95% condence level the caso of calm water conditions and < 1,5. Pla pangs, xe sales 40,01 40,04 m = roa aupes 20,008 40,015 m = Point orkask gages 40,02 40.01 m = Bubblerwinomprssedale 40,008 to 30,015 m = Immoribe pressure varsducess (2106) x 10P8Zqa" Inthe caso very rbslent ow and » > 1,5 ms, for example near the ole of turbine da tbe, wo unease maybe coasseraby high soya ot cones Snged eA ce weary be 4 Expt ye erate Becrotechil CommisionTEC 42 Sh mM Wayyagi OSO2052 4 mm n@ IEC a8 = 116.3 Determinaion of the specific hydraulic energy Fortho lave systematic uncerainty fe, 60 Append A. 12, Power 124 Indirect method of power measurement ‘The choic of instrument for measrng cecal powers more or lesinkod to he measuring mcthod ed forthe other quantiesespcily for dschage measurement. Integrating letcansruents(watlhourmaters and counter) are moe sub ia os cases where Invgrang discharge measurements are mace. Power intgraton eouducted during the peiod over which dlicharge Is measured cancels the effet of varios in the cscharge ard power that ray occu within this perio, However, hes negation ‘messurement, instantaneous readings shold be akan to monitor the amoant ofthe posible vasiatons Dt Aigher uncertainty may bo expected in thse instantaneous readings. Wha he pessureime:matod i wsod for measring the dice, the power sal registred before, se yp othe begining of the measromen (se 5.1.2) Whca tis nacesay to use permanently installed transformers, they shoul! be cllsted before instalation forthe conditions to Be encountered uring the test period oad on the secondary 6 to exten | ‘messing instruments, power cto, ot). Thee act characteris houldalso be rane so ha any almocmalty may be deeted ato te of th et In cde simplify hotest and to climinat every sure fer, any auc cl driven bye ‘machine should, whenever posible, be dlseagaped during tho courte of Is tt As dice, spec hyiralls energy and pomer ae functions ofthe rains sped (0 6.1.2), toring espns 8 he sped sal he meatred with the required aecurey ase Chuse 13) Mossuroment of clcsel power shouldbe made a the trina of the else machine if al posibe Cis canot be dnc, te measured power must be corrected fr losses occuring Between the terminal a the measuring setion (6 lo 12.12.12, “The power factor shall be wy i prs Le. ee = 1). In th following sub-clauscs the mothods for measuring al th componeris ofthe mechanical power (so0 2.283) wil be illostled, For the clr power measurement, only watts oF slate Power meters (or power tansducers) considered, br hey maybe replaced by waubourneter stale energy mo. (oc enor varsduee) ctronic eters for power, caret, Yolge and pase angle are suitable for se with adeta sequin cart te nd heed CominTEC 41 92 mm 484489. 0502094 8 mm 124.1 Bletrical power P 12.1.1 Methods of measurement ‘Tie flowing sub-couses describe the methods of measurement foe single-phase an tee phase systems no le css two: ene Unes-walimetr methods are dccribe ‘he tee yatimetee method is slghly beter than the eno-acter med. fn relation fo the Iimprovementofthe resulting uncon of ubia pup eine te difference haweverne iis. ‘The two watmeter method harofore used in moat cass because i roqurs less eqlprn. [At power factors (Cone) oss than O85 lagging, he ratio P,/, of the ower measured by ech Insicumene using the two-watineter method is les than 0,5. Ia sach easy, the tree-watimeter method is prefered. In the eas fan elcscal machine with a neal ine, tho hee-watmeter mold has oe sed the two watimetr medhod can be use i te absence of cunt inthe ne Tin an bo er, 12.1.1 Single-phase systom In Fgue $3 a dag indicate fora single phat sytem Pag = Pag by (46) 0 J Ty 0% ° Pest pone eae i) “ tee diese iy mi con, = BA) Figue 53 ~Single-phas system arty bi heron Echt CannEC 4S 9D MM 4BUNESL OSOZOG 3 mm 1 @ IBC as ‘Therelave value cof ho conection given by the fllawing formu (8 Appenix et het Stang, interes erin te pa gem crt ome sag ase in ‘ ite th cn ee ni ems ae in 12.11.12 Thee-pas stem: wo instruments or one double element isirument (wo-waumeter method) |A1) Balanced exiions ~Two vlogs ranafrmers Figure 54 shows the measuring diagram with two single-phase instrument or witha doblesament insrument and two volage tanstormers. Under balanced condita, which is substantially the normal eas, the pow on he primary se Pog = Praoey hy H(L+E) co) ras tea = EUs, Cent es crcl CoronTEC 42 9) MH WO4Naq} 0502098 5 mm Figure St Thro phase yen: two-watameter mod (vo vollag eansfoanes) With ths same considentions made in Appendix G, th seladve value of the corction for cat nesting system, stabi by caloains hen by wnt eaw Fe Bean, ten By-tany, “The lave val of th coucsio ofthe combined measuring syst i given by: j yt Pane Pace) Assuring: bef es esate TETEC 4393 MM 4844551 0502300 T mm 41@ IBC = m1 = a olaned conditions tis tang, ir tang, woof he conection of the combire measuring syst is a he fo foc the ela Set 4 fit (Seth Sess) tang, © phe cement ee Laon ent [A2) Balanced conditions ~ Thee voltage wansformers Figure 55 shows the measuing dager with oo single-phase instrament or witha doubleemext Jnuanent nd thee voltage Lansformer. Unde alaned contions, whic substan te nal cee, the power on he play sides Pog = Pag) ha i(L€) Mol formal 8) of te previous case Al, setae Sunny (ttt tie eat tn) Jee =e pops mee iting te revues men xpi ewes Ecol Commonigure 5 ~Thuce pas system: two fr mathod (he voliage transform)TEC 42 32 mm 484NB9L OS02204 7 mm n@ te = 165 = 3) Untatanot conditions Tho measurement ofthe seca power it mad in he same manners unde balan conto, bt te callin of te corston has otk nto acount the dierent vals of curren, voksge and power Factor in dhe two easing sytons, 211.18 Three pias ys: des instruments one three-element iste lire-waltmeee metho) 1A) Balanced condiins Figure 35 stows te measuring diagram wit due single-phase instruments o with a ee slment Insrument,Ueder balanced conditions, wich i substan the normal ate, te power on the peimary sido Py amy By BCL 8) her the secondary power i Paton) = Patt Pas + Prag = WU “Toe08%5 wher Uy the seconary phase vlage and J the secondary curent ‘Therclatve value of he correction forthe combined measuring estes given by ceeg eStats Settle soa a 3 : anate | and where th value of, dived rom: pat yh ttn Exetel Commision“TEC 42 92 M@ Weuua9) 0502108 4 mm 41@ Ie — 269 'B) Unbalanced conditions ‘The measurement ofthe electri powers made in he samo manner asunder balanced conditions, bt the eaeution of th correction st tke ito account the iffernt values of current, voltage and power factor in th thee messing syste 1211.6 Number of eacings ‘The umber of readings shal be sfiint to permit an accurate eaeulton ofthe mean powse over ‘he doation ofthe run, The number wil depend onthe tH time and on the stabi of readings. As sown in Appendix Ctheranom uncsalty decease ste numberof ratings increases, Unde dict odio integrating mee ae prefered 12.12 lnseameniatonrquicements 194.1241 Accuracy clas of istrumets and measuring raneormecs| ‘tuo sallbe of clas 0,2 bee, voltmeters and ammeter shale oclas0 Sorbet. Vlas ane carat ansfouner shal of clas 0,2 according to TEC 185 and 86 121.122 Cairation of nsteunente Accordingto46.2alinstuments casing measuring toners, shal belated befor and afer the es However, oe calibation ay be omited by agreement Measuring eonlormess. class 0 uch sii atts normaly sulficient to alba them ihe befoe or alert txt. Te rnsforners shall have the same burdens daring ealibaon and es, neluding ational ones, ay (ee 12.11.25) , 1.2.3 Walimetce problems associated wih sie measurements |Whonmessring on sity cans of watineters, certain poblens will mally arse tezause th power Js nat constant do fo astbenecs frm the netvork and fom the hydric machine, The distutaness which ese he pointers f the watmete 0 move mare or les quickly within certain Tis can roughly ‘bo dvd nt hoe elas 4) Vir slow variations which do n harm beaise the watmete readings canbe taken as ru eadlngs. “Thereason way be a instanes variation of spect yall ney. ) Ropid random fuctations when the pointer of te deca watneters re moving Jn We same slcetion, This phenomenon is typlealo aclve poweeftations ©) opi random Nactutions wien he pines ofthe cwo watintes ar moving in opposite dictions, ie to small rapid votage Actuation in the network, which zo always preset 1 a catain extent lepeding on ntvork coins. The struments should thersore be rea simulans. Teter comet eaingoveralong pects often very tring and roe invidunt cancaily Dine. Disturbances fiom restive power variaons ar smallest when tho machine i operated with manus onl of vting. With refrence tote preceingtextitiscler tthe useofwatincters when measuring ont volves itcuhis which erase the ucerainty ofthe measurement Ii ereore advisable out, ion, static wat-hourmetr combined witha qt ier. Digit walters of cles 0.2 or beter ean a cuss beusd. Compucrisd eaing and integration cn be applic i th progr is propery checked. Expr y he ert Bectechnl CommisionTEC 43 9) mm 4844893 0502110 2 mm © IEC —m— 12.11.24 steument manformers ‘ansfomes sl be used soley to supply the st instruments if possible. Each wansfrmer shall have separts prof eas which ae bid ip othe place where the instrament are located vist pai). ‘Teel burden incusveof eae shall lvays be determined fc calfration purpose. 121.125 Wouge vansforers “The cross sectional rea ofthe leds stl bo such hat he ttl voltage drop less han 0,5, When sing modem nstuments with very small power ceasumption it may be advisable to conn etonl borens ode transformer terminals inode decrease the correction cor of the tnsfomi 12.1126 Covent vaneformers f In many cases itis ony possible to instal special uansformers fo machines up say 40 f0 SO MA, or larger machines anagesmont must bo reached if bila tansformers ee cd the bun shall be jst to sted valu, if posse. The actery calibration can ten be used adn calbvaion fe th st ‘nroquied 121,127 Magnetic fie “Magtic kis can occur in the venity of lotsa machines, rsformere, bushes. which ean Ince the instrament, Caro mst bo ake oso such styl 12.1.2 Determination of losses 12.1.2. Mechanical and electrical losses inthe cectial machine A, 1.2.1 Measurement “The loess — including the cloetrial machine guid bearing lots sal bo teins cording ta EC 34-2 and 34-24. The test method will be chose wil the agreement ofthe supple of he hye machine, who stl has th ight obo pana he es Tess canbe adi he manufacturer's Workshop arn st. Inthe fs cae only componce osteo normally be determined and hence th conventional ea los by summation of component lees, Spel ‘are mast be taken fo ensure thatthe windag losses during the workshop tests ae silat hae nt power plant (tea large machines can only be test on st, normally by te cslrimetc mele or eetadation (ston turbines) In ha ase bot component losses ad otal oss on load ea be dled in unit equipped with regulated rbine, 1212.12 Adjosinent by eaeulaton of ose inthe eecica machine when esting the hydaule machine Tris ecommended that ho various component sss in the lec machine be dtemied. Tron losis and tna ond losses (4 the sam af loa Losses and aon Losses) se adjusted othe rovaling vals of voltage and cucrent during te tes, by assuming that they vay in proportion tothe square of voltage and cure respociely ‘On lod he rn loses are ult somewhat higher ath ttl Kon losses somewhat owes tha the ‘oesponding component loses, For high capacity electrical machines losses onload may exceed the sum ofthe component losses to suc an extent that thy shouldbe deterined by measurement at ul ood apt ye tera Bectechial CommonTEC 4) 9b MM Wauuasl 0502332 & mm 410 tec mm — When measuring component loses the temperture in the electrical machine i och ower than when ts on ond. No terperaturecorections ae however made forthe following reson, Lod lose inte ‘nd atonal a fosses decrease at higher emperxee on loess and windae loses also decree at igher temperatures. For thee-phase synchronous machines the total ose on load are therefore assumed to e independent of temperature. A special agreement sal be made fr single-phase peertors whore ‘he aoa nd losses are dominant "Experinesshows tha th evo ltsodce by the foreglngasuiptins ae small, ay 42% 103%, or about the same as fora fllLad clrietc test, eatgory 4, according to clause 15 of IEC 34-28. Others in the eecical machine are ken from tts, wih the exception ofthe exon ose, which ‘te mezowred deed wih instrument if thes lnses are part of (ase of ot sept excl, 12.122 Ths bearing loess dt the let machine, P, 12122. Measurement ‘The losses in he cst bearing shal be measured according o TEC 34-24. Tedzct measurements not possible, te losses shal be estimated by agreement, citer by compasison wit similar eases ar onthe basis existing expielformule (ee 123., Inthceas ofa combined guides bearing the two component hal be cosderdas separated ant the relevant loses (measured oe calculate) sal be stibutedt th electeal machin oe ote hydra ‘machine according othe consacea specifications, 12:12:22 Cas of common thst teaing Inthe eae of a common thrut-earing, the relevant oes halle attributed othe else machine ‘nd wo the bya machines in proportion to the ts ofeach onthe bearing 1 Faq. 6 Be el component of trast duo tothe elie mischine, ‘Faq 18 he axil component of ust due to the bine: hyde that etng on the nner) ee 1233) and welght of rear) and shat, Fay ihe axial component of thst us to th pump: hydrate that acting on the np) (S02 12.83) and weight of impels) and sat, itehall bo atibued 2) caso oa production binary wnt ~ wie eeclcal meine ,, fe Tet ha = toite tine Pg pli ao Tete ei enn hil oomonTEC 42 9 MM 4844381 0502325 7 mm 1 BC — ms — 1) incase ofa pumping binary unit ~ tothe clotica machine Fate ~ tte pump 8" Tat ian ©) imtoease of trary unit operating 28 prodeton unit (pump being diconnoce): = tothe clecuical machine = tothe turbine x, Fae Fan 1) nthe cate of tenary nit operating as a pumping wn = tothe clectrlel machine ~ tothe pump Fe to sum of he aul componcnt ofthe weight of ll tating parts, the thst dbo fo the ecticl machine and of te hydalc dust rg onde gel) of the pump Nee” (ein compen el at a Fa) eh ramen gn, Sms oa ‘ycmadins trating ei (Pp) pa an Fay ary mune hc nminTEC 42 9h MM 4844851 0502336 3 mm 41@ IEC —om— 12.123 Losses in allotting clensextamal oe hyde mashing, P, 12,234 Losses inte gear “The power losses in the gear, if any, or ~ more genealy~ In thoxe pats ofthe trasmistion located becween the letical machine and te yale machine sal be te obec of separate evalvaton by measurement or caulatons. The measurement shal be dane a closely as possible, unde te same conditions a thee oft main eeeptnce tet. Te loses in a eer may be deterined Wy measuring th heat absorbed by the lubricating cil (or by He conling watt ad by the Surrounding eit 12.1232 Windage losses of an open fywbost ‘Windage losses of open wheal may be calculated appaximately by mean ofthe fllowing formu ape a 7 208 (141,62) x10 n.coascoster(ienad) art meat (e182) ere Py ete wndystoue inte oon! pdt at) Diet omie anal val) Bate whe ein) ‘The uncetigy bandwith ofthe formula is 50% 12.1233 Losses of the ranedinpeler twening in ai, Py ‘Thelosssofaruanes/npatler ting ini ar abutdto ctn and windage encaing the beating losses Ingome casts, fr example, Ie case ofa onary uit witha machine, the ruonerfimpelle of which ‘is tuming in ae during the accepance lest, othe ease ofa reves nit with an impulse eating wes turing in ale daring he acceptance ts, the lox de to the machi at the Impuls whest aig ale should akon no account togetier withthe bearing losses. Ati atten impossibio ce undesia ble 0 tuncouple the runnermpele ofthe hydraulic machine from the electrical machine, 8 recommended 1 ease the losses ofthe renecimpellereuing in a, fe example, by evaluating he dillerecetetecn ths eletical inputmeasurcdat the eminals and extapolated to 20 volgen the ose of the cletcak machin ~ not excited and driven bythe turbine - measured by the electric method (ie TEC 34-24), such a measur isnot passa, tho sss of the runnorimpllrtuming in air may be gsnealy stint by the folowing forme depending onthe typeof the machine: 2) Kaplan uxbines (blades in elosed poston: 2, = 6,5: (60n)®- DF. 10-7 = 014-09 DE P,iwsheninieslo 7) 8 nie at) Ditmar ctr dance) ‘The uncersinty bandwidth ofthe formula is 50%, apt the nero Ect CommisionUTE 43 92 MH 4844851 0502138 7 mw 419 EC <2 = 2) Fancistarbines 2, = 4,6: (80m) -B- DE-10-* = 10008 -2DE P, theinas tone 7) Berri Gon 5) Deter ta eee 5 ‘The formula val fora ebro scharge tess than 0, 810-¥of ie dschurge athe ost eftcleney point The uncertainty bandwidth i 480%, "Figur 57 ~ Maia densons of unnerfipie of radi machines 3) Pumps and pump-urbines P= 2,3: (60n)*-B-D-19°4 = son? B-D* 2, te winaetone 1b tserond ed) Be mansinprbi (n) eae ST) Deemer ctr dams) 8 eee) “The formulas val for a abyinh charge es than 0, $-10-* ofthe aschurge ate est eliieney pan, Tho uncertainty bandwidh is £80. apa by aton atte CommainTEC 41 9) MH 484489, GSO2R20 5 mm 41@ Ine hsomtrotmgs cout wih tap eds ih op deg ne sti) 134 Uncerieiny of measurements “To estimated systomatc uncon 8 98% confidence levels Torchometer: 202% 194045; ~ Torolconie couse and ater precision devices less than 4026, pnt tytn Eevee Camatein vicdiar 8 es20 00TEC 43 Sh MM 43uN893 0502332 1 am 41@ Be ee 14, Thermodynamic method for measuring fckeney 141 General 4. Price ‘The therodynane med results om the application of te principe of conservation of nary lest law of thermodynamics to uansfrof energy between wate ad he ruaerimpele dough which iti owing. ‘The specie mechanialenegy a he onnecnpeller defined asin 2.3.63 may be determined by measurement of the performance variables (pressure, temperate, veloclly and level) sl frm the hermodynaml popes of water ‘To estublsh the ellen, the need wo measure the discharge is eliminated by using the specie mechanical energy ogee with he speci hydrate energy, as deine in 2.3.62, 14412 Exchded topics and intations acto tte ek wiforityin values measured tthe reference ection of te mchngs, th tations of measuring equipment and he relatively high magneuo ofthe cocecive tee orgiating fom te Imperect measuring conditions, te range of application ofthis metiodis Limited an can oly bo wsed for seciic hydraulic eee in ces of 1000 kg" Gea in excess of 100 m). However, under bighly Tivouable condions, the range could be extend to cover lower specie hyraie energies (ds) ‘uber toon analy of te accuracy of ie measurements, 143 Instrumentation ‘The technological aspst of the instrumentation have been dealt wit a general way, aking nto account he fact thatthe appar presen aallable vals widely and ay possibly became obsolete in the future. Because ofthis diversity now of hem is deeb in da ‘Th only roguirments of astument are tht they sty the coniions tpt in thie standard (ocearcy, ea exchange) 14.2 Bfictency and spectfe mechonlea energy ‘Thoeticlnces of machines ar defined in? 3.9.1,23.9.2and2.393.1n2:39.1 the hydraticeTiieney (erubines: a for pam ny ‘Tho iormodynamle method allows dest meawremeat of he space mahanicaleaceny By, ‘The specie mechanical enrty Ey deals wih the specie energy exchanged batwcon the water and ‘ne unnefimpaller, By defisition Fs elated to P, (2 2.384 and Figee 9) by Fa = 0B ery nent toonTEC WL 9) MM 4844553 0502234 5 mm 410 IEC = 35 — 1 suxiaryaschargo is ded or subuated betwen te rleonce sections, Fs aca by m= Bia = 80s ~ Pas) +85(0) ~ 03) + 2H 4 (sy — 2" ~ Inproctic the quantities are measured a the places 11 and 21 in measuring Vessels (6 143.) cy ons thn Pass tae ggg On tOn, ze md = Corsin corrective terms (imperfect measrement conditions, secondary phenomena, es) dined in 14 must be taken Ino consideration, Tey ae indiaed by 0, The practical expression o i therefore: Busan = Hpaans ~Paet) +8,(0~ Os) 4 DSB 4 ayy ~ 201) 8B (1) z {ean ausiany ascharge i added or subtracted etwoen the high nd low pressure measuring sections (eg. when alloc partof ho oss P,,86023.85, i emoved by anally ischar) a balance of power, ‘ied or sued, allows the computation of he value of ‘agreement wih the general equation, "Bxamples are given in Appcn As te efficieny of the machine (262.392) 9 1s it al because taking nc acount all he mechanical losses chargeable to he hydaule machine, 143 Prostar for meosaramentof specif mechanical energy 14.3.1 General ‘Duo to te ifclis inherent in measuring crcl nth mala Loy, he quails defing Ey may bemeosred in pecially desig vessel with apping for he determination of epeatre nd essa (Geo Figue 60 and 1441.1. When ths meaning sections are under pressure, the procedure consis of contacting asample discharge, anealy of bawern 0, 1804 0,5 10-2n°-s-!,by "tou head” robe “The waar thus exacted eed to tho measuring vee hugh a insulted pipe to caste ta ho heat ‘xchange with th exterior catinated in aceordance wih he procedure deuiledin 1441.1, does ntoxcze tho limit of corectons fix in 14.63, Ths sampling i vai he rocommendations give la 145.1, ropuding extston points, ae flowed File teay fe tomatnine aod or mening kg ie hued oa tema es wing se ‘hematite © men 8) te ee ngewe dee the onesie on eal xpd in Seger Case), 25 =O, Oy Goe2332)TEC 4) 9h MM 484469) 0502236 9 am s1@ ee = — Siinrmnee Lows — "Figure 60 General sebemate diagram of measuring easels For the cae wher Ue low pressure sid scion it at atmorpherle pressure, the ema sensor aco ciety the tac. For the cao where the low pessre side section i ata presate higher hen atmospere resus (eperation under backpessue, it may be useful, depeding upon the selected operating procedures, ouco war pressure within the measring eee ‘The pressure and temperature terms in equatin (1) may be determined by ono ofthe to opraing procedures deri below which are practical variations ofthe mthod, The selection of operating rocetreshuld be bated upon the machine charters and ql of measuring apart availa. Te velo, and re messed inthe ese Tho fvels yada hose of tho idle points ofthe measuring vessel, Pressure values ae expressed witt reference ese level. In practice, provide the difeence in level betwee the md Point of the measuring vessel and he reference point ofthe manometers docs not excent 3, i may Be emisble co seferhe lovels and ess to the efrene point ofthe manometer. Fortbe coretve tr dete 65,92 14.6 ‘When more than one messvig point i belng used at any measuring Seton, the values of efficiency wil be dotemined fom individual connections between val appings tho differonce between any two Individual values of efficiency i ese than 15%, te value of ie machine eiciency i take a the mean ofthe individually measured values. Otherwise proces as described in 14.5.4, SS eho act CononTEC 42 9h mm 46NNRS3 0502238 2 mm 419 Ee 9 143.2 Direct operating procedure "This is characterized by the lect passage of wae ram the enstock at he high pressure side of the ‘machine tothe measuring vessel witha minimum of expansion, The peste and temper ens for B,,inequation (1) may be determined a follows Araait ~ Paar) rogules pressure gauges or ransducars of high aourey. Vues of ‘aa givemin Table EV of Appendix, 2(011~ On) requires hemometers of high accuracy (60 144.1.) Values, ‘egiven in Table BVI of Appendix E. ‘The thermometers shal bs caltbated beorchand Ge 14.3.4, Whenever this procs Is dope, he til expansion operating procedare (ce 14.3.8) fo on test point rin sta calibration fhe thermometer willbe urtertaken for eecking purpose, (ast: ~Paat) 2° (8x, ~ 93) se wo bo measured simultncouey and at eg neva ‘Thorango of application ofthis operating procedure gear 14.33 Partial expansion operating procedure An expansion valves lraedin he sampling erul betwee the pipe or penstock st Lehigh ressice side and te comesponding measuring vessel. The aljstment ofthis ale sl be very fine and able so that, by paral expansion, emperanre equality i achieved inthe measuring vessels al the high pressure and iow presure side rate temperature ensr that is placed decline wae. ‘Thus, n quo 1), th tem (2, ~ Becomes 2210 and the determination of Ey, esenily asthe measurement (pa ~ Pat) Wil RSLS gauges ee ranedarers of igh scours. ‘The themometrs sal be extremely ease and ellable (ee 144.1.) Thee purpose i ord ‘omperaure equality, Inpactice, tis desinbl to etabish propically or by mathematical methods (6g by linear regression witha pocket computer the elaionship between (att ~ Pan) a8 (8:1 ~ On) coy tn ctl ConnonTEC 4) 91 MM 484485) O502}40 0 om 41@ 1Ee — x01 = Figure 62 Pata expnsion operating procedure, extrapolation In many ewes pase prctialy constant (eg. smoepteric pests) an only ayy REE to nested, The preture val weed for calulaton ie tat obainod by graphleal or mathematical polation for 20 diferenee of temperature (6 Figure 61), te en un Cache oman“TEC 4) 9) mm 4auuasa Oso2D2 4 mm 1@ IEC 33 = ‘This operating procedure is widely nse, but its ange of pplication i na allogtic enor ~ tnt cas of pumps, pressure atthe lw pressure side may be insulin ta ensure thatthe empeate ‘of water expanded to atmospheric pressure inthe measuring Cult i acess cqul that oth war ‘ue high pressure sits, ~ nthe case of uriaes, perature cou caniotbe stained high fceney fe water temperature encod about 15°C. In dese patil eases where water temperature equality i unatainble, graphs oe mthemacat ‘xraottion may be adopted if therange of pressure concerned is small compo wih hs pessre rng accurately measured (sce Figur 62). ‘The lca of th hermametee mut be previoulyvered 1434 Thermometer calibration For tho applisaion ofthe dict apraing procedure descr! in 14.3.2, the temperature-ixence ‘eamomter must Venowmane Ne 7 Measuring Figo 63 ~ Schematic gram of measuring vetsel for cliration of two thermemetrs Forcaliaon, wo thermometer tempore sensors, fr iste, oe placa ia two vessel the locaton 11 ad 2 (Figur 6) being separated by an expansion valve tough which wate Nowe eer having bee witharaen fom the Cond As the eficiency ofthe whole expan is zr, the tanto of speci mechankclenecy is 0a Brg = Hants ~ Pass) +6045 ~ Ong) BAB gy, 2 ay i)/2+ ole ~ a3) ~@n-)= apy y te ronal Bacchi CommisionTEC 42 93 MM 4844352 0502244 8 mm 1@ mC sos ‘Thus, the dfercace intemperate beween th two vase called and the temperatre-diference thoxmamoe canbe eal For his procedure its ese tal the expansion shou be progressive andstsbe andthe veses well Insult ro the sroudings ‘The reading ofthe ciferenta thermometer fr a zero temperature dfecoce must be alba over total ange, which includes te water tempera in the pesto, of 5K. For Wis ti two termometer robes are placed together in water ats ofa east dee different esperar within i ange, Nate happen wt ay ie EV ed EVE Aged) iy fp wa Spede rete nek nae a ee Cas 21010 lydia 144 Apparatus 14. Main measurements 144.1 Sampling water cts ‘Wate samples rom he conduit shal bs taken by means of robe fixed perpendicularly ote condalt ant pene int the conduit. Tie probe sll havea pecectly smooth erie attend, of daneter ‘quater diameteraf the probe and pointing inan upstream dseon. The distance of his orice from te interval wall af the conduit shal ea eat 0.5m “The probe sal b designed to avoid vibration andlor rupee and naked ia such a maine dit the “ote can be comely eriented snd Lente, | Tre external diameter of the probe, in th vicinity of de suming has, may be Inthe eange of 15 rm to 40 mm the inera dameser being at east 8 mm, The extra dame may be nerased graally towards the wall in oder 6 ensue suiient mechanical suength, provided doesnot nance the Nom esently (ee Flaw 64). ‘omcantng vessels shale desgne stat the flow vloiy of the wae nsde every low and good ining oceus before the ow yates around the thermoneter pockets, Partuleconstuctionacangemens te noeesry to avoid, a ar posable, hat anefer aldo wall ofthese pockets ox by te connecting wires for example, te wires shal ein contact with th wal ade the insulation ofthe vee ‘The expansion orfes shall ensure a high degre of flw sablity and, when adjustable, shall ensue steady progressive aration in discarg, "Exploration of flow in the openchannsled section requires the use o sub device w ensure at operating conttions aren accordance withthe reommendations given in 145.121, Allativeckmens of the hydraulic cls (pipes, expanders, vessels shall be carefully insulated so hatin sampling flow if costant toa energy. Any imperfections in th hema neon hal bo taken | Ito account by the following procedure: 4) Tes sssumed, a fist approximation, ha the rate of heat exchange with te exteriors constant, The ‘measured valus of specif mechanical energy varies linearly wih the inverse value ofthe sampling discharge. 0) THe quantity shall be measured for at eas tre sampling discharges. ©) A grophof#,, as function ofthe inverse of the dscharge permits, by extmpaaton, detsmination of the corectionequired1o E, tallow fr heat transfer (ee Figur 6). ‘Te above check shal be made foal points ofthe efficiency curve. tloweves ithe corectonit inthe ‘order of 0.2% on effcieny, the number ofmeasring pin for which these aualiary measurement shall emade may be reduced by mull agreement. ry bmn Eaithel CamoTEC 4) 9 Mm uSuyB9R OSOZDUL 2 mm 41@ IBC 307 118 commended tat th probe be checked in the following manner, nse mucha ptr e alas posible, butdificalttosce inti abeence of asarpling discharge, the pressure measied into vere sill, Icompaced with th sum of the presar measured athe pipe wall lu the erm gv /2. Any significant iterene>in his comparison shal be considered as beng abaomnal Figur 6 ~Exarpl of sampling probe Figure 65 ~ Example of graphic dteminaton of he conection in F, tallow fr heat tnstor 14.,1.2 Pressure measurement 11s recommended that he same manometer, pressure gauge or wansduce be used for measring and B. 144.13 Temperature measurement ‘The accurney and seit of te temperature measuring instrumentation must be sulento provide ‘an ndation of he temperature fears between meatring points oat east 000K. “Thoreadng ofthe ifereata thermomete fora. zero temperate diflerence must be determined before ‘ho tat (Go 14.3.4). Ts reading hast be checked during the test. Only smal changes corresponding to ‘eitfernce of temperate of 0,002 K are lowed and tbe taken ato socount i necessary. ary te un tcl CominTEC 43 92 MM Yeu4e9. OSO22ua 5 mm 41@ lee 30 — 1442 Auatary mearwements ‘A measuting tank or owners necessary fo hocking the sampling dtcharge with a accuracy of bout 5 ‘Tho temperaue ofthe wae: dan of hall be continuously monitored by thermometers a 8s +2005 K oturacy and 001K senivty. The use of a recarder is recommended ‘An apparatus shal bs pried for measuring air ow and humidity to determin heat exchange with «ho surounding atmosphere when aration of he machine i ceded (0145.22), 145 Test conditions obe lila 145. Measuring secon and sampling eondions “The measuring sections choten ¥ caleulale Bo not necestrly coincide with the igh and low rose reference section. They ar chosen according othe following considerations: ~ heat exchange between water andthe srrondings shal! be within Tinie (especialy a init in M53 and 4621), ~ no sigiicent abnormalities of energy distbuton occur within the tions, Jn aecoudaco with 23.1.3 and 2.14 the measured values mabe adjusted to the reference sections. ‘many cas eat exchange must b ake nto account (ee 14.6.2. 145.11 High pessure measuring scion 142.11 Tabines “The pings a th high presur sie measuring section wil be st north machin. Location af the sation inthe immedi wake of tater vale ls prohibited, Expesinos ha shown tha single tapping point generally suciet for conduits whose diamotr is less than 25m. Two points ae recommenced for diameters between m and Sm, Treo fou ping points ar fecommended fora diameter than moe forall cases where the tal engi ofthe adit [sles tha 150 m. ‘A misimom distance of four pipe iameters upssam ofthe nozzle of a Pelton turbine shall be maintained (eeepng clear of such features as bends, support vanes, ef). tn the case where tere arexovera jet, he prof the pipe immediacy upstzeam ofthe ist bitraton isa permissible oan. I hs pat ofthe pei nactstbe nd provided tha och features at mentioned seve ae voided, 4 apping ca the pipe leading wo one ncale may sls he suitable. 1453.12 Pumps Atleast two diametrically opposed taping points sal be provided. Tre or fou wpa pols are recommended for a amet lrg than Sm nal aes, ferent depihs of penetrate forth probe at ‘ich hese points ae recomended, “The scetion shall be load at a exsonable distance fom the machine, for example five times the impeller diameter Expt nersoa Bech Commissionus, TEC 4) 9) MM 4844853 0502150 3 mm 41@ IBC <= 145.12 Low pressure measuring section 12.1 Open measuring setion “The measuring section with fe surface atthe low pressure side of a turbine must be Fcatd at such ‘stance fom the runaer that adequate mixing ensured but no farther than necosary because of beat tchange Distances fom th runner of four to en maximum rane diameters fr mpolse tries have boca found obo saisictry. ‘A setion with free surface atthe low pressure side of a pump can be used at the messing setin ‘fhe empecauc is suficieny constant in al pins of ths Section. The measuring secon stall be no farther than necessary from the imple because of eat exchange "Exploration oftermperatre vari srs the measuring seton shall be made in at eas sc pins. If ther isa ference ofa ast 15% between the efleny valvesat any to locatons, proceeds deerbed ines, 1453122 Closed measuring secon ‘The measuring section onthe Yow peste id shal be leated away fom the runer ata distance of at est veces the maximum runner aot for tubes, a ast theo times tha rximun inpelae ameter fr pumps 4) Measuring ection accesible "Tyce o° fue tapping pots are recommended in the mesuring scion. If thi section i circa, ‘he taping points wil be poloned at 120" or at 0" to each eer. Ie the eecton i rotangulr, the ‘upping pias wil be positioned ia the mil ofeach ide, posi, In sn, inthe case ofa thine diferent depts of peaetatin fr the probe at each ofthese ont re rosomimendsd. If ther a difeeace of teat 15% between te elceney valves at any ‘vo Toatons, proceed as deserted in 14.54, 2) Measuring section naceessible nhs case the only possibly forexplorag the empeatsrsis by means ofatapying devicelocated ‘inside the conduit which may be tally o partly fl This vie consists fat eat wo tubes which collet he partial iscarges issuing from Several elce osidoned at equal itcras along each ake. “Tho device should give ctor a single iacharge or, bal, an individ! discharge for each tubs, © ‘bin information onthe energy eetibaton, “The conan forthe us ofthis vie giving a representative ple are a allows 1) Diameter of orifices small compar otha ofthe nes (orders f size: 7mm for th rites a east 30 mm forthe wb), 0) Inesconsetng piping of atively large ameter ad wth sont walls 0a to sallsfy condion d) bow, 6) Inereonnestng piping designed vo avo Heat exchange by lagging with an insulating mata or Jjcketng by wae taken fom the main flow, parclarly when passing though conte walls, pyro the teats Sect CmmisonWTEC 4) 93 MM 4eu4aS) OSOZI52 7 mm 419 IEC — 4) The sample discharge conte by a sual regulating device at he oat of he piping to aval cows to ‘Tis dscharge should be of about 0,005 m5 inorder to edac the heat vat, xchange 10 anole ukoreisa ference of teas 16 between the eceny value at any two locaton Corresponding to Wo deren tubes) proceed as described in 1454, 1452 Repetiion of easements or each run each ofthe quanttes defining the hydra eficeacy of the machine stall be sblect, ‘o regeated measurements made at equa intervals during the tt, te numberof readings Being strongly \ependort on the stbill of tn massurerent about 5 © 10 reading) 1453 Partewar flow arrangements ‘Any Inflow of amxilary dlschage between the high pressure and low peesute seston i8 not commended, when the msg ofthis wae and the msn charge may not be camp In cach case where airy discharges are aed or subszacte between he high pecs a ow rssire measuring sections (eg, lealage from the seal na led nto the main discharge, patculae ‘measuring arrangements shall bs tken fr balance of power (See Appendix H) in ore wallow the compotation of Eas explained a 142. Tthelow pesuresdeof the tine or pump vry clos ote venation ducto the eeese machine, cxplrsor enperature measurements sll bs akon at 12 pots. The wal willhave tobe inelate there devils ofthe ede of 05% in eine, naieatv of a well-defined postive tomeratare grediont Beatson te canto of to section sti the wal common o both How 1454 Unfavowabl operating condone Measurements by the teemedynamic method ae not recommended under wnavoursle measuing ondions such as iregular temperature ce velocity dsttbuion in the measving sacsions, isa temperature et, whieh may carat some operating conditions For hese opeaing cndtinsitissuogly recommended (Sse 15.13) tous index wats as desrbed in 15.2 The relauve discharge measurement Should be calibrate by he thermodynamic method at favourable opening conitons 146 Corrective rms In sme cates (Ge 14.2) cometive rns must be introduced in uation (1).TEC 42 SL MM 4344891 0502354 0 mm 419 BC ~ ais — 146.1 Variations of temperature Wis advisabto take measurements daring pris when the cndult (igh presur side oftarbine, ow pressure side of pump if existing) not exposed wo ato eulight Its algo recommended that secondary ‘nflows should e avoided, Motcovr fhe cond supplies Several us, db power ofunts not under the tessa be mnintins constant ‘A indicated i 14.4.2, a chock on the change in temperature of water shall bo cated out A slow snd continous vation of temperature, less than 0,005 K per minate daring one run, is edmisite. Nevertheless, a suitable coecdonshallbe applied E,, fom he emperatur variation AO /At measured in K-37? and calculated follows: = forties: ~ for pumps: 1 eens nth wt pas en he ete gi oe sg 1 etn in scat ky he rs at i tn res pig pa te epending ei e 1462 Exraneous hea exchange ‘Only best exchange between the msn Now though te hydraulic machine end surroundings wil be kat wih here Heat exchange concering the sampling excl Is usted In 144.1, The possibly of ‘eat exchange withthe ventilation eruits was mentioned in 14.53, 146521 Heat exchange trough he walls As heat exchange though concrete sd rock wall i eligible only Heatexchange though ntl walls ll be considered. Te folowing conection fo eat exchange with dy asa be aplid: C++" or turbines, "—" for pumps) ‘The posebinefestofcondesaion rom ambien air upon the machine surfaces mustslobs consideced stu is considerable condessallon, the rear inreae in beat exchangs (et mor en 4006) shal citer be calculated fromm tow humidly or eticectly depressed by suclet thermal insulation ofthe meal succes by screening jacket py te teratoma Exch GoamisinUTEC 43 53 MM 4QNNS9) OSO225E 4 mm a@ EC —a CClculetion ofthe induence of condensation can be made with sulisint accuracy by ineeasing the eaten 6, fo th dy heat exchange in the propartion ¥ 1 Y= e/a AE tenga ae bo eaexeig ‘The values Afand sare to be derived from dhe condition of the humid ai surrounding the bine and that of ature nr at metal surface temperature and shall be taken from a naneal Mes dagram for humid ae 146.22 Divetexchange with he ambient air ‘Whore water snd ai cured ae clay mined ( shall be applied as follows on), coreeon ofthe mechanical energy Ey, oan 2h 8 fog (Op ig = 468g (0, =O) hy ~ en] (viene "4" Fortune, for pump) GQ, teh defi?) fps tie geste ola cnt pea 44-2) ©, te umpeeect ints i) he eeu wine eninge 2908) _ishewaerepontn tbe trol noe THE) 4, iekecaven team anaemia en pb. Avsning: pea hskem? p= 1000 kgm? 000 Jkg = 2,510 Fes the shove mentioned formula becomes a ba Oe 654 = 288 [507, -(©, ~ 03.) +545 -10°(-?,0, -Paon)] ch ce wih wn) iy Sehexomal morgan (10 Fe) Sethe rn heise decile ea pect) agg ihe nated sean pseu 8, 02)TEC 41 9 mm 484485) 0502358 6 mm 1 IEC a9 — 14.623 Heat exchange with sl water aceas Inthe cas of exchange wih stl water areas (eg. several tines discharging into a common ales) a pliyscal separator shal bo placed in these areas in orert avoid ein the lw wih the ail water ‘ext which may be at a diferent tempemtre fom that ofthe Mowing waz 1463 Limit of corections Measurement shall not be considered valid whenever the correction obtained fom the measuring ‘procedures or eaulation given shove exceed one ofthe following imi in rlation wo B: ~ ‘heat exchange between water in he sampling eicait and surroundings (ce 44.1.1) a igh pressure low pressure measuring Secuons| 1% ‘inthe special ease of extraction using pipes wavering concrete walls (622 45.122.D)) 18% ~ variation of tempera at ine on extrancos exchange: suite sum of te coretons 6, detailed ia 146.1 and 14.6.2 2% 147 Uncertain of mearonent The ttl uncertainty in eicincy f sobained from te roo-sum-squre of random and systema: ‘uncertainties nthe nomecstor ad denotnatrof he ficiency expressions given ia 23.9.1 (hx), sts Sy= 8 [Un + Ua ‘The systematic uncersnves fy and fo, reexamined in Appendix A which lo includes an example of caeulaion, For the dteminstion of By the sysematc uncersiny in the tsoperaze aifereics rmeasuroment A exis for all methods (ect end paral expansion operating procedures): th value to bo expoctd in normal coniins i 40,001 K. 14s reasonable to asus that te relative systematic unceatgy in conection duet cach soondary phenomenon sino onder of 20% ‘The systematic unceinty due othe absence of exploration of energy distbuto can amount: Disrogaring th tom: twine pnp = igh pessue side 202% 206% ~ tow pressure se BOs k04% of the speci machanicalenegyTEC 41 9h mm 4844853 0502360 & mm 419 IEC zi — 5, Index tests 151 General 1.141 Object ‘Te methods of dschage measurcmect described in Clause 10 are fundamental methods ss they ive among others tho absolute values of dischare and elcieney, which determine wher or note machine meets the guarates (see 3.2). On the contrary the ndes tess give only eave values of the soresmetioned quantes andar considered as secondary metho. They re normaly used dng the ‘comimisioning and operation of the machin (see TEC S45 and 805) and ca be considered apart the fc sceepance et only whea the elaive discharge meatring methods caliraedby amethod accepted inthis standard or when t suse o determine the erectelatonsip between rnnerfimpelr bade angle an ide vane opening in he case ofa doube-epusted machine 5.1.4). In some cst an index test ‘um be use both pate agree, to check the power gurantee, Except forthe cases deserted ovo, he reuls of index tts ae for efoation and sould never ‘be sod Tor assessment of penalty or bonus payments or any other cotractalconsequenes cnceming susantes 15112 Defations -Anindx alos an aval sca valus, Relative value are deived from inex valves by expressing them aa proportion ofthe valu tan agraed condition, ‘The Inde efficiency is aleulated using the measured vales of pecllichydauc energy (Se 15.3.1) and power, and he discharge, measue a a lade value by an uncaliated device. Relative ciency is «exgrested a proprtion of any index efiieny at reference index fn, fr example th maximum value 151.3 Applications ‘Annes est may be used apart of the fed acceptance test fo any ofthe following purpose ~ to determine th coret relationship between runnefimpllr blade angle an guile vane opening for most efficient opin of doubeoguued machines, This procedure may esenily rece the numberof points for which be actual efcency must be determined and Uist time needed othe seceplane st (se 5.1.4 snd.) ‘o provide atonal rest data during ae eciency test. Tiss paicutsly important the primary ‘met shows excessive uncrtints or alls out ina eetala operating range. Te index dlscharge ‘ovis inthis ease shall te ealibrated by discharge Sold meaarementa performed in te favourable operating range (ee 14.54), Tadd odie el acceptance wet annex test may be wet alo for ote purposes, such as ~ todetermin he perfomance charters as expressed bythe relative vals of ower, discharge end efiieney ~ tock the power guaranice bin pts gress = to extend information on performance cutsde the guranteod range i tho index discharge device as been eared ~ toassess Le changin iene andor power due te onset of cavttonresuing rom a change of suction speci poten energy andlor spel hydraulic energy of machines apa y hetero Bectotechial CommissionTEC 41 9) MB 4ANNBS) OSOeDLE T Om 419 eC ms ~ 10 asoss the change in eclney andfor power of the machlne reeuling fom wea, repir ' ‘odicaon. When using an index test fortis ppt it st be noted hat modifstons my aft flow pats inthe messing sections, | ~ tocbenn dat fr permanent discharge meassrnginruments by assuming a absolut vue o turbine ene at some operating point or by calibration with eld efiency testes, ~ tooplimize the operation ofa power sation with several wis ~ to compare the index curves onthe poly withthe carves expt on the basi of mote tess Index txts ar of reduced vale te availabe operating range ofthe machine is ot such tha @ | ‘eascnab portion ofthe performance cre ca be covered 152 Relaivealecharge measurement A index tex doesnot equi any absolute measurement of aicargs For the measurement of reaive Aischags ono ofthe Following methods my be wed, 15.2.1 Reladve discharge measurement by diferent pressure methods | 15.2.1 Measurement of vie pressure difference between suitably loeatd laps on the urbe sia ase “This isthe Winte-Kennedy wethod and discharge it woally wll represented by Q = bh whee sth roading ofa liteemsk manonictr commented between the taps aan icrealy esa 0,5 (e055). _ ere ba u0 Figure 66~ Location of taps for Winter Kennedy method of discharge measurement ‘trough turbine equipped wih sel sia case Expy yeeros Etch CommisionTEC WE 92 MM 4S4N89) OSOZLb4 3 mm 210 mC = 2s — ‘The Winter-Kennety method is applicable to turbines ony In inetalltons with a sts spi case it roquie ips festa a general ule inte same ral scton of thos as (00 Figwe 66). Ths ouce tap “1s located athe oer sid of thesia. Te inne ta" hall bo ated oti ft say vanes na low ine using midway botwoen the two adjacent stay vane. It is recommended tha: a second pat ffs be lonted in aor ai seton, Wis horizons sical ease th tps sal be arranged inthe upper hal because ofthe ato possibilty of pursing, The gauges should nae in proxinity to weld pats or abrupt changes inthe spit socton, | [In the application of the Winer Kennedy method to tries with a conreosemi-spialcao th apt ‘veo be lied in sia way ina rad etion ofthe conereleca as shown in Figue 67. AKO hae itis goed practic te locale two pais Fp The outer ap 1 (or) shal be acted suffice far rom te corer. The ner tp 2(or2 shal be locas outside ofthe stay vanes on aw line passing niway between two adjacent stay vans. A thd ap 3 may bo avangeson as va, perably atthe elevation of ths cent ofthe guid anos, o on Ihoroof betwoon vo stay vanes Figure 67~ Location of tps for Wint-Keanedy method of discharge measurement rough a tubine ‘auipped mith concrete semispcal ease Seri eet ect CominTEC 43 92 MM 4Q4N893 OSO21G4 7 a a@ me = 152.12 Measurement ofthe pressure dlleeaceexsing beoneon suitably loested as na converging put ot tho pens A sultaleconvegonce mast exis give a pesure diference large enough to Be meat securely Discharge maybe assured proprtnal othe square roo ofthe diterontisl presi (6015.5. “Two pressor laps ar oqo fated at two cos sections of eilfretares, The mort sable peste tence yl bo obtained if bom tps ee loeated on the converging part of tho ips. However, the ‘itera pressure thus obained is ot the maximum posible a forts easonimay be pretecble 0 Jou one up short tance psicam ofthe convergent pst an the second no es shal a diner dowestenn of the convergent pat 15213 Measurement ofthe pressure dfereae betwoan sully located aps in tubular urbe Tn appliction ofthe elifental pressure method of messing relative dacharge tough abl uit the tops maybe located as shown in Figure 68. The tap fr highes pressure maybe aanged atthe stagnation point ofthe bulb (pin 1) oof the acess haf (plat 1) and he tp fr lower posse shoal ected ‘iho wal aes upsecam from th oid vanes, however wih slicien distor fom thee role n> taxi gid vo opening (in 2oF2, Discharge may be asumed proportional 1th que rot ofthe dierent pressure 15.5), Figue68~ Location of tps fr doen pressure method of discharge measurement rough a bu turbine Focal other typos of bua ubines (eg, pit turbine) analogous aplication may be mace. Expy te arn acre CommisionTEC 42 9) mm wauuagy OSOZDEE 0 mm 41@ IEC 39 152.14 Measurement ofthe pressure ference between sully located tps i the pump suction abe Dischrge may be assumes proportional othe quae rot of he dierent presure, 152.5 Speci ions fr peste tps and eavge piping ‘The pcssure aps used stl comply wilh th dimensional requirements af 1.3. Sinoe tho diferent Pressures tobe measured may be sal, pial atertion shoul be given to removing aura regulars, An upward sloping pipes noally required fa test purposes (81144 sino itis most easily paged. ‘Wit protonged use, an upward sloping pipe may gradaly accumulate ai andthe requ poring, and for isreason where de pressure wp arto be wed fara pemanentl operating discharge record itmay bo peferabieto locate the presure aps below the axis ofthe spa ete (ee Figure 6) and ee pipework. with a continous downward slope to the dicharge reorder or differential pressure gauge, I thi ese a oviceis recomended t coli the possible debi 15.2.2 Relaive discharge moasuromen! by scout metiod “This metho oe Appsndix) slab for index testing, de tothe good epatbity f measurements nd good linear eharictrsc Fr index est aplcations ofthe sceustc method, one snge-path syste ra double-pane single-path sytem, as shown in Figures 9 and 70, may be sue, = ff & / Figure 69 ~ Acouste method of discharge measurement: example fr sing ph ytom (uccesive signal wansmision) Figue 70 Acoustic metod of discharge measurement example fr double plane single path system (Gynetronout 0 soccessive signal ansmissin) apr y the ero Evoke CommissionTEC 4b 9h mm 43NN893 0502370 9 mm 41@ IEC se 152.3 Other methods 15.23, easement ofthe nese stoke on Pttontrhines Temay be used to give an indsx dlscharg provided that the diuchargelokecharcteritie shape has son etecked by tests ona amologous mods ofthe turtine and great cae is akon lo ese at daring ‘hoes, th needle, nozle ad support vanes ae ckan and in good ore 152.32 Measorment by meas of one sgl caren meter suitably located "This index meth is commonly used pareulary for low head wines 152.33 Otter metnods of obsining index discharge (ter methods may be sed (or instance dito presareia a bpd na divergence ot), provided they give arepesenaive vale | 153 Measurement of other quanities 153.1 Specie arate energy ‘The specific hydraulic enesy ofthe hyde matching i determined in accordance with Clase 1 When only areauive discharge by index ts fr mated, pei kintc energies con ony be estat, ‘This may bo done by assuming a vals of turbine efcleacy, usually the oak val, a ha etimte tho disctaee 1832 Power "Tho powsr of he hydraulic machine oof thecomplet nltis determined in accordance with Clute 12. Jn some cases its sficient wo use the switch bout iste, 15213 Rotational speed “The sotational speed ofthe hytale machine i determined in secordince with Clase 13, In sone aes it suliet to we the switch sed instrument, 1S Machine openings ‘The eorant openings shal be record foreach run, Action shall be given to he accurate calibration of the opecings aginst an extra scale, The ‘alivaon shoul includes chock tha lifferenoes between individual opens ae ot sigan. 154 Compuation ofresue 154. Thotestdaa shal provide fr cach rum the index discharge Q, the specie hydaule eax B, the power ‘ofthe chino Phe rotation speed naa the machine openings, apt ye eration Ect CommonTEC 43 93 mM 484485) 0502372 2 mm 419 eC aan 1542 Relave turbine etciency i given by = (PLB-QVPIB- ue relaive pump otictncy i given by Y= (B-QUPME Ql Pher relative discharge i piven by ra = Wine iyi fen estnsted assuming a probable sbsolue valve for the maxim live ficiency, for Insance de maximum guscarcedc expected vale athe same peli ydrale energy measured ding theres 15.5 Uncertciny of measurement 1 the indox test sa prt of the fd acsepance tt an absolute values ave dived fom relative ‘scharge measurements, the index discharge device being clad by mars of an abso method (ee 15.1.3, the oa uncertainty of te calibration method becomes the steric uncertainty ofthe discharge In ower cases the systematic eros, they are conan percentage (lhough unkown in magnitude), not affect te esl, ‘Themainsystomatic error which can feta index tet inthe cas of measurement index discharge ‘by efecenal pressure methods (ee 152.1) arises from posube deviation ofthe exponent ntheortelly ‘unl 0,5 in the equation eating index dschage to diferenia presur. Vis factors may produce lifes exponents The widest dovaions in exponent occarionally encountered are O48 t9 052 usally under such unfavourable clearances slow spiral velocities or sail constuction. The effect of ‘hose dovations in exponent non relative discharge ae shown in Figure 71. -Ronom oor affect the ess anda suicint number of points should be made a secordanes with Iho procedures st uti AppandleB, ‘Themain systematic cre which can lect hs index ttn to cas of measurement ind dgharge by the acoustic method arises trom nor-lneaity tibiae to cross-flow ellos, o changing velocity ‘Wen using local velocity measurement with a single curenmetr, the rin err ass from the possible changes in velocity distribution, 0 that he a ofthe men ow veloiy to he measured Wea Velocity may nt remain constant when te charge vars ez eat cece CononTEC 43 93 MH 4A44B9S O502L74 4 am s1@ tC a5 — 5 ost 1A she inn die pee 112 Figure 71 ~ Dilfeental persue methods ~ Ese ofthe deviation nthe exponent non the computation of rave discharge sinh bye esTEC 43 3 mm 4a44a5a 0502176 T mm 41@ lee —m— [APPENDIX A. ‘SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTIES IN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS, 7 ‘AT STEADY STATE CONDITIONS, AL, Usual ylus of systems ic uncertainties in the various quantities ‘This appendix may be wed as uyuide fra peiminary estimation ofthe systematic urcetaits, ‘sumed tobe at tn 95 % confidence level, in each quay, eeoring othe method of measurement ae (he equipment used. These values of systematic uncertainties are hen 1 be used oobi the systema uncertainty inthe eiciensy determination as sated In 6.2.3. Examples of ealeulion of neat speciichydaulc energy 5 and specific mechanical eer ae piven in clases A2and A3- The ale ‘below should be adn conjunecon with he appropriate claus in his standard (Causes 1014) ‘must be emphasized tat the values of systematic uncertainties quoted below apply to measurements ‘made by experienced perioonel with an appara of high acearacy ad in acordance with he rlevant andards, The acta alos ofthe systematic uncclane, ike thee of the radon untetates, depend ‘on many factors, sme of which anon be evaluated ater compleion fhe est, A review of tes factors shu therefore te made after completing te tt wd ete values of eects be woe necessary (206234), “The uncentaives sed in Table AT are based both onan analytical timate ofthe probable ero an onthe resus of fit limited numb of compusive tests wing decent mottos of measurement is therfore recommended that he aumber of fue coepaative et be increased xy yh nations latte CommisionTEC 41 93 Ml 4844852 0502378 3 a 41@ Tee es | TABLE AL atimae systematic uncetiny (958 eantidence level) pecans Bio dae occa Bao oe ion cance iGo Ree prc a ae a ste ii as am se ease aise 3 hee oe Spent a 2 be aan tata ape ase ae “itmnocemmme cane ase sae same Sim pam ia SB ae | cre gone | some apie 005 ea | apt sonia soa = = Phas gigs, ed sale | ODL to 2004 m om mw “a pee Seeox an? sate 1) Teva beeper tpn pn te ay ey ani 2) Those oral we oir and een ie me" 5) Woe Ze th fale eg dearer Copy eternal Exetel amin33 mm 4844853 OSO2L80 1 41@ EC ina contact situation where two o more paris hve terest ine interpretation ofthe test results With a United number of test conditions, especally If none are repestad a complicated eure pasting Utwough ach ofthe prints ay well oa worse eatin of thst mean eure hana simple expression ‘tout whieh de 15 data seared. Sets of daa poins often produce curves showing infections, continues or ole siaglais, In the ease where the curves canot be iterpotd comedy by mamta eetaigue, whether analytical oF cpa, the dats pons on ctor ide os singusity shuld be del wth separately and the ited curve sms joined by ey to represent he esults aswell as possible Whew single is thought exist, itshould be veri by increasing the number of st pat in ht sen, Before nally demining the Best ted curve and proceeding oan analysis of te uncenalny”, acy point appearing remot rom this curve should bave been examined and possibly jected on the bss of the rocedre fr outlrs described in Appendix B. ‘D2, Determination ofthe best smooth curve “The recommended metho for obining a smooth Sted cure Is the method of least squats, which cnszes hat th sum af he dovains ofthe invidual poins fom tho seoth cue is 2x0 stat he sum ofthe squares of these dovatias is mama, "should te noted tha, ln these aeatton procedure, te indspendent variable rearded a free from enor with all ono attribute exclsively to the dependent variable. Consoqetly the veible ‘which has the smaller enor or uncertain shoud always be chasen as the independent variable, random ror in eae amie, bo compusional dificult and bandwidth of uncerainty ae crease, Suppose sat sero are diferent values y, of a measured quansy y,coresponing to the same urea values 2 of another quanity 2 For cach valu, tere will bea single vale predicted by the fied curva a single dierence dblween the obterved val andthe peed fy, Te deenes 'sofred to asa deviation (cc resid) and may be positive, negative 20 ne acca tt acne Singin cayenne my Dee 90 TOS, aya yt natn Ecce CommisionTEC 4) 93 mM 484ua91 0502204 0 mm . @ IEC = Ms = ‘The caleulton procedure can conveaaly be lure by Ging a parole F= ag + 448 405270 the observed ales ofthe function 2). Usually parabola issued to be the xt mode! or pump oF turbine performance curves vera lined range Higher order polynomials xe nrmlly ot eon “The ecient ag and eae to be chosen so tat he sum $ ofthe squires ofthe deviations wil be mimo s=De=Su a ~ 438; — 0383)" ‘The constant collet are determined bythe simultaneous slution ofthe tre equtionsobained by sting equal ozo the tee paraldesivativs of $ wih expect a, 4d Durante Date De Dan=0 Data Data Dal Denso Dita Dota Dat ‘Accurate calculation may sometimes be talitated by pacing the measured values of x by (2, +C) or Czy where Cis any suitable onsan. Alo its cbvius that these calclstions shoud be ear ut with the aio computer available DS, Batimation of uncertain (Once ted masts n hand an estimate ofthe standard devon of he oseratons with spect to where ms the umber of servations and mis the degre ofthe polyno 11s imporant 1 note tat his estimates, of he standard deviation ¢ depends on the typeof carve selzct ofthe plated daa poins. Far example ifasalght ine wa ied to data that could be blot ‘presente bya parabola, the deviations fom We sualght in would frodice an insted extinateof o. ‘The best estimat fe depends ho asumxio Ua the mos utable ype cf curve as ben selected 0 sane da pois, This estimate of th standard viton charusesizes the random contibution to the wernt in 8 single bseevan tu not inthe ted curve The random unerainy ofa prodictd value ji mich more ‘cut to compe is given by (ey), = ty, where the Stents taken for nm ~ 2) eyes of feeedom snd ie standard deviaion 6 may be expressed asa polynomial function of «of dots 2, For a constant conienes lve, such as 95 %, te random uncertaay bandwidth changes wih». At noted peviusy, the computations are sk more dieu the random uncertainty in, which Infact always ens, stake nto ecount [Noverthelss, fe the purpose ofthis standard inceder to tein the abdom uneralaty bain associated with hotest fied curve when tho method (se 5.1.3) 6 apis t may be conventions ried thatthe ange of valves within which the Woe vale ofy, would be expected to He with 95 % Confidence ist, //, ting ken rom Table Cl for (n ~~ 1) dees of roe, Expy rata Evel CommisionTEC 41 SL mm 4344891 0502206 4 mm 410 Ee 369 = ‘Dé, Beample of ealetation "The following éxample iMasuaes the dtemlnaion of the best fied parabola from a set of 1S obsecraons a # anya shown in Table Di By solving te tree equations given in D2, the equation f te best ted para i 44,787 44,1132 ~0, 008819" ‘The pedi valoes andthe deviations d were then dedyos trom tis equation, Te fac hat dis {ound equal to zeros an ndaton that th curve hasbeen correc fied ote daa, Te random salad ovston for one obeeved value y, is 0.350. Although the random uncertainty of the corespending roticted vas canno be easily determined with accuracy, it may be conveatinally estimated equal o 40,197 ‘TABLE DI [Numerical example fr litngs parabola o experiment data w= eo 6 ae ne ee ere | ee os | ate vows | nace soate 0444 sos 38 vano | 0120 var | “jase De, Deve 1047 80 Devs oieesss Ye= 0.00 TH=mae Se =r oe~ D4 = Diy a mye snhosny 8 = Eat sete ae ef nt ag eit yr ye naman Etc CommisionUTEC 4) 93 MM 4844892 0502208 8 mm 4@ tee = 39 = APPENDIX E PHYSICAL DATA BL om due to gravity asa fanetion of tate aad aude TABLE EL Acceleration due to grvity 9 (82) as a function of katte and aide aay deeb mss sca) ww ame | sama | orm | arm | ome ‘The folowing formula may be wed insta of the table T8OS(L +0, 0053sin?y) ~3-10-F ‘The imernational tnd valu of gs 0, 80665 m 52, apr ye hrona Eecbotechal Commision Mieater S28 00TEC 4) Sb Mm Wau4852 0502230 b mm 41 tee 2, Density of water TABLE EN. Deity of water o(ke-m->) (hci whe yb ined yeep) For tne eaeulaon of hese values, the formula ucordng to Herbst and Rogen (5 EB) was usd Tepeateo Rate eG) co fe ee ee ee) : coo woot 10mp tome Laon 4 090 out 10m swore tag sone © | S99 toma tue toore wok tema an sme tayo es told DLs 2 fos tno coe tome OL Sk oa eco toms wok tons a os Ss uo. toms smi ® one S93 999 same ems » mae 993997 ama omg 2 one sous 901 S100 > os vas ma oma gH » os soars oD os % on ome uh oS 090 2 omy SIS SR oha ™ on i s ae % ong OMS SD SAIS > m3 on SSO SS * v3 ome la AH » 924 ont dH) DMT Expr nero Eecvochnl Commision 10002 93 ss 2 oma419 Ie aya yh atone Commision Wehr ass | 973 - Fil Comins) TEC 4) 9h mm 4ayu85) OSO22I2 7 mm ‘econ om GF) am vos v2 vox ong 95 51 sans 10353 vas 10052 10s vs toms reas ites eos as vee eas oon ors or or wiTEC 42 9h MM 4a4uSS 9502214 3 mm ume —ms— 3, Density of air The density of a , (eg m2) is ealeuatd using he olowing fon Pass 53,4897 « 10° e ofereos: 86180 2538, 4, Density of mercury ‘TABLERIV Density of mercury ag (KE) ‘Tho valuss given in the able se fora pressure p= 101328 Pa atmospheric presturest e lov. 0 [ ened) | oC [ one be-w) Intense alas may be dvi rom He equation (13995 ~ 2,400) 43,85 « 10" (9 — p)] Reference: Landolt and tensa: Zaklewerte und Punkin, Vol. 1V, Techie, Pact 1 Physiaioh Tetnisohe Bundesanstalt, Germany, 195 ah bye trations Excel Cammein“TEC 41 92 MM 4S44AS1 OSOZ2Lb 7 Mm 41@ te —m 55, Isuthermal factor of water TABLE Isothermal factor of wate (10m? ie) | 7 1d Rogencr (ce EH was wd. (tein et yb indy For the cleuation of tes valu, he formula according to Herbst re ‘aa res GOT) cor ee ee ee ee 7 a a a 1 aisr pas sate gma ett pat 3 101s yan 1O1 33H aNTS aga 986 4 om 095 ag9Ts —opsst gee asym agots—_opnas 5 9958 sas agom_—apmlk oss ome opis , er osm osm ver? apish Goes? sete ts Osess lee s acst ser ogeat_ ogo. aguaa_— ps0 Bask vies aps opsie 95% GaKE ONSEN” nat is usid—ayist_—opss2—9se2— gpm pas gastos, ‘6 0556 ssh Oss18 09) Spe —BpeD_——OaaM TT » oso apm opm ats Gee some ood sn » osio api opise —ossss apr) omuck_— ap) 2» ysk0 ana opN6s sae «Gate «nanan ogg a ose ons opmot omy pak Oma) Goats » ous same opm sags mass aga ne 3 fyuse nist opus goats gmat ayaa) a ons quar osm ogais aga oman aginst ” yso7 yan) 0pi%e ai? eats uims ote nai 2 ood anit opt6s ois) apisa gles aot opts » yist ples 99199 isa tas eoiiy atta opioe Ey 9069 09064 opusk pes pos 00pm nat a ou —anosT ops gers a9019 osm gan nao x 0016 pod o5mos se? Go—RAET. Oyo * Ce ecm ass apy by tetra Ecole CommisionTEC 4L SL mm 4344891 0502228 0 mm pyro bythe trtonl Eker Commision 419 IRC a9 TABLE BV (somtimes) ‘Rostaepeone GaP) co) o 9 ww me 7 Tanto past — aga — saga — nee OT 2 a ey 2 uss opin ossox pwc OgkeS tong 5 ous anim» opmas ngs apie osneT agra n ‘ ons asim ogre? gis ogra og agrmms ’ nome sr ogrso age ogns asm apm 90 > 99 gsm operT agus 05654 56 aaa 900 2 99) 098K OST 09562095 assHL aS pH 8 ass 0980 o9s9 0999 ess” ose omy “ sas oasis 997 opssr oe? 0945) s ope apie ous pas ator cat 3 92 op oa sais 9H opm " ovat apan oo. ests agar one « oom aaa ons tos 9m oa » com ana ome ony pst opms 2 ons amor ox ozs - sas op 2 foae ana once ope oma ops a | oom ans oz oi gone opm ™ ons amas oni0 519s pit oie a ores a9 aire pie ols aaiss 7 ois apis oo oon7 api apian 2» ons cans pies oc poss gare ams apo ase goes opm jem) ors ome wr Ones oan emo oan ons apa 09s om) ass 90 om aa Gps ame oat one no amiss gan on oniss ose ogi) asiae dat ae » oan? ane osm? omnes ga} amit ant * bam ons fm ose gatas 041 IEC a 1, Spovifc heat capacity of water TABLE BVI Specie heat capacity of water, cll Me) TEC 4) 9) mm 4auuasi O502220 9 mm For tn eaeulstion of these values, de formula ecording lo Herbst and Régent (608) was used "Race pee (1? co Le ee ew 3 ‘aaa anes ‘ os yagi ata 5 om unis : om eimai ea | ae fap ans ateTEC U3 93 MM 4auuaq) OSOzz22 2 mm © we “0 » a | te = | te x | ta 2B | 160 x | a 2 ate epoht yentatnl Eevteal Camisin » ee ‘TABLE EVI continved) ‘ek pF fais? ae“TEC 4291 MM 48uNas3 O5OZ224 6 mm ET, Vapour pressure of eile water IEC = as = TABLE EVIE ‘Vapour pressure of distilled watery, (3) co. e 9 ® “ oss % 28 » 2 2 a6 Referee: Has, Gllagher, Kel: NBS/NRC Steam Tables, 1984, Hemisphore Publishing Cop. Washington —New York - London, ‘The vapour presue of water can bo called between the temperatures 0 according ot following empirical uation itn eae smaller than #7 Pe xy bythe attr Eecvoeaal Commision g2iertacara4-oozae4et) Cand 9 = 40°CTEC 42 93 mm 4a44B52 OSOZ22L T mm 41 ee 3 1S, Formulation of the thermodynamic properties of water ‘he numerical values of the tables BU, EV and BVI were ealelated hy Herbst and Ragoner [fom the empirial equation of state for the foe enthalpy fr water. Por determing the coulis, the test resus of Yell and Whalley 2} and of Kel, MeLaurin and Whalley (3 were Prlocipally wed, ‘The formula derived from tho equation of stat forthe fee enthalpy for the ealnlation of a and 6, a0 a9 SS ase of mat , 4 sf oar PE Eayas neler] mht a}? ke) Gott Ky form aopectce ange M015 K to 20,16 K (9G 290%) fo tompaztee range 2938 K 309,48 (390% to 609%) The felowing tables fraish the eoeicents Ry and ‘Teanperature range: 0G to 200°C ‘ay te tn cc oaTEC 4} 9) mm 4auyasa Os02228 419 IBC — 39 ‘Temperature range: 200°C w 500°C ‘As well ss th fommlae of Hertst an Rogees (1), the formalae of Borel and Lan [4] or of Has, Galagec and Kell (5 ar suitable or he calelations by meane of a compat. “These authors have aso take the oxpsimental valu from (2) sd 3) References: (Herts, G., Rogener, Hs Neue Lanoniscke Zustandiplechung des Wassers. Roache Borie \YDEZ, Rs 6, Ne $0 (197. [2] Kell, GS, Whalley, Es Resanlyi ofthe Dense of Liquid Watr in the Range 0 0 150°C and (10 kbar Paper presented a th tet. Cont Prop, Steam, Giens (1978), [8] Kall, 0S, MeLaurin, OX, Whalley, Bs The PUT Properesof Liquid Water in the Range 150 to 350°C. Paper presented att Sth In, Con. Prop. Stim, Gies (197). (A) Bort 1, Nguyen Dinh Lan: Equations of state and Joule ~ Thomson coeflent. 10 Tt Coal Prop team, Moscow (2988), (5). Hay, Ly Gallager, 1.8. Kell, $6: NBSINRC steam tables: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties and Computer Programs for Vapor and Ligld States of Waer I SI Uni, Hemisphere Publ Corp (198). pat by the trations Extech CnmieenTEC 4) 92 M™ 4844852 0502230 3 am | 1 @ Ee. a APPENDIX DERIVATION OF THE EQUATION FOR THE SPECIFIC HYDRAULIC ENERGY ‘OF AMACHINE, 1, Theoretca equation ‘The enigy balance within the inner boundaries ofa yrautc machine i given bythe Bemoalt ‘equation, its ifeccual fer, supplemented by the energy lost a, af as 4a( 2) ode dey +de~0 tas 4 i(2) todo dey + fee cays tase pei ony 2 dang seta ny roy xan han wea eninge < erage > ors) nan ideal machine withot losses (zy, = 0), he specifi hyraulceneey B of he water which Is availabe betwcen the high and low presse erence sections 1 and 2 of he machin obtained by o 2, Specie pressure energy term (One ay write Taking ino acount the Held of apllcaon of Wis standart, one may dating ¢* with th flowing ‘proximation: 1 Haren ‘Te rears ror ioducd by his approximation emsins es than 2x 104, FF, Specie potential energy term ‘The chang of acceleration du lone may wate 1 gravily with elevation between the reference aston 1 and bing vi yh the trator Ect ConaiainTEC 44 9k MM 4844893 0502232 5 a 41 ee — 393 4, Praca equation With tes simples, equation () desing te epecie hydraulic energy o€ Whe machine eames (9002362): B= Len Pans) + Het HB) +H) In pact, the vals of gat thorefereace level ofthe machine maybe taken ss J urls fr ths low head machines (p,~py-< 4X 10°Pa for instance), he alu of gat he low pressure reference section sa be when a8 ‘rp ta nso Ecotec CommonTEC 41 93 MM 4a44aS3 0502234 5 mm no IEC = ws = APPENDIX G MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER — DETERMINATION OF THE CORRECTION FOR A SINGLE-PHASE MEASURING SYSTEM ‘Thersative valu ofthe onetion forthe measuring system is given bythe following formu ney tey tes See wo & ‘ete pw fice tina ve (ad) 7 ih hn diferente eed wc Gd) BFF. is ne oiive value ofthe corecton for the phate displacement (ee figure G1) and SF having repose the phate diapacement fy of the watneter (or ofthe anus), Figur G1 ~ Vector iagram fora sngle-phae mscsuring system wate % ead benoe 0%, _ con, cond — sing, sin —eonyy oo 7 ‘Consteing 8 vey small, it 8 possible a assume od = Vd sin 5 py te tentonal Eecotenel Camneon4) 92 Mm 4844852 0502236 2 am 41 @ tee ‘Therefore: sung, sn th formats (1) becomes: bey te, Stang, Not. higpniisonete mcrae dlc 5, ea {his ete phe Spicenont core fhe atime the emcee Copa the nersoa Etta CommsionTEC 4} 9b Mm Ga4u8S) OS0E2I6 & mm 41@ IEC —9 = APPENDIX THERMODYNAMIC METHOD EXAMPLES FOR A BALANCE OF POWER AND COMPUTATION OF THE SPHCIEIC MECHANICAL ENERGY HL, Extracting discharge ¢ Foc example, keg fom the sels not eto tho mai discharge 2) Taeine (0 Figue Hia)* q — Ut Figur Hla Bacting a discharge gine (Dats ~ (ese =lend 25 = Py Since (€@); = (#@)s ~ (en) and pating (ex) /(€@)s = # en og (ela, Le), Qe (= Ce)... Cond, (hs wean Big = (61-03) $-(69~ 89) Bains) ~ #° Enca-2 (Collowing 2 dtnions of 23 one can atho dene ey — ey = Eyqueny ad Capt nero Bechtel CommisionTEC 43 93 MM 4a44aS) 0802240 4 am ao tec ~ 401 9) Pap oe Fguee Me) fu Figure HIb—Eurctng a discharge puinp (0s 6, ~ (e224 (00) 65 = Pa Since (09) = (0) + (et),one obs inthe same way 38 une} sea) 8e(ey— 6) Bugsy + Bais-n) HR, Adding a discharge a Forcxampl, cooling wate ofthe bearing evacuated nt he main discharge ewoea ths machine and th lo resis mean Seton complete mixing nthe measuring scion eet 1) Turbine (ie Figwe 23) aT vanes Tones 1 Figure H2a~ Adding a discharge turbine pay henna Eccl CominTEC 4) 9) MM 484N853 0502242 6 mm 41@ 16¢ = 403 = (60), 1 ~ (00) e2-# (eH) -45= Py ince (a = (2), + (ed) am puting (on) /(2@), = dye obtains By = (Cy — 3) + 0+ (y= 6) Cr with tastematon de na)=s aa ta) =O (e ea) +b (ese) Kod), (8238.9, on Sty eine By = (4 Ole e) + Ca and as $(@y~e,) = Py 0) Pump (oe Figure H20) 1 fe 2 f + 1 igure H2b Adding a aischage 9, pump (00), e4~ (00) “¢2~ (odes Since (2), = (e@} ~ (en) a aban nthe same way under lea) -#-e-4) ori th antormaton: fe, ea)+ les 00) bee one fal baiTEC 4) 92 Mm@ 4S4uaay OSOZ244 > mm 41 IEC = 05 — APPENDIX ACOUSTIC METHOD OF DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT 1, General “Experionce with he acoustic methods of discharge measurements mit, Wi the methods have yet to be aoceped as primary methods, thir apliation is permissible by mate agreement orn conjnetion ‘ith an esblshed maou of discharge measurement, in which ee the Inder med wil prevail in the ‘comparizon wil he gusrarees, 12. Principle ot measurement “The scout method of discharge measurement is baad on the fact tht the popegationveecity of secusti (generally ulrasonic) wave and the low velocity ae summed vectorial. Tfllows fa an {couse pu sen upstream travels awe bso speed Yanan conse pals eat downsteam (seo Figure 11). By measuring he times of tho wives ot ples gen in he o dictions, the aveage xia velosty ofthe Mud eosing the pth ofthe pls is determined. Experience hs shown that such Lene measurements must be dae repeatedly to establish sa average an to minine the random err. ‘An coast discharge measuremeat system lus tanedacers installed the measurement selon fan electronic equipment is requied to operat the wansdver, make the measurement, process the ‘measucd da, and display ar record te esl. I lio snctdes a verification program to ensure that ‘he equipment snd program are fretioing prope FigureJ1~ Acoutle mathod~ Sehomatie representation lsat principle Several methods of accuse dschage meatuement exit, but not ll have einonstated that hey ae capable of chioving the accuracy equod fo eld pefomanes tests. Currlly not nl vis based on ho messurement of te afction ofan acoustic beam Hud eles sd device which measure th Doppler fequency sito an acoustic wave elected by th lowing Mut or by moving pails. THe onl aceepleble msods are basedontho measurement ofthe asitime ofan scout pulse sng choral pats. Ti orto roduc he sstematic uncertainty duc to effets of kansvese flow component the use of two acoustic planes A and as shown in Figur 32 require pyr te trator Exetel ComateinTEC 42 92 mM 4844893 OSOZ2uG 5 am a@ me = aon = a cue crosesetions, fhe volocky dnuibtion were fully axi-symnctc, he sverage veloily ‘measured along a single pa located in an axial plane could be assumed propociona the mean How velocity i he cond In practice, is noesary to ake nt acount Ue seal velocity dstbutin by installing several pairs of wassduces at opposis cas of numer of pbs loated in the mearvrement lanes tale pt te longi ft conduit an dstbted symmetrically about hie ais oe Figure 2), Ina rectangular ers seton th measurement of te average velocity 7, concocted simutanously ot one Dwitasing With Ly si'p = Daina, fr cielo and lysine = B for eostnglrsetions ‘sghing tic tpg ett nf togeon tit ad oy ‘Ss snare fs nde ph set D Ge ga 2) apoty the nero Ecol CommisionTEC 43 92 MM 444391 O50z252 0 mm 41@ IEC 43 = The inbeent diliclly of some itegration chniques 10 ltegaus over sections of diferat configuration regutes athe tor #0 be used. One can demons Ua, when applying fr fstnce ‘he Ganss-Legendre mtiad to acircolar section th vale ofthe comretion coeficient 80,594 and when Jtis applied wo a rectangular sation, the valve of Fs 1,000, Conversa, when applying the Gauss-Jacobi ‘method acieular section, no aren coeficlem is equted, Le = 1,000, and wen itis appied 0 ‘rectangular setion, th vale of is 10, ‘The Gaus- Legendre and the Gaus-Jcobl quadrature inegration methods moet tho requirements of this stad At eat fo paths shal be efor a popes determination of he dscarys Fors four pah ‘acangement, te locaton ofthe paths, tn weighting coeticints nd te eacetion coeTiients or the Gaus- Legendre and Gauss-Jacob qundratue integration meiois aes fllows TABLED ‘oa eee Gana Ww) woeres [oman [enon | omneer 4 lets ins om henson tens phe Rae) Won on ofthese methods is apie t a uly cicular seston, with he paths Heated exactly a the specie distares om be een, the genera formula often use ine simple fom: Dy oF om sinc inthis cate Lin for each ven pa i independent oy sad Tale 2 Gaaagseaned | Goma aime Cony bet acc CominTEC 4) 1 mM U844B5) OSOZ2s4 4 mm 419 IEC as — 35, Selection of suring ection and conditions of ns ‘Thelayoutof wansdcer ations and measurement bul dmesioes must be done using sceurats methods. Fr lars eonduts surveying techriqcs and for smal conduit caf shop meaorements bust I elder ease the unceraites of the as-built measurements mutt be acounied fr in Us ear alysis Ge Clause), Special care shall be taken fr lrg conduits which may not have ovo symmeiricl shapes. A reqresenatve mension D shal e determined inthe mesuring scion and perpendiculee oe dein ‘ofthe acostc paths. At east five equally spaced meaturoments of D shall be taken (fe Fig 33) Inclning one atthe cenue ofthe meaustg sion ad ane teach end. These measurements shall be verags to be epesentaive ofthe cont danson i he messing eeton @ bn Oe Os igure 3 Locations formessurements of D A sulficent number of exher measurements shal b kan fo dsteemine th spe of he condi for purpsesofdccrmining te ctTectof he conduit shpe onthe numeral inegraion coretion coef k Accurate measucmens of as-built dimensions of D (and possibly 2) ofthe conduit, acoustic ph longs botwoon transduce faces, ath lenge between the walls of Ihe conduit along the acoustic paths tnd elation of the acoustic paths and er angles elative toe cent of he cord arto be wed in the calculation ofthe iehares. Misplacemants of wansducorloeatlons mut be accounted fo inte enor analysis by csrcton to the cleulaea discs As Gistordon ofthe velocity profile may be causa by a bed, the nesetion of he to acoustic planes shoul ein the plane of the bend w minize te effec tw tans vess low component om the seeuracy ofthe measurement Individual measurements of velocity ¥ shall be made for cach path nox to obi ‘an indicaton of any distortion in the velocity pro andthe extent of any anv Now eorpnent pry nna ct ComisionTEC 42 9) mm 4BuNGS2 OSOZ25L 8 mm 410 IEC ar Although th use of wo forth planes compensstes or most of the tansvers elit components, ‘he measuring sein should be chosen as fora posibe from any uptresm deurances, sich a6 & ‘ond, that could create asymmnexy of de velzcty dstibsion, sw or large eal turbulence, Other factors tat may prodoce transverse velocity components oc distortion of the velocity rote ae ow conditions upstream othe intake, he saps ofthe nak, the numberof tends upstea ohe measuring section, charges in paca conduit ameter a the proximity of bende or changes i cond ameter west, Tes reommendd that there thould bea aight length of upstzeam condul between the measuring section and any imporantinegularity of eat en conduit diameters Simi, ire shouldbe a stright Jeng ofa least tree conduit diacters between he measuring Seton and ny importa downsteam Snegulaiy. Exprience has shown tha satisfac ests can be obtained wilh single foe path connie plane located downsuam ofa sagt Ing of Wwenty conduit diametes ox mer proving a iifoem flow dsebaton inthe measring sscon. ‘Measorement of discharge using a singe path in ae oc two messing planes snot peed under hela ofthis stand Provision i he design and constuction ofthe Now meter mst be made for demonstang ha the equipments operating comet. shal be posible to make such check ~ showing acoustic pulses and el detection onan osloscope: = ternal lctronc txts of the program nd constants ~ comparison of calculi values ofthe speed of sound using the measured aos path rst mes ‘a path eng with published values cones fo water engesatre; ~ separate measurement othe average velsity along each lava pa, may be desire vo measwe the acoustic pulse wns tines iedependenly and compare wid the resuls given by the measurement sytem, 56, Contos of use and imitations Flow velocity and dams ofthe cont shale large enough o permit an acute determination of ‘no difereace in acoustic pulse trast imes aking into account the accuse of the ine Measurements ‘with ow veloies less tan 15m and dlameters of cond let than 0,8 m should be valde, Dube, seinem and acoustic noise may dup the operation of the accuse Now measurement sytem an shouldbe avoided Ife disruption els in missed samples enough valid samples must be ‘btined tobe compubie with the assumptions used in ther analysis. Te design ofthe data sequen ‘nd etme yom shal enn checking of te proportion of lost pulses, aphty he nestor Bxcochal CommisionTEC 4b 9b MM ANNES) OSOZ2S6 1) am 419 IEC = 49 = 137, Uncertainty of measurement Both random and systematic uertin have to be taken ino account. Fora dae analysis, see 180 $168, Specially te following sources of uncctinty have been iene: measurement of ah gts Lad fy: ~ measurement of acowsi ath eal yt ~ measurement of path spacing and eonfocmity wit the postion prescribe = measurement of D ~ me measurement aime elation; ~ non-vatr path ie estimation; ~ Smeal compuationalpeton ~ ‘worn de ow dito around the wanscucets; ~ rience of traneveree low components flow poe distrtins; spi variattons of pee of sound ~ sti variations of tow veloc slong te cond, ~ vations of ow velocity, speed of sound an acharge wit tine he st lhe items ised are usualy combine int an oven nsruent uncertainty. This uncerainty Isinmos cae estimated o be ess han 0,5% Tho net fares are sscinted with tho flow eld its eaten and may result in acatecdon Tate se possibly a adina systematic unsrsiy.This systematic uncerunty stall combined with he ntrment uncertainty in arootmean square lationship 10 produc an overall systematic vacertsiny. The Ie tem asceated with thee vations of Mow ‘velocity and sped of sound results na random uncer, Limit expeconce wit he us ofthis method doesnot pet the relable assessment ofa geerlly applicable systomate uncer. Ia gonra, we of a two-plae meer wil Ikly reac te overall sstematc uncertainty which might be aetured as Being ofthe same ods of magnitude as for erent es used inthe sume conns, Le. been 1,0% and 20% aphy te rst Eectochl CommonPublications dela CEI préparces par le Comité d'Etudes n° 4 10971) a de erga a pe Ss mie iy Feet 1959969) Caer cocoa 153A 0972) Peirce 198(165) Coie neta ema ri rin tari pons clic. Sotetnn st (97) 38970) Cale eal pe de ane 910976) Cato enc een de eon frat dese 1,197) Mie erotik 05985) Ge pure erin, nano etn 9940991) Cae pura mes nh la tn Seer ing a 975191) Dominion er pears niles et ‘ra ari ei enn thc Common TEC 43 93 mm 4ouuasa OSOZ259 3 mm TEC publications prepared by Technical Committee No. 4 samy 50%) von 0966 sosav) 0976) voscves) sosason sosaseiy el ssp ts te Sie tc Pome bye ttl ag ge cdc Net O97 It ode or th ld apace a scree 50) esd oe vin fd eveig ect ode fr ml aca Ut f Con ping eu in yi eins Pod scepunce of tae cs ah